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Samar cobra

January 01, 1970

The Samar cobra (Naja samarensis) also called Peters' cobra, southern Philippine cobra or Visayan cobra, is a highly venomous species of spitting cobra native to the Visayas and Mindanao island groups of the Philippines.[5][6][7][8][9][10][11]

Samar cobra
CITES Appendix II (CITES)[2]
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Family: Elapidae
Genus: Naja
Species:
N. samarensis
Binomial name
Naja samarensis
Peters, 1861[3][4]
Distribution of the Samar cobra

Description edit

The Samar cobra is a species of spitting cobra that can grow up to 1.4 meters in length. Their coloring varies from a black and yellow to green. [citation needed]

Scalation edit

There are 17-25 scale rows around the hood, 17-19 ahead of mid-body; 161-184 ventrals, 41-52 subcaudals, basal pairs sometimes undivided.[12]

Reproduction edit

The Samar cobra, or southeastern Philippines cobra, is oviparous, laying clutches of up to eight eggs.

Distribution and habitat edit

The Samar cobra is endemic to the southern Philippines. Specifically, the Visayas and Mindanao island groups.[citation needed]

Habitat can vary widely from mountainous jungle to tropical plains. They can live close to human settlements.[citation needed]

The Samar cobra typically lives at an elevation of 0 - 1,000 m (0 - 3,280 feet) asl.

Behavior and diet edit

Like the Philippine cobra (Naja philippinensis), the Samar cobra feeds mostly on small rodents such as rats and mice. They will also prey upon frogs and smaller reptiles. Since their main food source is attracted to rice paddies and human settlements, this species often comes into conflict with people.[citation needed]

Venom edit

A proteomic study revealed a unique venom phenotype of the Samar cobra, which represents the easternmost dispersal of Naja cobra species. Like other Naja spp., Three-finger toxins (3FTx) dominate the venom proteome. 3FTx constituted 90% of the total venom proteins, recording by far the highest 3FTx abundance in snake venom. Other proteins in the venom comprised snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMP, 4.17%) and phospholipases A2 (PLA2 3.76%). The rest of minor toxins collectively accounted for <2% of total venom proteins; these were toxin families of cysteine-rich secretory protein (CRiSP, 1.06%), L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO, 0.26%), venom nerve growth factor (vNGF, 0.13%) and vespryn (VES, 0.13%). The crude venom of N. samarensis has LD50 of 0.2mg/kg via intravenous injection (IV).[13] They are noted for their nervous behavior, and are quick to strike as well as to spray venom, which they generally aim towards the face and eyes. However, the cobra is more reluctant to spit venom than its northern relative, the Northern Philippines cobra. If venom gets in the eyes, it causes extreme pain and mechanical damage to the eyeball. If not properly flushed out, it can result in permanent blindness due to its tissue destroying properties.

References edit

  1. ^ Sy, E.; Custodio, C.; Gonzalez, J.C.; Delima, E.M. (2009). "Naja samarensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T169763A6670726. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T169763A6670726.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  3. ^ "Naja samarensis". ITIS Standard Report Page. ITIS.gov. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
  4. ^ "Naja samarensis PETERS, 1861". Taxonomy of Elapids. Reptile-Database. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
  5. ^ "Naja samarensis, General Details, Taxonomy and Biology, Venom, Clinical Effects, Treatment, First Aid, Antivenoms". WCH Clinical Toxinology Resource. University of Adelaide. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
  6. ^ "Naja samarensis - Southeastern Philippine Cobra". Asiatic Naja. Bangor University. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
  7. ^ Dart, Richard C (2003). Medical Toxicology. USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 3 edition. p. 1569. ISBN 0-7817-2845-2.
  8. ^ Brown, John Haynes (1973). Toxicology and Pharmacology of Venoms from Poisonous Snakes. Springfield, Illinois, USA: Charles C. Thomas. pp. 81. ISBN 0-398-02808-7.
  9. ^ Zug, George R. (1996). Snakes in Question: The Smithsonian Answer Book. Washington D.C., USA: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press. ISBN 1-56098-648-4.
  10. ^ "Naja samarensis". University of Adelaide.
  11. ^ Wüster, W.; Thorpe, R. S. (1991). "Asiatic cobras: Systematics and snakebite". Experientia. 47 (2): 205–9. doi:10.1007/BF01945429. PMID 2001726. S2CID 26579314.
  12. ^ "Bangor University".
  13. ^ Palasuberniam, Praneetha; Chan, Yi Wei; Tan, Kae Yi; Tan, Choo Hock (2021). "Snake Venom Proteomics of Samar Cobra (Naja samarensis) from the Southern Philippines: Short Alpha-Neurotoxins as the Dominant Lethal Component Weakly Cross-Neutralized by the Philippine Cobra Antivenom". Frontiers in Pharmacology. 12: 3641. doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.727756. ISSN 1663-9812. PMC 8740184. PMID 35002690.

January 01, 1970
samar, cobra, this, article, require, cleanup, meet, wikipedia, quality, standards, specific, problem, most, material, probably, sourced, provided, sources, whatever, reason, they, bunched, lede, need, distributed, sections, they, actually, belong, please, hel. This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia s quality standards The specific problem is most material can probably be sourced to the provided sources but for whatever reason they are all bunched up in the lede Need to be distributed to the sections they actually belong to Please help improve this article if you can April 2021 Learn how and when to remove this message The Samar cobra Naja samarensis also called Peters cobra southern Philippine cobra or Visayan cobra is a highly venomous species of spitting cobra native to the Visayas and Mindanao island groups of the Philippines 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Samar cobra Conservation status Least Concern IUCN 3 1 1 CITES Appendix II CITES 2 Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Reptilia Order Squamata Suborder Serpentes Family Elapidae Genus Naja Species N samarensis Binomial name Naja samarensisPeters 1861 3 4 Distribution of the Samar cobra Contents 1 Description 2 Scalation 3 Reproduction 4 Distribution and habitat 5 Behavior and diet 6 Venom 7 ReferencesDescription editThe Samar cobra is a species of spitting cobra that can grow up to 1 4 meters in length Their coloring varies from a black and yellow to green citation needed Scalation editThere are 17 25 scale rows around the hood 17 19 ahead of mid body 161 184 ventrals 41 52 subcaudals basal pairs sometimes undivided 12 Reproduction editThe Samar cobra or southeastern Philippines cobra is oviparous laying clutches of up to eight eggs Distribution and habitat editThe Samar cobra is endemic to the southern Philippines Specifically the Visayas and Mindanao island groups citation needed Habitat can vary widely from mountainous jungle to tropical plains They can live close to human settlements citation needed The Samar cobra typically lives at an elevation of 0 1 000 m 0 3 280 feet asl Behavior and diet editLike the Philippine cobra Naja philippinensis the Samar cobra feeds mostly on small rodents such as rats and mice They will also prey upon frogs and smaller reptiles Since their main food source is attracted to rice paddies and human settlements this species often comes into conflict with people citation needed Venom editA proteomic study revealed a unique venom phenotype of the Samar cobra which represents the easternmost dispersal of Naja cobra species Like other Naja spp Three finger toxins 3FTx dominate the venom proteome 3FTx constituted 90 of the total venom proteins recording by far the highest 3FTx abundance in snake venom Other proteins in the venom comprised snake venom metalloproteinases SVMP 4 17 and phospholipases A2 PLA2 3 76 The rest of minor toxins collectively accounted for lt 2 of total venom proteins these were toxin families of cysteine rich secretory protein CRiSP 1 06 L amino acid oxidase LAAO 0 26 venom nerve growth factor vNGF 0 13 and vespryn VES 0 13 The crude venom of N samarensis has LD50 of 0 2mg kg via intravenous injection IV 13 They are noted for their nervous behavior and are quick to strike as well as to spray venom which they generally aim towards the face and eyes However the cobra is more reluctant to spit venom than its northern relative the Northern Philippines cobra If venom gets in the eyes it causes extreme pain and mechanical damage to the eyeball If not properly flushed out it can result in permanent blindness due to its tissue destroying properties References edit Sy E Custodio C Gonzalez J C Delima E M 2009 Naja samarensis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009 e T169763A6670726 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2009 2 RLTS T169763A6670726 en Retrieved 11 November 2021 Appendices CITES cites org Retrieved 2022 01 14 Naja samarensis ITIS Standard Report Page ITIS gov Retrieved 10 January 2012 Naja samarensis PETERS 1861 Taxonomy of Elapids Reptile Database Retrieved 10 January 2012 Naja samarensis General Details Taxonomy and Biology Venom Clinical Effects Treatment First Aid Antivenoms WCH Clinical Toxinology Resource University of Adelaide Retrieved 10 January 2012 Naja samarensis Southeastern Philippine Cobra Asiatic Naja Bangor University Retrieved 5 November 2013 Dart Richard C 2003 Medical Toxicology USA Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins 3 edition p 1569 ISBN 0 7817 2845 2 Brown John Haynes 1973 Toxicology and Pharmacology of Venoms from Poisonous Snakes Springfield Illinois USA Charles C Thomas pp 81 ISBN 0 398 02808 7 Zug George R 1996 Snakes in Question The Smithsonian Answer Book Washington D C USA Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press ISBN 1 56098 648 4 Naja samarensis University of Adelaide Wuster W Thorpe R S 1991 Asiatic cobras Systematics and snakebite Experientia 47 2 205 9 doi 10 1007 BF01945429 PMID 2001726 S2CID 26579314 Bangor University Palasuberniam Praneetha Chan Yi Wei Tan Kae Yi Tan Choo Hock 2021 Snake Venom Proteomics of Samar Cobra Naja samarensis from the Southern Philippines Short Alpha Neurotoxins as the Dominant Lethal Component Weakly Cross Neutralized by the Philippine Cobra Antivenom Frontiers in Pharmacology 12 3641 doi 10 3389 fphar 2021 727756 ISSN 1663 9812 PMC 8740184 PMID 35002690 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Samar cobra amp oldid 1197160193, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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