The New General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars (abbreviated NGC) is an astronomical catalogue of deep-sky objects compiled by John Louis Emil Dreyer in 1888. The NGC contains 7,840 objects, including galaxies, star clusters and emission nebulae. Dreyer published two supplements to the NGC in 1895 and 1908, known as the Index Catalogues (abbreviated IC), describing a further 5,386 astronomical objects. Thousands of these objects are best known by their NGC or IC numbers, which remain in widespread use.
New General Catalogue
Spiral Galaxy NGC 3982 displays numerous spiral arms filled with bright stars, blue star clusters, and dark dust lanes. It spans about 30,000 light years, lies about 68 million light years from Earth and can be seen with a small telescope in the constellation of Ursa Major.
The NGC contained multiple errors, but attempts to eliminate them were made by the Revised New General Catalogue (RNGC) by Jack W. Sulentic and William G. Tifft in 1973, NGC2000.0 by Roger W. Sinnott in 1988, and the NGC/IC Project in 1993. A Revised New General Catalogue and Index Catalogue (abbreviated as RNGC/IC) was compiled in 2009 by Wolfgang Steinicke and updated in 2019 with 13,957 objects.[1]
Assembling the NGC was a challenge, as Dreyer had to deal with many contradictory and unclear reports made with a variety of telescopes with apertures ranging from 2 to 72 inches. While he did check some himself, the sheer number of objects meant Dreyer had to accept them as published by others for the purpose of his compilation. The catalogue contained several errors, mostly relating to position and descriptions, but Dreyer referenced the catalogue, which allowed later astronomers to review the original references and publish corrections to the original NGC.[5]
The first major update to the NGC is the Index Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars (abbreviated as IC), published in two parts by Dreyer in 1895 (IC I,[6] containing 1,520 objects) and 1908 (IC II,[7] containing 3,866 objects). It serves as a supplement to the NGC, and contains an additional 5,386 objects, collectively known as the IC objects. It summarizes the discoveries of galaxies, clusters and nebulae between 1888 and 1907, most of them made possible by photography. A list of corrections to the IC was published in 1912.[8]
The Revised New Catalogue of Nonstellar Astronomical Objects (abbreviated as RNGC) was compiled by Sulentic and Tifft in the early 1970s, and was published in 1973, as an update to the NGC.[9] The work did not incorporate several previously-published corrections to the NGC data (including corrections published by Dreyer himself), and introduced some new errors. For example, the well-known compact galaxy group Copeland Septet in the Leo constellation appears as non-existent in the RNGC.[10][5]
Nearly 800 objects are listed as "non-existent" in the RNGC. The designation is applied to objects which are duplicate catalogue entries, those which were not detected in subsequent observations, and a number of objects catalogued as star clusters which in subsequent studies were regarded as coincidental groupings. A 1993 monograph considered the 229 star clusters called non-existent in the RNGC. They had been "misidentified or have not been located since their discovery in the 18th and 19th centuries".[11] It found that one of the 229—NGC 1498—was not actually in the sky. Five others were duplicates of other entries, 99 existed "in some form", and the other 124 required additional research to resolve.[12]
As another example, reflection nebula NGC 2163 in Orion was classified "non-existent" due to a transcription error by Dreyer. Dreyer corrected his own mistake in the Index Catalogues, but the RNGC preserved the original error, and additionally reversed the sign of the declination, resulting in NGC 2163 being classified as non-existent.[13]
Revised New General Catalogue and Index Catalogue
The Revised New General Catalogue and Index Catalogue (abbreviated as RNGC/IC) is a compilation made by Wolfgang Steinicke in 2009.[10][14] It is a comprehensive and authoritative treatment of the NGC and IC catalogues.[15][16]
NGC 2000.0
NGC 2000.0 (also known as the Complete New General Catalog and Index Catalog of Nebulae and Star Clusters) is a 1988 compilation of the NGC and IC made by Roger W. Sinnott, using the J2000.0 coordinates.[17][18] It incorporates several corrections and errata made by astronomers over the years.[5]
NGC/IC Project
The NGC/IC Project is a collaboration among professional and amateur astronomers formed in 1993. Completed by 2017, it aimed to identify all NGC and IC objects, correct mistakes, collect images and basic astronomical data. Primary team members were Harold G. Corwin Jr., Steve Gottlieb, Malcolm Thomson, Robert E. Erdmann and Jeffrey Corder.[19]
^ Dreyer, J. L. E. (1878). "A Supplement to Sir John Herschel's "General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars"". Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy. 26: 391–426. Bibcode:1878RIATr..26..381D. JSTOR 30079091.
^ Dreyer, J. L. E. (1888). "A New General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars, being the Catalogue of the late Sir John F.W. Herschel, Bart., revised, corrected, and enlarged" (PDF). Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society. 49: 1–237. Bibcode:1888MmRAS..49....1D.
^ abcCorwin, H.G. Jr. (12 October 1999). . The NGC/IC Project. Archived from the original on 10 May 2012. Retrieved 2012-04-22.
^ Dreyer, J. L. E. (1895). "Index Catalogue of Nebulae found in the years 1888 to 1894, with Notes and Corrections to the New General Catalogue". Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society. 51: 185–228. Bibcode:1895MmRAS..51..185D.
^ Dreyer, J. L. E. (1910). "Second Index Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars; containing objects found in the years 1895 to 1907, with Notes and Corrections to the New General Catalogue and to the Index Catalogue for 1888–94" (PDF). Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society. 59: 105–198. Bibcode:1910MmRAS..59..105D.
^ Dreyer, J. L. E. (1912). "Corrections to the New General Catalogue resulting from the revision of Sir William Herschel's Three Catalogues of Nebulae". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 73: 37–40. Bibcode:1912MNRAS..73...37D. doi:10.1093/mnras/73.1.37.
^ ab Steinicke, W. (17 January 2012). "Revised New General Catalogue and Index Catalogue". Retrieved 2012-04-22.
^"Monograph No. 1 - The "Non-Existent" Star Clusters of the RNGC". Webb Deep-Sky Society. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
^Allison, Mark (4 April 2006). Star Clusters and How to Observe Them. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 62–63. ISBN9781846281983. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
^O'Meara, Stephen James (12 April 2007). Deep Sky Companions: Hidden Treasures. Cambridge University Press. pp. 175–176. ISBN9781139463737. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
^ Duerbeck, H. W. (2009). "Book Review: Nebel und Sternhaufen - Geschichte ihrer Entdeckung Beobachtung und Katalogisierung (Steinicke)". Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage. 12 (3): 255. Bibcode:2009JAHH...12..255D. doi:10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2009.03.10. S2CID 258223761.
^ Duerbeck, H. W. (2011). "Observing and Cataloguing Nebulae and Star Clusters. From Herschel to Dreyer's New General Catalogue (Steinicke)". Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage. 14 (1): 78. Bibcode:2011JAHH...14Q..78D.
^ Sinnott, R. W. (1988). NGC 2000.0: The Complete New General Catalogue and Index Catalogues of Nebulae and Star Clusters. Sky Publishing. ISBN978-0-933346-51-2.
general, catalogue, nebulae, clusters, stars, abbreviated, astronomical, catalogue, deep, objects, compiled, john, louis, emil, dreyer, 1888, contains, objects, including, galaxies, star, clusters, emission, nebulae, dreyer, published, supplements, 1895, 1908,. The New General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars abbreviated NGC is an astronomical catalogue of deep sky objects compiled by John Louis Emil Dreyer in 1888 The NGC contains 7 840 objects including galaxies star clusters and emission nebulae Dreyer published two supplements to the NGC in 1895 and 1908 known as the Index Catalogues abbreviated IC describing a further 5 386 astronomical objects Thousands of these objects are best known by their NGC or IC numbers which remain in widespread use New General CatalogueSpiral Galaxy NGC 3982 displays numerous spiral arms filled with bright stars blue star clusters and dark dust lanes It spans about 30 000 light years lies about 68 million light years from Earth and can be seen with a small telescope in the constellation of Ursa Major Alternative namesNGCWebsitevizier wbr u strasbg wbr fr wbr viz bin wbr VizieR source VII 2F1B Related media on Commons edit on Wikidata The NGC expanded and consolidated the cataloguing work of William and Caroline Herschel and John Herschel s General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars Objects south of the celestial equator are catalogued somewhat less thoroughly but many were included based on observation by John Herschel or James Dunlop The NGC contained multiple errors but attempts to eliminate them were made by the Revised New General Catalogue RNGC by Jack W Sulentic and William G Tifft in 1973 NGC2000 0 by Roger W Sinnott in 1988 and the NGC IC Project in 1993 A Revised New General Catalogue and Index Catalogue abbreviated as RNGC IC was compiled in 2009 by Wolfgang Steinicke and updated in 2019 with 13 957 objects 1 Contents 1 Original catalogue 2 Index Catalogue 3 Revised New General Catalogue 3 1 Revised New General Catalogue and Index Catalogue 4 NGC 2000 0 5 NGC IC Project 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksOriginal catalogue EditSee also List of NGC objects and Category NGC objects The original New General Catalogue was compiled during the 1880s by John Louis Emil Dreyer using observations from William Herschel and his son John among others Dreyer had already published a supplement to Herschel s General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters GC 2 containing about 1 000 new objects In 1886 he suggested building a second supplement to the General Catalogue but the Royal Astronomical Society asked Dreyer to compile a new version instead This led to the publication of the New General Catalogue in the Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1888 3 4 Assembling the NGC was a challenge as Dreyer had to deal with many contradictory and unclear reports made with a variety of telescopes with apertures ranging from 2 to 72 inches While he did check some himself the sheer number of objects meant Dreyer had to accept them as published by others for the purpose of his compilation The catalogue contained several errors mostly relating to position and descriptions but Dreyer referenced the catalogue which allowed later astronomers to review the original references and publish corrections to the original NGC 5 Index Catalogue EditSee also Category IC objects The first major update to the NGC is the Index Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars abbreviated as IC published in two parts by Dreyer in 1895 IC I 6 containing 1 520 objects and 1908 IC II 7 containing 3 866 objects It serves as a supplement to the NGC and contains an additional 5 386 objects collectively known as the IC objects It summarizes the discoveries of galaxies clusters and nebulae between 1888 and 1907 most of them made possible by photography A list of corrections to the IC was published in 1912 8 Revised New General Catalogue Edit Four different planetary nebulae Clockwise starting from the top left NGC 6543 NGC 7662 NGC 6826 and NGC 7009 The Revised New Catalogue of Nonstellar Astronomical Objects abbreviated as RNGC was compiled by Sulentic and Tifft in the early 1970s and was published in 1973 as an update to the NGC 9 The work did not incorporate several previously published corrections to the NGC data including corrections published by Dreyer himself and introduced some new errors For example the well known compact galaxy group Copeland Septet in the Leo constellation appears as non existent in the RNGC 10 5 Nearly 800 objects are listed as non existent in the RNGC The designation is applied to objects which are duplicate catalogue entries those which were not detected in subsequent observations and a number of objects catalogued as star clusters which in subsequent studies were regarded as coincidental groupings A 1993 monograph considered the 229 star clusters called non existent in the RNGC They had been misidentified or have not been located since their discovery in the 18th and 19th centuries 11 It found that one of the 229 NGC 1498 was not actually in the sky Five others were duplicates of other entries 99 existed in some form and the other 124 required additional research to resolve 12 As another example reflection nebula NGC 2163 in Orion was classified non existent due to a transcription error by Dreyer Dreyer corrected his own mistake in the Index Catalogues but the RNGC preserved the original error and additionally reversed the sign of the declination resulting in NGC 2163 being classified as non existent 13 Revised New General Catalogue and Index Catalogue Edit The Revised New General Catalogue and Index Catalogue abbreviated as RNGC IC is a compilation made by Wolfgang Steinicke in 2009 10 14 It is a comprehensive and authoritative treatment of the NGC and IC catalogues 15 16 NGC 2000 0 EditNGC 2000 0 also known as the Complete New General Catalog and Index Catalog of Nebulae and Star Clusters is a 1988 compilation of the NGC and IC made by Roger W Sinnott using the J2000 0 coordinates 17 18 It incorporates several corrections and errata made by astronomers over the years 5 NGC IC Project EditThe NGC IC Project is a collaboration among professional and amateur astronomers formed in 1993 Completed by 2017 it aimed to identify all NGC and IC objects correct mistakes collect images and basic astronomical data Primary team members were Harold G Corwin Jr Steve Gottlieb Malcolm Thomson Robert E Erdmann and Jeffrey Corder 19 See also EditMessier object Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars Astronomical catalog List of astronomical catalogues List of NGC objectsReferences Edit RNGC IC 2019 Dreyer J L E 1878 A Supplement to Sir John Herschel s General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy 26 391 426 Bibcode 1878RIATr 26 381D JSTOR 30079091 Bradt H 2004 Astronomy Methods A Physical Approach to Astronomical Observations Cambridge University Press p 52 ISBN 978 0 521 53551 9 Dreyer J L E 1888 A New General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars being the Catalogue of the late Sir John F W Herschel Bart revised corrected and enlarged PDF Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society 49 1 237 Bibcode 1888MmRAS 49 1D a b c Corwin H G Jr 12 October 1999 The NGC IC Project An Historical Perspective The NGC IC Project Archived from the original on 10 May 2012 Retrieved 2012 04 22 Dreyer J L E 1895 Index Catalogue of Nebulae found in the years 1888 to 1894 with Notes and Corrections to the New General Catalogue Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society 51 185 228 Bibcode 1895MmRAS 51 185D Dreyer J L E 1910 Second Index Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars containing objects found in the years 1895 to 1907 with Notes and Corrections to the New General Catalogue and to the Index Catalogue for 1888 94 PDF Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society 59 105 198 Bibcode 1910MmRAS 59 105D Dreyer J L E 1912 Corrections to the New General Catalogue resulting from the revision of Sir William Herschel s Three Catalogues of Nebulae Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 73 37 40 Bibcode 1912MNRAS 73 37D doi 10 1093 mnras 73 1 37 Sulentic J W Tifft W G 1973 The Revised New Catalogue of Nonstellar Astronomical Objects University of Arizona Press Bibcode 1973rncn book S ISBN 978 0 8165 0421 3 a b Steinicke W 17 January 2012 Revised New General Catalogue and Index Catalogue Retrieved 2012 04 22 Monograph No 1 The Non Existent Star Clusters of the RNGC Webb Deep Sky Society Retrieved 29 May 2017 Allison Mark 4 April 2006 Star Clusters and How to Observe Them Springer Science amp Business Media pp 62 63 ISBN 9781846281983 Retrieved 29 May 2017 O Meara Stephen James 12 April 2007 Deep Sky Companions Hidden Treasures Cambridge University Press pp 175 176 ISBN 9781139463737 Retrieved 30 May 2017 Steinicke W 2010 Observing and Cataloguing Nebulae and Star Clusters From Herschel to Dreyer s New General Catalogue Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 19267 5 Duerbeck H W 2009 Book Review Nebel und Sternhaufen Geschichte ihrer Entdeckung Beobachtung und Katalogisierung Steinicke Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage 12 3 255 Bibcode 2009JAHH 12 255D doi 10 3724 SP J 1440 2807 2009 03 10 S2CID 258223761 Duerbeck H W 2011 Observing and Cataloguing Nebulae and Star Clusters From Herschel to Dreyer s New General Catalogue Steinicke Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage 14 1 78 Bibcode 2011JAHH 14Q 78D NGC2000 NGC2000 0 Complete New General Catalog and Index Catalog Goddard Space Flight Center Archived from the original on 2012 10 20 Retrieved 2012 04 22 Sinnott R W 1988 NGC 2000 0 The Complete New General Catalogue and Index Catalogues of Nebulae and Star Clusters Sky Publishing ISBN 978 0 933346 51 2 The NGC IC Project Retrieved 2020 06 07 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to NGC objects Wikimedia Commons has media related to IC objects The Interactive NGC Catalog Online Adventures in Deep Space Challenging Observing Projects for Amateur Astronomers Revised New General Catalogue Portals Astronomy Stars Spaceflight Outer space Solar System Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title New General Catalogue amp oldid 1171093427, wikipedia, 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