fbpx
Wikipedia

IPTN N-250

March 10, 2023

"N-250" redirects here. For the Nebraska state highway with this number, see Nebraska Highway 250.

The IPTN N-250 was a turboprop regional airliner designed by Indonesian firm IPTN (Industri Pesawat Terbang Nusantara) (now Indonesian Aerospace). This aircraft was IPTN's first major effort to win the market share of the regional turboprop class of 64–68 seat airliners.[1] The aircraft's development was eventually terminated after the Asian financial crisis of 1998.

N-250
The first prototype of the N250 at Husein Sastranegara International Airport at the 2012 Bandung Airshow.
Role Regional airliner
Manufacturer IPTN/Indonesian Aerospace
First flight 10 August 1995
Retired 2000
Status Cancelled
Number built 2

As of 21 August 2020, the PA-1 prototype is on displayed at Dirgantara Mandala Museum, Yogyakarta, as its 60th collection.[2]

Design and development

The N-250 development plan was first revealed by PT IPTN (now PT Dirgantara Indonesia, Indonesian Aerospace) at the Paris Air Show in 1989, but was first introduced in 1986 when the Indonesian Air Show 1986 was held. The N-250 was initially described as a propfan commuter plane,[3] but on 12 July 1990, IPTN selected the Allison GMA 2100 turboprop to power the aircraft.[4]: 589 

In early 1994, Indonesia announced that Great Britain and four states in the United States were interested in hosting production lines for the final assembly of the N-250.[5] In January 1995, IPTN added Long Island, New York and Macon, Georgia to the previous list of U.S. semifinalists that included Mobile, Alabama, Phoenix, Arizona, and Portland, Oregon,[6] out of an original list of 26 contender cities. In the following month, IPTN selected Mobile and Macon as the final candidates.[7] On May 19, 1995, Indonesia awarded the U.S. assembly of the N-250 to Mobile. The U.S. assembly site would be run by American Regional Aircraft Industry (AMRAI), in which IPTN would hold a 40-percent stake.[8] Planned production was to be one plane per week from IPTN's home factory in Bandung, West Java and up to two planes per week from the Mobile factory.[9] The flying aircraft was officially unveiled at the Indonesian Air Show '96,[10] and it also performed at the 1997 Paris Air Show[11] and the 1998 Asian Aerospace show.[12]

The first assembled prototype, which had a capacity of 50 passengers, was initially rolled out on 10 November 1994 in Bandung during the run-up to the 1994 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit, which Indonesia was hosting.[13] This prototype, which had a serial number of PA-1, then flew for the first time on 10 August 1995.[14] It was successfully tested to a cruise speed of 727.8 kilometers per hour (452.2 mph; 393.0 kn) at 7,600 meters (25,000 ft) altitude, and 744.5 km/h (462.6 mph; 402.0 kn) at 5,200 m (17,000 ft) altitude.[15] The second prototype was a stretched variant with a capacity of 64–68 passengers, and it was designated as the N250-100. The N250-100 was planned to have its first flight in May 1996, but the PA-2 prototype instead had its initial flight eight months behind schedule on 19 December 1996.[16] The third and fourth prototypes were planned to first fly in July 1996 and September 1996 respectively.

Construction for the additional prototypes was halted because of the effects of the Asian financial crisis. Although the IPTN was about halfway through its 1,400-hour flight test program, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) required the Indonesian government to end support of the N-250 program as part of the IMF's US$43 billion government bailout plan. Because of this event, IPTN postponed the aircraft's certification from March 1999 to the fourth quarter of 2000. Later, IPTN postponed certification indefinitely so that it could recruit a risk-sharing partner to help complete the program.[17]

After termination

There has been some consideration concerning the program's revival by the former director of the IPTN and, later, the former Indonesian president B. J. Habibie after having received approval from the incumbent president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. However, to reduce production costs and improve price competitiveness in international markets, changes were made which have resulted in reduced performance such as a reduction in engine capacity, and the removal of the fly-by-wire system. The planned reborn plane was planned to be named N250R.

In August 2012, both developing parties, Erry Firmansyah of PT Eagle Cap and PT Regio Aviasi Industri (RAI), led by both of Habibie's sons, agreed to finance N-250. It will use a new name, R-80.[18]

On 26 September 2013, Nam Air signed an order for 50 R-80 with an option for 50 more aircraft, to be delivered in 2018.[19]

On 22 February 2018, RAI signed a memorandum of understanding with Leonardo Aerostructures to help fund and complete the development of the R-80. The company hoped to build four hundred R-80 aircraft over 20 years. It completed a preliminary design and feasibility test of the 80-90 seat aircraft in 2016 and hoped to finish detail designing and prototype manufacturing by 2019. RAI planned to build six prototypes, with flight testing from 2020 to 2022, and targeted issuance of a type certificate from the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) in 2025. The price of the R-80 would be USD$25 million.[20]

B. J. Habibie's son, Ilham Akbar Habibie, advocated for the production of the aircraft as one of its competitors, the Fokker 50, was no longer produced by Fokker which went bankrupt in 1996. The remaining two competitors for the N-250 were the ATR 72 and Bombardier Dash 8.[21]

Variants

 
N250-100 PA-2 prototype displayed at its manufacturer's production facility, 2013
N250
The initial prototype with a capacity of 50 passengers. One produced (PA-1) and named "Gatotkaca"
N250-100
The second prototype is a stretched version, capable of carrying 68 passengers. One produced (PA-2) and named "Krincingwesi". First flight on 19 December 1996.[22]
N270
Further stretched variant, 3 meters longer than N250-100 capable of carrying 72 passengers. Planned to be produced as the third prototype (PA-3) and will be named "Putut Guritno" or "Koco Negoro". Completion was planned for 18 months after N250-100's first flight and some integral parts like the fuselage, center wing and engines were already or almost completed, however development stalled after the Asian financial crisis of 1998.[23] Also known as the N250-200.[24]
RAI R-80 RegioProp
Rebuilding program of N-250 by B.J. Habibie under PT Regio Aviasi Industri. Planned for conducting its first flight between 2019 and 2020. When finished, it will be able to carry up to 92 passengers with a range of up to 800 nm (1.481 km). LoIs have been signed by NAM Air for ordering 100 planes consisting of 50 firm orders and 50 optional orders, and Kalstar Aviation for 25 planes. Other airlines that have expressed their interest including Wings Air, Citilink, Sky Aviation and Merpati Nusantara Airlines.[25][26]

Specifications (N250-100)

Data from Jane's all the World's Aircraft 2000–01[1]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 2
  • Capacity: 64-68 passengers (PA-2) / 6,200 kg (13,669 lb) payload
N250-50 50 passengers (PA-1) / 6,000 kg (13,228 lb) payload
  • Length: 28.15 m (92 ft 4 in)
N250-50 26.3 m (86 ft)
N250-50 13,665 kg (30,126 lb)
  • Max takeoff weight: 24,800 kg (54,675 lb)
N250-50 22,000 kg (48,502 lb)
  • Fuel capacity: 4,200 kg (9,259 lb)
  • Powerplant: 2 × Allison AE2100C turboprop engines, 2,439 kW (3,271 hp) each
  • Propellers: 6-bladed Dowty Rotol R384/6123-FX8, 3.81 m (12 ft 6 in) diameter constant=speed fully feathering reversible propellers

Performance

  • Cruise speed: 611 km/h (380 mph, 330 kn) maximum at 6,100 m (20,013 ft) N250-50
  • Economical cruise speed: 556 km/h (345 mph; 300 kn) at 6,100 m (20,013 ft) N250-50
  • Stall speed: 195 km/h (121 mph, 105 kn) EAS flaps up, power off
167 km/h (104 mph; 90 kn) 20° flaps N250-50
  • Range: 1,270 km (790 mi, 690 nmi) N250-50 with maximum payload
800–1,100 km (500–680 mi; 430–590 nmi) N250-50 with 50 pax
  • Service ceiling: 9,140 m (29,990 ft)
N250-50 7,620 m (25,000 ft)
  • Rate of climb: 9.4 m/s (1,850 ft/min) N250-50
  • Max rate of climb on one engine: 2.633 m/s (9 ft/s) N250-50
  • Wing loading: 381.5 kg/m2 (78.1 lb/sq ft)
N250-50 338.5 kg/m2 (69 lb/sq ft)
N250-50 0.2218 kW/kg (0.1349 hp/lb)
  • Balanced field length: 1,220 m (4,003 ft) N250-50, S/L, +20°C

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

References

  1. ^ a b Jackson, Paul, ed. (2000). Jane's all the World's Aircraft 2000–01 (94th ed.). Coulsdon, Surrey, United Kingdom: Jane's Information Group. pp. 185–186. ISBN 978-0710620118.
  2. ^ Kusuma, W (21 August 2020). "Pesawat N-250 Gatotkaca Tiba di Museum Dirgantara Mandala Yogyakarta". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 21 August 2020.
  3. ^ "Breakthrough for aircraft industry". News in brief. Indonesia News & Views. Vol. 2, no. 13. July–August 1989. p. 2. ISSN 0537-4693.
  4. ^ Leyes II, Richard A.; William A. Fleming (1999). The History of North American Small Gas Turbine Aircraft Engines. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 1-56347-332-1. OCLC 247550535.
  5. ^ "US, UK keen on Indon project". Business Times. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Agence France Presse (AFP). 28 February 1994. OCLC 29049216.
  6. ^ "Indonesian manufacturer IPTN". Aviation Week & Space Technology. 27 January 1995. ISSN 0005-2175.
  7. ^ "Indonesian manufacturer IPTN". Aviation Week & Space Technology. 17 February 1995. ISSN 0005-2175.
  8. ^ "Indonesian aircraft maker to open factory in Alabama". Seattle Times. 19 May 1995. ISSN 0745-9696.
  9. ^ Official interviewed on aircraft production. Southeast Asia: Indonesia. Daily report: East Asia (Report). Vol. FBIS-EAS-95-166. Translated by Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS) (published 28 August 1995). Bisnis Indonesia. 11 August 1995. pp. 61–62. hdl:2027/uiug.30112083416005.
  10. ^ "Indonesia Air Show '96 opens". United Press International (UPI). 22 June 1996.
  11. ^ "The 1997 Paris Air Show". Tech update. Popular Mechanics. Vol. 174, no. 9. September 1997. p. 24. ISSN 0032-4558.
  12. ^ Holmes, Stanley (22 March 1998). "Dangerous liaison". Seattle Times. ISSN 0745-9696.
  13. ^ Son, Johanna (11 November 1994). "APEC-INDONESIA: Jakarta uneasy under media glare". Inter Press Service.
  14. ^ Lewis, Paul (15 August 1995). "IPTN wins approval as N-250 flies". Flight International. ISSN 0015-3710.
  15. ^ "Gatotkoco passes tests with flying colors". Trade & investment. News & Views Indonesia. Vol. 9, no. 83. April 1996. pp. 8–9. hdl:2027/uva.x006061222. ISSN 0537-4693.
  16. ^ "N250 flight". Flight International. 7 January 1997. ISSN 0015-3710.
  17. ^ Polek, Gregory (26 November 2007). "Fresh designs promise answer to evolving market demands". Aviation International News (AIN). Vol. 33, no. 18 (published October 2001). pp. R10–R14. ISSN 0887-9877.
  18. ^ (in Indonesian). 11 August 2012. Archived from the original on 5 January 2013.
  19. ^ "NAM Air Pesan 100 Pesawat R80". ekonomi.bisnis.com (in Indonesian). 26 September 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
  20. ^ Yuniarni, Sarah (23 February 2018). "Indonesian Manufacturer RAI to Build R80 Prototype With Help From Leonardo, LAER". Jakarta Globe. Jakarta, Indonesia.
  21. ^ "Seberapa Tangguh Pesaing Pesawat N250". viva.co.id (in Indonesian). 14 August 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
  22. ^ "Ini Cerita Pesawat N250 (60) Krincingwesi Terbang Perdana". indoaviation.asia (in Indonesian). 30 May 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
  23. ^ "Kisah Pak Harto Beri Nama 4 Versi Pesawat N-250 Buatan Bandung" (in Indonesian). Detik.com. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  24. ^ "IPTN calls in Europeans on N250". Flight International. 18 March 1997. ISSN 0015-3710.
  25. ^ . Archived from the original on 13 March 2016.
  26. ^ . Archived from the original on 13 March 2016.

Further reading

  • Angkasa Magazine Collector's Edition: Golden Path of the Making of N250: Effort to Dominate Aviation, 2014 (Indonesian)
  • Andersen, Peder A. (1998). "Indonesia" (PDF). The changing structure of the global large civil aircraft industry and market: Implications for the competitiveness of the U.S. industry (Report). 3143. Vol. 332–384. U.S. International Trade Commission (published 1 November 1998). pp. 5–26 to 5–34. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1452731. hdl:2027/uc1.31822028344232. OCLC 41615581.
  • "-IPTN's N250". Flight International. 18 June 1996. ISSN 0015-3710.
  • Written at Jakarta. Suharto to be tried for alleged misuse of funds. Indonesia. JPRS report: Environmental issues (Report). Vol. JPRS-TEN-94-024. Hong Kong (published 4 October 1994). Agence France Presse (AFP). 14 October 1994. pp. 13–14.
  • "IPTN: Indonesia's aircraft manufacturer continues to diversify" (DjVu). ICAO bulletin: Official magazine of international civil aviation. Vol. 44, no. 8. August 1989. pp. 10–11. ISSN 0018-8778.
    • "ICAO Journal". International Civil Aviation Organization.

External links

  • PT Dirgantara Indonesia
  • IPTN N-250 at airliners.net

March 10, 2023
iptn, redirects, here, nebraska, state, highway, with, this, number, nebraska, highway, turboprop, regional, airliner, designed, indonesian, firm, iptn, industri, pesawat, terbang, nusantara, indonesian, aerospace, this, aircraft, iptn, first, major, effort, m. N 250 redirects here For the Nebraska state highway with this number see Nebraska Highway 250 The IPTN N 250 was a turboprop regional airliner designed by Indonesian firm IPTN Industri Pesawat Terbang Nusantara now Indonesian Aerospace This aircraft was IPTN s first major effort to win the market share of the regional turboprop class of 64 68 seat airliners 1 The aircraft s development was eventually terminated after the Asian financial crisis of 1998 N 250The first prototype of the N250 at Husein Sastranegara International Airport at the 2012 Bandung Airshow Role Regional airlinerManufacturer IPTN Indonesian AerospaceFirst flight 10 August 1995Retired 2000Status CancelledNumber built 2As of 21 August 2020 the PA 1 prototype is on displayed at Dirgantara Mandala Museum Yogyakarta as its 60th collection 2 Contents 1 Design and development 1 1 After termination 2 Variants 3 Specifications N250 100 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksDesign and development EditThe N 250 development plan was first revealed by PT IPTN now PT Dirgantara Indonesia Indonesian Aerospace at the Paris Air Show in 1989 but was first introduced in 1986 when the Indonesian Air Show 1986 was held The N 250 was initially described as a propfan commuter plane 3 but on 12 July 1990 IPTN selected the Allison GMA 2100 turboprop to power the aircraft 4 589 In early 1994 Indonesia announced that Great Britain and four states in the United States were interested in hosting production lines for the final assembly of the N 250 5 In January 1995 IPTN added Long Island New York and Macon Georgia to the previous list of U S semifinalists that included Mobile Alabama Phoenix Arizona and Portland Oregon 6 out of an original list of 26 contender cities In the following month IPTN selected Mobile and Macon as the final candidates 7 On May 19 1995 Indonesia awarded the U S assembly of the N 250 to Mobile The U S assembly site would be run by American Regional Aircraft Industry AMRAI in which IPTN would hold a 40 percent stake 8 Planned production was to be one plane per week from IPTN s home factory in Bandung West Java and up to two planes per week from the Mobile factory 9 The flying aircraft was officially unveiled at the Indonesian Air Show 96 10 and it also performed at the 1997 Paris Air Show 11 and the 1998 Asian Aerospace show 12 The first assembled prototype which had a capacity of 50 passengers was initially rolled out on 10 November 1994 in Bandung during the run up to the 1994 Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation APEC summit which Indonesia was hosting 13 This prototype which had a serial number of PA 1 then flew for the first time on 10 August 1995 14 It was successfully tested to a cruise speed of 727 8 kilometers per hour 452 2 mph 393 0 kn at 7 600 meters 25 000 ft altitude and 744 5 km h 462 6 mph 402 0 kn at 5 200 m 17 000 ft altitude 15 The second prototype was a stretched variant with a capacity of 64 68 passengers and it was designated as the N250 100 The N250 100 was planned to have its first flight in May 1996 but the PA 2 prototype instead had its initial flight eight months behind schedule on 19 December 1996 16 The third and fourth prototypes were planned to first fly in July 1996 and September 1996 respectively Construction for the additional prototypes was halted because of the effects of the Asian financial crisis Although the IPTN was about halfway through its 1 400 hour flight test program the International Monetary Fund IMF required the Indonesian government to end support of the N 250 program as part of the IMF s US 43 billion government bailout plan Because of this event IPTN postponed the aircraft s certification from March 1999 to the fourth quarter of 2000 Later IPTN postponed certification indefinitely so that it could recruit a risk sharing partner to help complete the program 17 After termination Edit There has been some consideration concerning the program s revival by the former director of the IPTN and later the former Indonesian president B J Habibie after having received approval from the incumbent president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono However to reduce production costs and improve price competitiveness in international markets changes were made which have resulted in reduced performance such as a reduction in engine capacity and the removal of the fly by wire system The planned reborn plane was planned to be named N250R In August 2012 both developing parties Erry Firmansyah of PT Eagle Cap and PT Regio Aviasi Industri RAI led by both of Habibie s sons agreed to finance N 250 It will use a new name R 80 18 On 26 September 2013 Nam Air signed an order for 50 R 80 with an option for 50 more aircraft to be delivered in 2018 19 On 22 February 2018 RAI signed a memorandum of understanding with Leonardo Aerostructures to help fund and complete the development of the R 80 The company hoped to build four hundred R 80 aircraft over 20 years It completed a preliminary design and feasibility test of the 80 90 seat aircraft in 2016 and hoped to finish detail designing and prototype manufacturing by 2019 RAI planned to build six prototypes with flight testing from 2020 to 2022 and targeted issuance of a type certificate from the European Aviation Safety Agency EASA in 2025 The price of the R 80 would be USD 25 million 20 B J Habibie s son Ilham Akbar Habibie advocated for the production of the aircraft as one of its competitors the Fokker 50 was no longer produced by Fokker which went bankrupt in 1996 The remaining two competitors for the N 250 were the ATR 72 and Bombardier Dash 8 21 Variants Edit N250 100 PA 2 prototype displayed at its manufacturer s production facility 2013 N250 The initial prototype with a capacity of 50 passengers One produced PA 1 and named Gatotkaca N250 100 The second prototype is a stretched version capable of carrying 68 passengers One produced PA 2 and named Krincingwesi First flight on 19 December 1996 22 N270 Further stretched variant 3 meters longer than N250 100 capable of carrying 72 passengers Planned to be produced as the third prototype PA 3 and will be named Putut Guritno or Koco Negoro Completion was planned for 18 months after N250 100 s first flight and some integral parts like the fuselage center wing and engines were already or almost completed however development stalled after the Asian financial crisis of 1998 23 Also known as the N250 200 24 RAI R 80 RegioProp Rebuilding program of N 250 by B J Habibie under PT Regio Aviasi Industri Planned for conducting its first flight between 2019 and 2020 When finished it will be able to carry up to 92 passengers with a range of up to 800 nm 1 481 km LoIs have been signed by NAM Air for ordering 100 planes consisting of 50 firm orders and 50 optional orders and Kalstar Aviation for 25 planes Other airlines that have expressed their interest including Wings Air Citilink Sky Aviation and Merpati Nusantara Airlines 25 26 Specifications N250 100 EditData from Jane s all the World s Aircraft 2000 01 1 General characteristicsCrew 2 Capacity 64 68 passengers PA 2 6 200 kg 13 669 lb payloadN250 50 50 passengers PA 1 6 000 kg 13 228 lb payload dd dd dd Length 28 15 m 92 ft 4 in N250 50 26 3 m 86 ft dd dd dd Wingspan 28 m 91 ft 10 in Height 8 79 m 28 ft 10 in Wing area 65 m2 700 sq ft Aspect ratio 12 1 Airfoil root NASA MS 1 0317 modified NASA MD2 tip NASA MS 1 0317 modified NASA MD3 Empty weight 15 700 kg 34 613 lb operating empty weightN250 50 13 665 kg 30 126 lb dd dd dd Max takeoff weight 24 800 kg 54 675 lb N250 50 22 000 kg 48 502 lb dd dd dd Fuel capacity 4 200 kg 9 259 lb Powerplant 2 Allison AE2100C turboprop engines 2 439 kW 3 271 hp each Propellers 6 bladed Dowty Rotol R384 6123 FX8 3 81 m 12 ft 6 in diameter constant speed fully feathering reversible propellersPerformance Cruise speed 611 km h 380 mph 330 kn maximum at 6 100 m 20 013 ft N250 50 Economical cruise speed 556 km h 345 mph 300 kn at 6 100 m 20 013 ft N250 50 Stall speed 195 km h 121 mph 105 kn EAS flaps up power off167 km h 104 mph 90 kn 20 flaps N250 50 dd dd dd Range 1 270 km 790 mi 690 nmi N250 50 with maximum payload800 1 100 km 500 680 mi 430 590 nmi N250 50 with 50 pax dd dd dd Service ceiling 9 140 m 29 990 ft N250 50 7 620 m 25 000 ft dd dd dd Rate of climb 9 4 m s 1 850 ft min N250 50 Max rate of climb on one engine 2 633 m s 9 ft s N250 50 Wing loading 381 5 kg m2 78 1 lb sq ft N250 50 338 5 kg m2 69 lb sq ft dd dd dd Power mass 0 1965 kW kg 0 1195 hp lb N250 50 0 2218 kW kg 0 1349 hp lb dd dd dd Balanced field length 1 220 m 4 003 ft N250 50 S L 20 CSee also Edit Indonesia portal Aviation portalRelated development Indonesian Aerospace N 245Aircraft of comparable role configuration and era ATR 72 Bombardier Q400 Saab 2000References Edit a b Jackson Paul ed 2000 Jane s all the World s Aircraft 2000 01 94th ed Coulsdon Surrey United Kingdom Jane s Information Group pp 185 186 ISBN 978 0710620118 Kusuma W 21 August 2020 Pesawat N 250 Gatotkaca Tiba di Museum Dirgantara Mandala Yogyakarta KOMPAS com in Indonesian Retrieved 21 August 2020 Breakthrough for aircraft industry News in brief Indonesia News amp Views Vol 2 no 13 July August 1989 p 2 ISSN 0537 4693 Leyes II Richard A William A Fleming 1999 The History of North American Small Gas Turbine Aircraft Engines Washington DC Smithsonian Institution ISBN 1 56347 332 1 OCLC 247550535 US UK keen on Indon project Business Times Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Agence France Presse AFP 28 February 1994 OCLC 29049216 Indonesian manufacturer IPTN Aviation Week amp Space Technology 27 January 1995 ISSN 0005 2175 Indonesian manufacturer IPTN Aviation Week amp Space Technology 17 February 1995 ISSN 0005 2175 Indonesian aircraft maker to open factory in Alabama Seattle Times 19 May 1995 ISSN 0745 9696 Official interviewed on aircraft production Southeast Asia Indonesia Daily report East Asia Report Vol FBIS EAS 95 166 Translated by Foreign Broadcast Information Service FBIS published 28 August 1995 Bisnis Indonesia 11 August 1995 pp 61 62 hdl 2027 uiug 30112083416005 Indonesia Air Show 96 opens United Press International UPI 22 June 1996 The 1997 Paris Air Show Tech update Popular Mechanics Vol 174 no 9 September 1997 p 24 ISSN 0032 4558 Holmes Stanley 22 March 1998 Dangerous liaison Seattle Times ISSN 0745 9696 Son Johanna 11 November 1994 APEC INDONESIA Jakarta uneasy under media glare Inter Press Service Lewis Paul 15 August 1995 IPTN wins approval as N 250 flies Flight International ISSN 0015 3710 Gatotkoco passes tests with flying colors Trade amp investment News amp Views Indonesia Vol 9 no 83 April 1996 pp 8 9 hdl 2027 uva x006061222 ISSN 0537 4693 N250 flight Flight International 7 January 1997 ISSN 0015 3710 Polek Gregory 26 November 2007 Fresh designs promise answer to evolving market demands Aviation International News AIN Vol 33 no 18 published October 2001 pp R10 R14 ISSN 0887 9877 Perjanjian Proyek Pesawat N250 Sudah Ditandatangani in Indonesian 11 August 2012 Archived from the original on 5 January 2013 NAM Air Pesan 100 Pesawat R80 ekonomi bisnis com in Indonesian 26 September 2013 Retrieved 29 March 2021 Yuniarni Sarah 23 February 2018 Indonesian Manufacturer RAI to Build R80 Prototype With Help From Leonardo LAER Jakarta Globe Jakarta Indonesia Seberapa Tangguh Pesaing Pesawat N250 viva co id in Indonesian 14 August 2012 Retrieved 29 March 2021 Ini Cerita Pesawat N250 60 Krincingwesi Terbang Perdana indoaviation asia in Indonesian 30 May 2020 Retrieved 25 March 2021 Kisah Pak Harto Beri Nama 4 Versi Pesawat N 250 Buatan Bandung in Indonesian Detik com Retrieved 7 April 2018 IPTN calls in Europeans on N250 Flight International 18 March 1997 ISSN 0015 3710 R80 Product Specification Archived from the original on 13 March 2016 Kalstar Aviation Tertarik Pesan 25 Pesawat R80 Archived from the original on 13 March 2016 Further reading EditAngkasa Magazine Collector s Edition Golden Path of the Making of N250 Effort to Dominate Aviation 2014 Indonesian Andersen Peder A 1998 Indonesia PDF The changing structure of the global large civil aircraft industry and market Implications for the competitiveness of the U S industry Report 3143 Vol 332 384 U S International Trade Commission published 1 November 1998 pp 5 26 to 5 34 doi 10 2139 ssrn 1452731 hdl 2027 uc1 31822028344232 OCLC 41615581 IPTN s N250 Flight International 18 June 1996 ISSN 0015 3710 Written at Jakarta Suharto to be tried for alleged misuse of funds Indonesia JPRS report Environmental issues Report Vol JPRS TEN 94 024 Hong Kong published 4 October 1994 Agence France Presse AFP 14 October 1994 pp 13 14 IPTN Indonesia s aircraft manufacturer continues to diversify DjVu ICAO bulletin Official magazine of international civil aviation Vol 44 no 8 August 1989 pp 10 11 ISSN 0018 8778 ICAO Journal International Civil Aviation Organization External links EditPT Dirgantara Indonesia PT IPTN N 250 Departemen Perindustrian IPTN N 250 at airliners net Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title IPTN N 250 amp oldid 1134957050, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.