Crossraguel Abbey
The Abbey of Saint Mary of Crossraguel[2] is a ruin of a former abbey near the town of Maybole, South Ayrshire, Scotland. Although it is a ruin, visitors can still see the original monks’ church, their cloister and their dovecot (pigeon tower).
| Monastery information | |
|---|---|
| Order | Cluniac |
| Established | 1260s |
| Disestablished | 1617 |
| Mother house | Paisley Abbey |
| Diocese | Diocese of Glasgow |
| Controlled churches | Dailly; Girvan; Inchmarnock; Kirkudbright-Innertig; Kirkoswald; Straiton |
| People | |
| Founder(s) | Donnchadh, Earl of Carrick |
Foundation edit
Founded in 1244 by Donnchadh, Earl of Carrick, following an earlier donation of 1225, to the monks of Paisley Abbey for that purpose. They reputedly built nothing more than a small chapel and kept the balance for themselves. The Earl took the matter to the Bishop of Glasgow for arbitration and, winning his case, forced the monks to build a proper abbey.[3]
Name edit
The origin of the abbey's name refers to the ancient Cross of Riaghail (Latin form St Regulus) that stood on the spot.[4] Crossraguel was a Cluniac abbey and the monks - members of a branch of the Benedictines - were known as the "Black monks" after the colour of their clothes.
History edit
Crossraguel Abbey was founded in 1244 by Duncan, 1st Earl of Carrick. The earl sought assistance from the abbot and monks of Paisley Abbey and provided them with land and funds. However, the Paisley superiors built only a small chapel for Crossraguel and kept the remainder for themselves. Upset at this, the earl took the case to law, seeking assistance from the Bishop of Glasgow, who ruled on the earl's behalf. He required not only that Paisley build the monastery at Crossraguel, but also that some of the monks from Paisley should be transferred there. These monks were given the authority to choose their own abbot. The abbot of Paisley, it was decreed, was not to interfere with Crossraguel's affairs, though he was allowed a yearly visit. All of Paisley's possessions in Carrick were to be handed over to Crossraguel, a ruling which the abbot of Paisley appealed to the pope in 1265, but to no avail.[5]
Crossraguel was sacked in 1307 by the army of Edward I. It was rebuilt on a larger scale and remained a monastery until 1560, when the Reformation ended monastic institutions in Scotland. However, the few remaining monks were allowed to live out their time there until the last monk died in 1601. Some of the stone has been removed for local construction, but the abbey ruins remain some of the most complete of any medieval religious house to survive in Scotland. Like Paisley Abbey, Crossraguel was of the Order of Cluny whose mission was to encourage pilgrimage. It is no accident then that Crossraguel is halfway between Paisley and Whithorn on the Ayrshire pilgrims' trail to the shrine of St Ninian in The Machars of Galloway. The site is looked after by Historic Environment Scotland as a scheduled monument and is open to the public with an entrance charge.[6]
In autumn, 1506, Montjoie (Gilbert Chauveau), French King of Arms, visited Crossraguel probably as part of his diplomatic missions regarding Scottish military support for King Hans (John) of Denmark.[7] Montjoie had already spent time at the Court of King Henry VII of England before moving to Scotland and from there, visited Denmark. The record of him visiting Crossraguel is found in the Treasurer's Accounts of James IV, King of Scots – ‘Item, to Johne Beg, messingeir, to pas to Corsragwell and other places with writingis to warne of Montjoyis cummyng, ..... iiij s.’[8]
c. 1510, directed by David Kennedy the first Earl of Cassilis, with encouragement from James IV, monks at Crossraguel developed production of salt by the boiling sea water in pans, and the grinding of charcoal for gunpowder.</ref> Nigel Tranter, A Flame For The Fire, ISIS Large Print edition pp. 348, 361–2.</ref>
In 1570, the Kennedy family, Earls of Cassilis famously obtained the lands of Crossraguel Abbey through the torturing by Gilbert Kennedy, 4th Earl of Cassilis of Allan Stewart, the commendator at his castle of Dunure.[9][10] A feud followed including a number of families and lasted until at least 1611.[11] The Reformation (c. 1560) led to the destruction of many abbeys but Crossraguel was not badly damaged; nonetheless, monastic life here ceased before the end of the 16th century.[12]
James VI intended to rebuild the abbey or abbot's house in 1603 for the use of his son, Prince Henry.[13] In December 1612 James VI granted the former abbey to Peter Hewat, minister at St Giles Cathedral in Edinburgh who owned it until his death in 1645.[14]
Present day edit
The Visit Scotland web site describes the property as follows. "Although a ruin, the Crossraguel Abbey is still complete with the original monks’ church, their cloister and even their dovecot (pigeon tower). Fine architectural details from the 15th century can still be seen within the ruins with the chapter house still standing complete with benches for the monks and an arched seat for the abbot."[15] Another site adds that "visitors can wander around the 15th century choir building, with its ornate carvings, the tower house and gatehouse ... There are stairs to the top of the gatehouse".[16]
See also edit
- Abbot of Crossraguel, for list of abbots and commendators
- Abbeys and priories in Scotland
References edit
- ^ Howie, James (1864). The Scots Worthies. Blackie & son.
- ^ Charters of Crossraguel Abbey, Intro lxii
- ^ ibidem pp. 1–6
- ^ Norwich, John Julius (2002). Treasures of Britain: The Architectural, Cultural, Historical and Natural Heritage of Britain. New York: Norton. p. 196. ISBN 0393057402. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
- ^ Lawson, Roderick (1883). Crossraguel Abbey: A History and a Description. Paisley: Parlane. pp. 17–18. ISBN 9780954799663. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
- ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Crossraguel Abbey (SM90087)". Retrieved 19 February 2019.
- ^ Brittain, J. & Brown, J. (2016) 'And uther placis': two French ambassadorial missions in Ayrshire, Scottish Local History Journal, Issue 94.
- ^ Paul, Sir J.B., ed. (1901) Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 3, 1506–7, p. 350, Edinburgh: H.M. General Register House
- ^ MacGibbon, T. and Ross, D. (1887–92). The castellated and domestic architecture of Scotland from the twelfth to the eighteenth centuries, vol. 3, Edinburgh. p. 341.
- ^ Paterson, James (1863–66), History of the Counties of Ayr and Wigton, Cunninghame vol. 3, Edinburgh : J. Stillie. p. 381.
- ^ http://www.ayrshirescotland.com/crossraguel-abbey.html, Crossraguel Abbey
- ^ http://www.rampantscotland.com/visit/blvisitcrossraguel.htm, Crossraguel Abbey, Ayrshire
- ^ Miscellany of the Maitland Club, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1833), p. 282.
- ^ Hew Scott, Fasti Ecclesiae Scoticanae
- ^ https://www.visitscotland.com/info/see-do/crossraguel-abbey-p247631, Crossraguel Abbey
- ^ http://www.rampantscotland.com/visit/blvisitcrossraguel.htm, Crossraguel Abbey
Sources edit
- Ayrshire and Galloway Archaeological Association,Charters of Crossraguel Abbey, II Vols. Edinburgh 1886 [1]
External links edit
- Historic Environment Scotland: Visitor guide
- – at Mysterious Britain
- Crossraguel Abbey – Photos at the Maybole town home page
- – at Baltersan Castle website
- Engraving of Crossraguel Abbey in 1693 by John Slezer at National Library of Scotland