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Model Cities Program

January 01, 1970

The Model Cities Program was an element of U.S. President Lyndon Johnson's Great Society and War on Poverty. The concept was presented by labor leader Walter Reuther to President Johnson in an off-the-record White House meeting on May 20, 1965.[1] In 1966, new legislation led to the more than 150 five-year-long, Model Cities experiments to develop new anti-poverty programs and alternative forms of municipal government. Model Cities represented a new approach that emphasized social program as well as physical renewal, and sought to coordinate the actions of numerous government agencies in a multifaceted attack on the complex roots of urban poverty.[2] The ambitious federal urban aid program succeeded in fostering a new generation of mostly black urban leaders.[3] The program ended in 1974.[4]

Model Cities logo

Program development edit

Authorized November 3, 1966, by the Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act of 1966, the program ended in 1974. Model Cities originated in response to several concerns of the mid-1960s. Widespread urban violence, disillusionment with existing urban renewal programs, and bureaucratic difficulties in the first years of the War on Poverty led to calls for reform of federal programs. The Model Cities initiative created a new program at the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) intended to improve coordination of existing urban programs. Several cities including Detroit, Oakland, Newark and Camden received funding. The program's initial goals emphasized comprehensive planning, emphasizing not just rebuilding, but also rehabilitation, social-service delivery, and citizen participation. In 1969, the Nixon administration officially changed course; however in the majority of cities, citizen-participation mechanisms continued to play an important role in local decision-making.

Other evaluations have identified both failures and success in the Model Cities program, with its limited effectiveness attributed to a combination of complicated bureaucracy, inadequate funding, and competing agendas at the local level.[5][6][better source needed]

Specific cities edit

 
Report of the Seattle Model City Program, December 1970

Smithville, Tennessee, the smallest city to receive such funding, is an example of a city that benefited from the Model Cities Project. Congressman Joe L. Evins secured his hometown's inclusion in the project. Several buildings in downtown Smithville, such as the Dekalb County Court House and the Smithville City Hall, were built from funds from the Model Cities Project. They are still in use as of 2014, and make up a good portion of the city's downtown landscape.

Pikeville, Kentucky was the location of one of the biggest Model Cities projects. The Pikeville Cut-Through is 1,300 ft (400 m) wide, 3,700 ft (1,100 m) long, and 523 ft (159 m) deep.[7] The project was completed in 1987 following 14 years of work for a total cost of $77.6 million. The cut-through provides a path for a four-lane highway, a CSX railroad line, and the Levisa Fork of the Big Sandy River, which snaked through the downtown area, to eliminate almost yearly flooding. The river bed then was reclaimed by depositing fill from the cut-through into the old riverbed, significantly increasing the available space for development within the city.[7]

McAlester, Oklahoma, represented by Speaker of the House Carl Albert, was another Model Cities site. There, the program was instrumental in acquiring the land for a regional hospital, among other projects.

Detroit, Michigan was one of the largest Model Cities projects. Mayor Jerome P Cavanaugh was the only elected official to serve on President Johnson's task force. Detroit received widespread acclaim for its leadership in the program, which used $490 million to try to turn a 9 sq mi (23 km2) section of the city (with 134,000 inhabitants) into a model city.[8]

In Atlanta there was a battle between competing visions. The city's political and business elite, and city planners, along with Atlanta's black middle class, wanted the federal funding to accelerate the economic growth of the entire city. They sought to protect the central business district property values from nearby slums and to construct new revenue-generating structures. However local community activists rallied poor residents in opposition to these plans, arguing that federal renewal funding should be used to replace deteriorating housing stock, whether with new public housing or with low-cost housing built by private developers.[9]

References edit

  1. ^ Boyle, Kevin (1995). The UAW and the Heyday of American Liberalism, 1945-1968. Cornell University Press. pp. 203, 202–205. ISBN 978-0-8014-8538-1.
  2. ^ Caves, R. W. (2004). Encyclopedia of the City. Routledge. pp. 464. ISBN 9780415252256.
  3. ^ Klemens, Christopher (2007). "Model Cities" in Goldfield, David R., ed. Encyclopedia of American Urban History. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. pp. 484–86. ISBN 978-0-7619-2884-3.
  4. ^ Bret A. Weber, and Amanda Wallace, "Revealing the Empowerment Revolution: A Literature Review of the Model Cities Program," Journal of Urban History (2012) 38#1 pp. 173–92.
  5. ^ Carswell, Andrew T. (2012-06-13). The Encyclopedia of Housing, Second Edition. ISBN 9781412989572.
  6. ^ Schechter, Jody H. (2011). An Empirical Evaluation of the Model Cities Program (PDF) (BS thesis). University of Michigan. hdl:2027.42/85326.
  7. ^ a b http://www.pikecountychamber.org/index.php?n=11&id=51 Cut-Through page on Pike Co. Chamber of Commerce site
  8. ^ Fine, Sidney. Violence in the Model City (1989
  9. ^ Holliman, Irene V. "From Crackertown to Model City? Urban Renewal and Community Building in Atlanta, 1963–1966," Journal of Urban History (2009) 35#3, pp. 369–86.

Further reading edit

  • Fine, Sidney. Violence in the Model City: The Cavanaugh Administration, Race Relations, and the Detroit Riot of 1967 (1989)
  • Frieden, Bernard J., and Marshall Kaplan, eds. The Politics of Neglect: Urban Aid from Model Cities to Revenue Sharing (MIT Press, 1975)
  • Greenstone, J. David, and Paul E. Peterson. Race and Authority in Urban Politics: Community Participation and the War on Poverty (University of Chicago Press, Russell Sage Foundation, 1976)
  • Haar, Charles. Between the Idea and the Reality: A Study in the Origin, Fate and Legacy of the Model Cities Program (Boston: Little, Brown, 1975)
  • Weber, Bret A., and Amanda Wallace, "Revealing the Empowerment Revolution: A Literature Review of the Model Cities Program," Journal of Urban History (2012) 38#1 pp. 173–92
  • Sasso, John, A Little Noticed Revolution: An Oral History of the Model Cities Program and Its Transition to the Community Development Block Grant Program (Berkeley Public Policy Press, 2005) ISBN 0877724180
  • Schindler, Susanne, "Model Cities Redux," Urban Omnibus (October 2016).
  • Schindler, Susanne, "Model Conflicts," e-flux Architecture (July 2018).

Dissertations edit

  • Larry Richard Davis, "An Appraisal of Selected Economic Development Projects of the Texarkana, Texas Model Cities Program" (PhD diss., University of Arkansas, 1975)
  • Franklyn Lee Hruza, "Seattle Model Cities Program: A Case Study of Citizen Participation in the Planning Process During the Initial Planning Year, 1967–68" (PhD diss., University of Washington, 1972)
  • Solomon G. Jacobson, "Implementation of a Federal Program at the Local Level: A Critique of the Introduction of the Model Cities Planning Program in Detroit" (PhD diss., University of Michigan, 1977)
  • Martin David Lowenthal, "The Politics of Planning in the Model Cities Program" (PhD diss., University of California, Berkeley, 1970).
  • Ricardo A. Millett, "Examination of 'Widespread Citizen Participation' in the Model Cities Program and the Demands of Ethnic Minorities for a Greater Decision Making Role in American Cities" (PhD diss., Brandeis University, 1973)
  • Susanne Schindler, "The Housing that Model Cities Built: Context, Community, and Capital in New York City, 1966–76" (PhD diss., ETH Zurich, 2018).
  • John Mitchell Sidor, Jr., "Comprehensive Planning in a Pluralist Environment: Model Cities Planning in Pittsburgh" (PhD diss., University of Pittsburgh, 1969)
  • Charles Tantillo, "An Analysis of the Model Cities Program in Atlantic City, New Jersey" (PhD diss., Rutgers University, 1974)

January 01, 1970
model, cities, program, element, president, lyndon, johnson, great, society, poverty, concept, presented, labor, leader, walter, reuther, president, johnson, record, white, house, meeting, 1965, 1966, legislation, more, than, five, year, long, model, cities, e. The Model Cities Program was an element of U S President Lyndon Johnson s Great Society and War on Poverty The concept was presented by labor leader Walter Reuther to President Johnson in an off the record White House meeting on May 20 1965 1 In 1966 new legislation led to the more than 150 five year long Model Cities experiments to develop new anti poverty programs and alternative forms of municipal government Model Cities represented a new approach that emphasized social program as well as physical renewal and sought to coordinate the actions of numerous government agencies in a multifaceted attack on the complex roots of urban poverty 2 The ambitious federal urban aid program succeeded in fostering a new generation of mostly black urban leaders 3 The program ended in 1974 4 Model Cities logo Contents 1 Program development 2 Specific cities 3 References 4 Further reading 4 1 DissertationsProgram development editAuthorized November 3 1966 by the Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act of 1966 the program ended in 1974 Model Cities originated in response to several concerns of the mid 1960s Widespread urban violence disillusionment with existing urban renewal programs and bureaucratic difficulties in the first years of the War on Poverty led to calls for reform of federal programs The Model Cities initiative created a new program at the Department of Housing and Urban Development HUD intended to improve coordination of existing urban programs Several cities including Detroit Oakland Newark and Camden received funding The program s initial goals emphasized comprehensive planning emphasizing not just rebuilding but also rehabilitation social service delivery and citizen participation In 1969 the Nixon administration officially changed course however in the majority of cities citizen participation mechanisms continued to play an important role in local decision making Other evaluations have identified both failures and success in the Model Cities program with its limited effectiveness attributed to a combination of complicated bureaucracy inadequate funding and competing agendas at the local level 5 6 better source needed Specific cities edit nbsp Report of the Seattle Model City Program December 1970 Smithville Tennessee the smallest city to receive such funding is an example of a city that benefited from the Model Cities Project Congressman Joe L Evins secured his hometown s inclusion in the project Several buildings in downtown Smithville such as the Dekalb County Court House and the Smithville City Hall were built from funds from the Model Cities Project They are still in use as of 2014 and make up a good portion of the city s downtown landscape Pikeville Kentucky was the location of one of the biggest Model Cities projects The Pikeville Cut Through is 1 300 ft 400 m wide 3 700 ft 1 100 m long and 523 ft 159 m deep 7 The project was completed in 1987 following 14 years of work for a total cost of 77 6 million The cut through provides a path for a four lane highway a CSX railroad line and the Levisa Fork of the Big Sandy River which snaked through the downtown area to eliminate almost yearly flooding The river bed then was reclaimed by depositing fill from the cut through into the old riverbed significantly increasing the available space for development within the city 7 McAlester Oklahoma represented by Speaker of the House Carl Albert was another Model Cities site There the program was instrumental in acquiring the land for a regional hospital among other projects Detroit Michigan was one of the largest Model Cities projects Mayor Jerome P Cavanaugh was the only elected official to serve on President Johnson s task force Detroit received widespread acclaim for its leadership in the program which used 490 million to try to turn a 9 sq mi 23 km2 section of the city with 134 000 inhabitants into a model city 8 In Atlanta there was a battle between competing visions The city s political and business elite and city planners along with Atlanta s black middle class wanted the federal funding to accelerate the economic growth of the entire city They sought to protect the central business district property values from nearby slums and to construct new revenue generating structures However local community activists rallied poor residents in opposition to these plans arguing that federal renewal funding should be used to replace deteriorating housing stock whether with new public housing or with low cost housing built by private developers 9 References edit Boyle Kevin 1995 The UAW and the Heyday of American Liberalism 1945 1968 Cornell University Press pp 203 202 205 ISBN 978 0 8014 8538 1 Caves R W 2004 Encyclopedia of the City Routledge pp 464 ISBN 9780415252256 Klemens Christopher 2007 Model Cities in Goldfield David R ed Encyclopedia of American Urban History Thousand Oaks CA SAGE Publications pp 484 86 ISBN 978 0 7619 2884 3 Bret A Weber and Amanda Wallace Revealing the Empowerment Revolution A Literature Review of the Model Cities Program Journal of Urban History 2012 38 1 pp 173 92 Carswell Andrew T 2012 06 13 The Encyclopedia of Housing Second Edition ISBN 9781412989572 Schechter Jody H 2011 An Empirical Evaluation of the Model Cities Program PDF BS thesis University of Michigan hdl 2027 42 85326 a b http www pikecountychamber org index php n 11 amp id 51 Cut Through page on Pike Co Chamber of Commerce site Fine Sidney Violence in the Model City 1989 Holliman Irene V From Crackertown to Model City Urban Renewal and Community Building in Atlanta 1963 1966 Journal of Urban History 2009 35 3 pp 369 86 Further reading editFine Sidney Violence in the Model City The Cavanaugh Administration Race Relations and the Detroit Riot of 1967 1989 Frieden Bernard J and Marshall Kaplan eds The Politics of Neglect Urban Aid from Model Cities to Revenue Sharing MIT Press 1975 Greenstone J David and Paul E Peterson Race and Authority in Urban Politics Community Participation and the War on Poverty University of Chicago Press Russell Sage Foundation 1976 Haar Charles Between the Idea and the Reality A Study in the Origin Fate and Legacy of the Model Cities Program Boston Little Brown 1975 Weber Bret A and Amanda Wallace Revealing the Empowerment Revolution A Literature Review of the Model Cities Program Journal of Urban History 2012 38 1 pp 173 92 Sasso John A Little Noticed Revolution An Oral History of the Model Cities Program and Its Transition to the Community Development Block Grant Program Berkeley Public Policy Press 2005 ISBN 0877724180 Schindler Susanne Model Cities Redux Urban Omnibus October 2016 Schindler Susanne Model Conflicts e flux Architecture July 2018 Dissertations edit Larry Richard Davis An Appraisal of Selected Economic Development Projects of the Texarkana Texas Model Cities Program PhD diss University of Arkansas 1975 Franklyn Lee Hruza Seattle Model Cities Program A Case Study of Citizen Participation in the Planning Process During the Initial Planning Year 1967 68 PhD diss University of Washington 1972 Solomon G Jacobson Implementation of a Federal Program at the Local Level A Critique of the Introduction of the Model Cities Planning Program in Detroit PhD diss University of Michigan 1977 Martin David Lowenthal The Politics of Planning in the Model Cities Program PhD diss University of California Berkeley 1970 Ricardo A Millett Examination of Widespread Citizen Participation in the Model Cities Program and the Demands of Ethnic Minorities for a Greater Decision Making Role in American Cities PhD diss Brandeis University 1973 Susanne Schindler The Housing that Model Cities Built Context Community and Capital in New York City 1966 76 PhD diss ETH Zurich 2018 John Mitchell Sidor Jr Comprehensive Planning in a Pluralist Environment Model Cities Planning in Pittsburgh PhD diss University of Pittsburgh 1969 Charles Tantillo An Analysis of the Model Cities Program in Atlantic City New Jersey PhD diss Rutgers University 1974 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Model Cities Program amp oldid 1171094857, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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