The Ming–Turpan conflict (Chinese: 哈密之爭) were a series of conflicts between the Ming dynasty and Khanate of Moghulistan (later its division the Turpan Khanate) that erupted due to disputes over borders, trade and internal succession to the throne of Moghulistan (or Turpan).
Ming–Turpan conflict
Map showing the location of Ming-Turpan conflict, Hami
The Ming dynasty annexed Kara Del (Qumul, Hami) in 1404 and turned it into Hami Prefecture.[1] In 1406 it defeated the ruler of Moghulistan.[2]
In 1443, 1445 and 1448 the Oirats under Esen Taishi occupied Kara Del in Hami. Moghulistan, under Ali (known as Yunus Khan), then seized Hami from Esen in 1473. Ali was driven by the Ming dynasty into Turfan, but he reoccupied it after Ming left. Esen taishi's Mongols recaptured Hami twice in 1482 and 1483.
In 1491 the Ming dynasty installed a descendant of the Yuan dynasty imperial house to the position of Prince of Qumul. They then appointed overseers of each ethnic group residing in Qumul, the position being called tu-tu (In Wade Giles).[3]
The son of Ali, Ahmed (Ahmad Alaq), reconquered it in 1493 and captured the Hami leader Prince Champa and the resident of the Ming in Hami (the Chagatayid Hami was a vassal state to Ming). In response, the Ming dynasty imposed an economic blockade on Turpan and kicked out all the Uyghurs from Gansu. Conditions became so harsh for Turpan that Ahmed left.[4][5] The Ming army then marched on Qumul. Ahmad Alaq (Hahema) retreated, released Prince Champa, acknowledged his inferior position to the Ming emperor and agreed that Champa would take the throne of Qumul.[6] One of the Ming overseers, Sayyid Husain, was the Muslim overseer in July 1494 and fled to Ming territory when Turpan invaded Qumul, but he plotted with Turpan to be appointed as prince under the rule of Turpan. He was arrested in 1516 and sent to Beijing, but bribed his way into the Zhengde Emperor's inner circle, eventually becoming his homosexual lover, although no evidence supporting this claim exists in Chinese sources.[3]
In the 16th century, the Ming dynasty defeated a series of raids by the Khanate of Turpan under Ahmed's son Mansur and the Oirat Mongols, over disputes on tribute. Fighting broke out in 1517, 1524 and 1528 when the Ming dynasty rejected tribute missions from Turpan. Mansur took over Qumul in 1517.[5] Mansur invaded the Ming dynasty in 1524 with 20,000 men through Suzhou District, but was repulsed by Ming forces, including Mongol troops.[7] The Ming refused to lift the economic blockade and restrictions that had led to the fighting and continued restricting Turpan's tribute and trade with the Ming dynasty. Turfan also annexed Qumul (Hami).[8]
^Muqi Che (1989). The Silk Road, Past and Present. Foreign Languages Press. p. 115. ISBN0-8351-2100-3. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
^Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlt (2008). A History of the Moghuls of Central Asia: The Tarikh-I-Rashidi. Cosimo, Inc. p. 103. ISBN978-1-60520-150-4. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
^ abAssociation for Asian Studies. Ming Biographical History Project Committee, Luther Carrington Goodrich, Chao-ying Fang (1976). Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368-1644. Columbia University Press. p. 1152. ISBN0-231-03833-X.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Demetrius Charles de Kavanagh Boulger (1882). History of China, Volume 2. W. H. Allen & co. p. 125.
^ abTrudy Ring; Robert M. Salkin; Sharon La Boda (1996). International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania. Taylor & Francis. p. 323. ISBN1-884964-04-4.
^Demetrius Charles de Kavanagh Boulger (1882). History of China, Volume 2. W. H. Allen & co. p. 126.
^Association for Asian Studies. Ming Biographical History Project Committee, Luther Carrington Goodrich, Chao-ying Fang (1976). Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368-1644. Columbia University Press. p. 1038. ISBN0-231-03833-X.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Jonathan D. Spence; John E. Wills, Jr.; Jerry B. Dennerline (1979). From Ming to Ch'ing: Conquest, Region, and Continuity in Seventeenth-Century China. Yale University Press. p. 177. ISBN0-300-02672-2.
ROSSABI, M.. 1972. “MING CHINA AND TURFAN, 1406-1517”. Central Asiatic Journal 16 (3). Harrassowitz Verlag: 206–25. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41926952.
Morris Rossabi (28 November 2014). "Ming China and Turfan 1406-1517". From Yuan to Modern China and Mongolia: The Writings of Morris Rossabi. BRILL. pp. 39–. ISBN978-90-04-28529-3.
April 10, 2024
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The Ming Turpan conflict Chinese 哈密之爭 were a series of conflicts between the Ming dynasty and Khanate of Moghulistan later its division the Turpan Khanate that erupted due to disputes over borders trade and internal succession to the throne of Moghulistan or Turpan Ming Turpan conflictMap showing the location of Ming Turpan conflict HamiDate15th century 16th centuryLocationTurpan Hami GansuResultMing victory Status quo ante bellumBelligerentsMing dynastyMoghulistan later its division Turpan Khanate Oirat ConfederationCommanders and leadersYunus KhanAhmad AlaqMansur KhanIburai TaishiEsen TaishiThe Ming dynasty annexed Kara Del Qumul Hami in 1404 and turned it into Hami Prefecture 1 In 1406 it defeated the ruler of Moghulistan 2 In 1443 1445 and 1448 the Oirats under Esen Taishi occupied Kara Del in Hami Moghulistan under Ali known as Yunus Khan then seized Hami from Esen in 1473 Ali was driven by the Ming dynasty into Turfan but he reoccupied it after Ming left Esen taishi s Mongols recaptured Hami twice in 1482 and 1483 In 1491 the Ming dynasty installed a descendant of the Yuan dynasty imperial house to the position of Prince of Qumul They then appointed overseers of each ethnic group residing in Qumul the position being called tu tu In Wade Giles 3 The son of Ali Ahmed Ahmad Alaq reconquered it in 1493 and captured the Hami leader Prince Champa and the resident of the Ming in Hami the Chagatayid Hami was a vassal state to Ming In response the Ming dynasty imposed an economic blockade on Turpan and kicked out all the Uyghurs from Gansu Conditions became so harsh for Turpan that Ahmed left 4 5 The Ming army then marched on Qumul Ahmad Alaq Hahema retreated released Prince Champa acknowledged his inferior position to the Ming emperor and agreed that Champa would take the throne of Qumul 6 One of the Ming overseers Sayyid Husain was the Muslim overseer in July 1494 and fled to Ming territory when Turpan invaded Qumul but he plotted with Turpan to be appointed as prince under the rule of Turpan He was arrested in 1516 and sent to Beijing but bribed his way into the Zhengde Emperor s inner circle eventually becoming his homosexual lover although no evidence supporting this claim exists in Chinese sources 3 In the 16th century the Ming dynasty defeated a series of raids by the Khanate of Turpan under Ahmed s son Mansur and the Oirat Mongols over disputes on tribute Fighting broke out in 1517 1524 and 1528 when the Ming dynasty rejected tribute missions from Turpan Mansur took over Qumul in 1517 5 Mansur invaded the Ming dynasty in 1524 with 20 000 men through Suzhou District but was repulsed by Ming forces including Mongol troops 7 The Ming refused to lift the economic blockade and restrictions that had led to the fighting and continued restricting Turpan s tribute and trade with the Ming dynasty Turfan also annexed Qumul Hami 8 See also editMing dynasty in Inner Asia Western RegionsReferences edit Muqi Che 1989 The Silk Road Past and Present Foreign Languages Press p 115 ISBN 0 8351 2100 3 Retrieved 28 June 2010 Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlt 2008 A History of the Moghuls of Central Asia The Tarikh I Rashidi Cosimo Inc p 103 ISBN 978 1 60520 150 4 Retrieved 28 June 2010 a b Association for Asian Studies Ming Biographical History Project Committee Luther Carrington Goodrich Chao ying Fang 1976 Dictionary of Ming Biography 1368 1644 Columbia University Press p 1152 ISBN 0 231 03833 X a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Demetrius Charles de Kavanagh Boulger 1882 History of China Volume 2 W H Allen amp co p 125 a b Trudy Ring Robert M Salkin Sharon La Boda 1996 International Dictionary of Historic Places Asia and Oceania Taylor amp Francis p 323 ISBN 1 884964 04 4 Demetrius Charles de Kavanagh Boulger 1882 History of China Volume 2 W H Allen amp co p 126 Association for Asian Studies Ming Biographical History Project Committee Luther Carrington Goodrich Chao ying Fang 1976 Dictionary of Ming Biography 1368 1644 Columbia University Press p 1038 ISBN 0 231 03833 X a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Jonathan D Spence John E Wills Jr Jerry B Dennerline 1979 From Ming to Ch ing Conquest Region and Continuity in Seventeenth Century China Yale University Press p 177 ISBN 0 300 02672 2 ROSSABI M 1972 MING CHINA AND TURFAN 1406 1517 Central Asiatic Journal 16 3 Harrassowitz Verlag 206 25 https www jstor org stable 41926952 Morris Rossabi 28 November 2014 Ming China and Turfan 1406 1517 From Yuan to Modern China and Mongolia The Writings of Morris Rossabi BRILL pp 39 ISBN 978 90 04 28529 3 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ming Turpan conflict amp oldid 1182741364, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
