Metavirus is a genus of viruses in the family Metaviridae.[1] They are retrotransposons that invade a eukaryotic host genome and may only replicate once the virus has infected the host.[2] These genetic elements exist to infect and replicate in their host genome and are derived from ancestral elements unrelated from their host. Metavirus may use several different hosts for transmission, and has been found to be transmissible through ovule and pollen of some plants.[3]
Metavirus contains five families of the Ty3/Gypsy element with either one or two open-reading frames; these families are mdg1, mdg3, blastopia,412, and micropia.[4] Each of the five families contains either one or two open-reading frames, gag3 and/or pol3.[5] There is evidence to support that amino acid deprivation in the elements host genome has frequently caused a frameshift towards the Ty3 element.[6]Metavirus corresponds with the Ogre/Tat gene lineage.[7]
Species of Metavirus are single-stranded RNA retrotransposons. They have an icosahedral and linear conformation and are not enclosed in an envelope.[8] Their diameter is approximately 50 nm and they are usually between 42 and 52 nm in length.[8] These genetic elements contain a core and capsid.[citation needed]
Because of their high mutation and recombination rate and their ability to conduct horizontal gene transfer, the evolutionary history of many retroelements may be challenging to trace (Benachenhou et al., 2013).[9] Scientists often look to the genomes of Metavirus to compare nucleic acid sequences to the sequences of other viruses, constructing lineages and proposing common ancestors.[citation needed]
Multiple taxa of Metavirus have genomic sequence that are homologous to other genera of Metaviridae and a suggest common ancestor and/or coevolution.[10] Scientists often look at capsid proteins for evidence of Metavirus evolution.[11] Much of the lineage of Metavirus remains unsolved and is presently being researched.[citation needed]
Studiesedit
Mascagni et al. (2017) conducted researched to find homologs and identify strands in sunflower species. In the experiment, DNA was extracted from various helianthus species and the genomes of retrotransposons were identified using BLASTX analysis. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using neighbor-joining clustering method and a bioinformatic pipeline was constructed to allow genomic analysis. Two elements, SURE and Helicopia, were identified and placed into the Gypsy and Copia superfamilies, respectively.[12] Thus, the SURE element belongs to the Gypsy group, of the Ogre/Tat lineage, of the genus Metavirus.[12] Further analysis led Mascagni et al. (2017) to identify mutations and conclude that the Metavirus lineage evolved before Sirevirus. Mascagni et al. (2017) also found evidence that the SURE elements and Helicopia elements had hybridized, potential for new lineages.
Nefedova and Kim (2009), conducted a study on Drosophila melanogaster to further identify lineages of Metavirus. Homologs were identified from previously extracted DNA of retrotransposons and Drosophila melanogaster and phylogenetic trees were constructed.[13]Metaviruses possess the env gene, allowing them to be infective, which Nefedova and Kim (2009) concluded was obtained from horizontal gene transfer from baculoviruses.[13]Metavirus contains the roo element which is thought to have been obtained from gene transfer from Errantivirus, or more likely, the two genera share a common ancestor.[13]
^Siebert, C (2006). "Unintelligent Design" (PDF). Discover.
^Singh, R; Finnie, R (September 1973). "Seed transmission of potato spindle tuber Metavirus through the ovule of Scopolia sinensis". Canadian Plant Disease Journal. 53: 153–154.
^Nefedova, Lidia; Kim, Alexander. "Mechanisms of LTR-Retroelement Transposition: Lessons from Drosophilia melanogaster". Viruses. 9: 1–10.
^Levy, Camille; et al. (2013). "Virus-like particle vaccine induces cross-protection against human metapneumovirus infections in mice". Vaccine. 31 (25): 2778–2785. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.03.051. PMID 23583815.
^Turkel, Sezai (June 2016). "Amino Acid Starvation Enhances Programmed Ribosomal Frameshift in Metavirus Ty3 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Advances in Biology. 2016: 1–6. doi:10.1155/2016/1840782.
^Neumann, P; Pozarkova, D; Macas, J (2003). "Highly abundant pea LTR retrotransposon Ogre is constitutively transcribed and partially spliced". Plant Molecular Biology. 53 (3): 399–410. doi:10.1023/B:PLAN.0000006945.77043.ce. PMID 14750527. S2CID 13412101.
^ abMenees, Thomas (2018). The Springer Index of Viruses. Springer Nature. pp. 843–849.
^Benachenhou, Farid; Sperber, Göran O.; Bongcam-Rudloff, Erik; Andersson, Göran; Boeke, Jef D.; Blomberg, Jonas (2013). "Conserved structure and inferred evolutionary history of long terminal repeats (LTRs)". Mobile DNA. 4 (1): 5. doi:10.1186/1759-8753-4-5. PMC3601003. PMID 23369192.
^Koonin, M; Dolja, V; Krupovic, M (2015). "Origins and evolution of viruses of eukaryotes: The ultimate modularity". Virology. 479–480: 2–25. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2015.02.039. PMC5898234. PMID 25771806.
^Gong, Z; Han, G (2018). "Insect Retroelements Provide Novel Insights into the Origin of Hepatitis B Viruses". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 35 (9): 2254–2259. doi:10.1093/molbev/msy129. PMID 29924338.
^ abMascagni, Farid (2017). "Different histories of two highly variable LTR retrotransposons in sunflower species" (PDF). Gene. 634: 5–14. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2017.08.014. hdl:11568/885451. PMID 28867564.
^ abcNefedove, L (2009). "Molecular phylogeny and systematics of drosophila retrotransposons and retroviruses". Molecular Biology. 43 (5): 747–756. doi:10.1134/S0026893309050069. S2CID 6078688.
External linksedit
ICTV Report:Metaviridae
"Metaviridae". NCBI Taxonomy Browser. 186665.
Descriptions of Plant Viruses 2019-11-20 at the Wayback Machine
April 09, 2024
metavirus, genus, viruses, family, metaviridae, they, retrotransposons, that, invade, eukaryotic, host, genome, only, replicate, once, virus, infected, host, these, genetic, elements, exist, infect, replicate, their, host, genome, derived, from, ancestral, ele. Metavirus is a genus of viruses in the family Metaviridae 1 They are retrotransposons that invade a eukaryotic host genome and may only replicate once the virus has infected the host 2 These genetic elements exist to infect and replicate in their host genome and are derived from ancestral elements unrelated from their host Metavirus may use several different hosts for transmission and has been found to be transmissible through ovule and pollen of some plants 3 MetavirusVirus classification unranked VirusRealm RiboviriaKingdom PararnaviraePhylum ArtverviricotaClass RevtraviricetesOrder OrterviralesFamily MetaviridaeGenus MetavirusMetavirus contains five families of the Ty3 Gypsy element with either one or two open reading frames these families are mdg1 mdg3 blastopia 412 and micropia 4 Each of the five families contains either one or two open reading frames gag3 and or pol3 5 There is evidence to support that amino acid deprivation in the elements host genome has frequently caused a frameshift towards the Ty3 element 6 Metavirus corresponds with the Ogre Tat gene lineage 7 Contents 1 Morphology 2 Species 3 Evolution 3 1 Studies 4 References 5 External linksMorphology editSpecies of Metavirus are single stranded RNA retrotransposons They have an icosahedral and linear conformation and are not enclosed in an envelope 8 Their diameter is approximately 50 nm and they are usually between 42 and 52 nm in length 8 These genetic elements contain a core and capsid citation needed Species editThe following species are recognized 1 Arabidopsis thaliana Athila virus Arabidopsis thaliana Tat4 virus Bombyx mori Mag virus Caenorhabditis elegans Cer1 virus Cladosporium fulvum T 1 virus Dictyostelium discoideum Skipper virus Drosophila buzzatii Osvaldo virus Drosophila melanogaster 412 virus Drosophila melanogaster Blastopia virus Drosophila melanogaster Mdg1 virus Drosophila melanogaster Mdg3 virus Drosophila melanogaster Micropia virus Drosophila virilis Ulysses virus Fusarium oxysporum Skippy virus Lilium henryi Del1 virus Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ty3 virus Schizosaccharomyces pombe Tf1 virus Schizosaccharomyces pombe Tf2 virus Takifugu rubripes Sushi virus Tribolium castaneum Woot virus Tripneustis gratilla SURL virusEvolution editBecause of their high mutation and recombination rate and their ability to conduct horizontal gene transfer the evolutionary history of many retroelements may be challenging to trace Benachenhou et al 2013 9 Scientists often look to the genomes of Metavirus to compare nucleic acid sequences to the sequences of other viruses constructing lineages and proposing common ancestors citation needed Multiple taxa of Metavirus have genomic sequence that are homologous to other genera of Metaviridae and a suggest common ancestor and or coevolution 10 Scientists often look at capsid proteins for evidence of Metavirus evolution 11 Much of the lineage of Metavirus remains unsolved and is presently being researched citation needed Studies edit Mascagni et al 2017 conducted researched to find homologs and identify strands in sunflower species In the experiment DNA was extracted from various helianthus species and the genomes of retrotransposons were identified using BLASTX analysis Phylogenetic trees were constructed using neighbor joining clustering method and a bioinformatic pipeline was constructed to allow genomic analysis Two elements SURE and Helicopia were identified and placed into the Gypsy and Copia superfamilies respectively 12 Thus the SURE element belongs to the Gypsy group of the Ogre Tat lineage of the genus Metavirus 12 Further analysis led Mascagni et al 2017 to identify mutations and conclude that the Metavirus lineage evolved before Sirevirus Mascagni et al 2017 also found evidence that the SURE elements and Helicopia elements had hybridized potential for new lineages Nefedova and Kim 2009 conducted a study on Drosophila melanogaster to further identify lineages of Metavirus Homologs were identified from previously extracted DNA of retrotransposons and Drosophila melanogaster and phylogenetic trees were constructed 13 Metaviruses possess the env gene allowing them to be infective which Nefedova and Kim 2009 concluded was obtained from horizontal gene transfer from baculoviruses 13 Metavirus contains the roo element which is thought to have been obtained from gene transfer from Errantivirus or more likely the two genera share a common ancestor 13 References edit a b ICTV Report Metaviridae Siebert C 2006 Unintelligent Design PDF Discover Singh R Finnie R September 1973 Seed transmission of potato spindle tuber Metavirus through the ovule of Scopolia sinensis Canadian Plant Disease Journal 53 153 154 Nefedova Lidia Kim Alexander Mechanisms of LTR Retroelement Transposition Lessons from Drosophilia melanogaster Viruses 9 1 10 Levy Camille et al 2013 Virus like particle vaccine induces cross protection against human metapneumovirus infections in mice Vaccine 31 25 2778 2785 doi 10 1016 j vaccine 2013 03 051 PMID 23583815 Turkel Sezai June 2016 Amino Acid Starvation Enhances Programmed Ribosomal Frameshift in Metavirus Ty3 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Advances in Biology 2016 1 6 doi 10 1155 2016 1840782 Neumann P Pozarkova D Macas J 2003 Highly abundant pea LTR retrotransposon Ogre is constitutively transcribed and partially spliced Plant Molecular Biology 53 3 399 410 doi 10 1023 B PLAN 0000006945 77043 ce PMID 14750527 S2CID 13412101 a b Menees Thomas 2018 The Springer Index of Viruses Springer Nature pp 843 849 Benachenhou Farid Sperber Goran O Bongcam Rudloff Erik Andersson Goran Boeke Jef D Blomberg Jonas 2013 Conserved structure and inferred evolutionary history of long terminal repeats LTRs Mobile DNA 4 1 5 doi 10 1186 1759 8753 4 5 PMC 3601003 PMID 23369192 Koonin M Dolja V Krupovic M 2015 Origins and evolution of viruses of eukaryotes The ultimate modularity Virology 479 480 2 25 doi 10 1016 j virol 2015 02 039 PMC 5898234 PMID 25771806 Gong Z Han G 2018 Insect Retroelements Provide Novel Insights into the Origin of Hepatitis B Viruses Molecular Biology and Evolution 35 9 2254 2259 doi 10 1093 molbev msy129 PMID 29924338 a b Mascagni Farid 2017 Different histories of two highly variable LTR retrotransposons in sunflower species PDF Gene 634 5 14 doi 10 1016 j gene 2017 08 014 hdl 11568 885451 PMID 28867564 a b c Nefedove L 2009 Molecular phylogeny and systematics of drosophila retrotransposons and retroviruses Molecular Biology 43 5 747 756 doi 10 1134 S0026893309050069 S2CID 6078688 External links editICTV Report Metaviridae Metaviridae NCBI Taxonomy Browser 186665 Descriptions of Plant Viruses Archived 2019 11 20 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Metavirus amp oldid 1186592939, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
