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Christian Palestinian Aramaic

April 12, 2024

Christian Palestinian Aramaic was a Western Aramaic dialect used by the Melkite Christian community, probably of Jewish descent,[1] in Palestine, Transjordan and Sinai[2] between the fifth and thirteenth centuries.[a] It is preserved in inscriptions, manuscripts (mostly palimpsests, less papyri[5] in the first period) and amulets. All the medieval Western Aramaic dialects are defined by religious community. CPA is closely related to its counterparts, Jewish Palestinian Aramaic (JPA) and Samaritan Aramaic (SA).[6][7][1] CPA shows a specific vocabulary that is often not paralleled in the adjacent Western Aramaic dialects.[6]

Christian Palestinian Aramaic
CPA in uncial script: underwriting of Matthew 26:72–27:2 in a palimpsest
RegionPalestine, Transjordan, Sinai
Eraca. 400–1200
Early forms
Christian Palestinian Aramaic Alphabet
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
Glottologchri1239

Name edit

No source gives CPA a name as a distinct dialect or language and all such names are modern scholarly suggestions. Names like "Palestinian Syriac" and "Syro-Palestinian Aramaic" based on the modified Estrangela script.[7] Additionally, in later Rabbinic literature, Aramaic was recognized as Syriac.[8] Egeria, in the account of her pilgrimage to Palestine at the end of the 4th century, refers to Syriac,[9] which was probably what is now Christian Palestinian Aramaic.[10]

The term syrica Hierosolymitana was introduced by J. D. Michaelis based on the appearance of the Arabic name of Jerusalem, al-Quds,[b] in the colophon of a Gospel lectionary of 1030 AD (today Vat. sir. 19).[12] It was also used in the first edition by Miniscalchi Erizzo.[13]

The terms "Christian Palestinian Aramaic" and "Melkite Aramaic"[c] and refers to the Christian group in Palestine deploying this dialect for their written sources.

History edit

CPA is preserved in inscriptions, manuscripts, mostly palimpsests in the early period, and amulets. The history of CPA writing can be divided into three periods: early (5th–7th/8th centuries), middle (8th–9th) and late (10th–13th). The existence of a middle period has only recently been suggested.[3]

Only inscriptions, fragmentary manuscripts and the underwriting of palimpsests survive from the early period. Of the inscriptions, only one can be dated with any precision. The fragments are both Biblical and Patristic. The oldest complete (non-fragmentary) manuscript dates to 1030.[14] All the complete manuscripts are liturgical in nature.[15][7]

CPA declined as a spoken language because of persecution and gradual Arabization following the early Muslim conquests. From the tenth century onwards it was mainly a liturgical language in the Melkite churches; the Melkite community mostly spoke Arabic.[1][7] Even as a written language, it went extinct around the fourteenth century and was only identified or rediscovered as a distinct variety of Aramaic in the nineteenth century.[16]

Corpus edit

 
Deuteronomy 11:7–10 from the Lewis lectionary, 11th century (Westminster College, Cambridge)

The only surviving original texts in CPA are inscriptions in mosaics and rock caves (lavras),[17][18] magical silver amulets[19][20][21] and a single short magical booklet.[22] All other surviving manuscript compositions are translations of Greek originals.[23]

Many of the palimpsests come from Saint Catherine's Monastery in the Sinai Peninsula (e.g., the Codex Climaci Rescriptus),[24] but some also from Mar Saba (e.g., part of the Codex Sinaiticus Rescriptus),[24] the Cairo Genizah[d][24][25] and the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus.[26] They often transmit rare texts lost in the Greek transmission (e.g. the Transitus Mariae;[27][28][29] the hitherto unknown martyrdom of Patriklos of Caesarea, one of the eleven followers of Pamphilus of Caesarea;[29][30] and a missing quire of Codex Climaci Rescriptus[29][31][32]), or offer valuable readings for the textual criticism of the Septuagint.[33]

Inscriptions have been found in Palestine at ʿEn Suweinit,[34] near ʿAbūd,[35] at ʿUmm er-Rūs,[36] in the Church of Saint Anne in Jerusalem,[37] in the vicinity of Hippos at Uyun el-Umm[38] in Galilee, and at Khirbet Qastra near Haifa.[39] In the Transjordan, inscriptions have been found on Mount Nebo (ʿAyūn Mūsa), in the vicinity of Amman (Khayyān el-Mushrif)[17] and on tombstones in Khirbet es-Samra.[18]

The manuscripts include a short letter on papyrus from Khibert Mird[40] and at least one wooden board.[41] The parchment manuscript fragments are Biblical (mostly in the form of lectionaries), Patristic, theological (e.g. the catecheses by Cyril of Jerusalem and homilies by John Chrysostom), hagiographic (mostly martyrs' lives) or apocryphal (e.g., the Transitus Mariae). There are only three dated manuscripts, the Gospel lectionaries of 1030, 1104, and 1118.[14]

Features edit

CPA can be distinguished from JPA and SA by the lack of direct influence from Hebrew and new Hebrew loanwords, its Hebrew loanwords being retained from an earlier symbiosis of Hebrew and Aramaic.[23] It is also distinguished by the presence of Greek syntax (by partial retention in translation).[1] Also, unlike JPA and SA, CPA is attested only in primary texts (mostly in palimpsests). There was no transmission of manuscripts after the language itself went out use as liturgical language. In comparison with its counterparts, therefore, the CPA corpus represents an older, more intact example of Western Aramaic from when the dialects were still living, spoken languages.

Editions of texts edit

Manuscripts edit

  • Jan P. N. Land, Anecdota Syriaca IV (Leiden, 1875), pp. 177–233 [Latin], pp. 103–224 [Syropalestinian], pls. I–VI.
  • James Rendall Harris, Biblical Fragments from Mount Sinai (Cambridge, 1890), pp. 65–68.
  • Paul de Lagarde, Evangeliarum Hierosolymitanum (Bibliothecae syriacae; Göttingen, 1892), pp. 257–402.
  • George H. Gwilliam, The Palestinian Version of the Holy Scriptures (Anecdota Oxoniensia, Semitic Series Vol. I Part V; Oxford, 1893).
  • George H. Gwilliam, Francis Crawford Burkitt, John F. Stenning, Biblical and Patristic Relics of the Palestinian Syriac Literature, (Anecdota Oxoniensia, Semitic Series Vol. I, Part IX; Oxford, 1896).
  • G. Margoliouth, The Liturgy of the Nile, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 1896, pp. 677–727, pls. I–II.
  • Agnes S. Lewis and Margaret D. Gibson, The Palestinian Syriac Lectionary of the Gospels (London, 1899).
  • Agnes S. Lewis and Margaret D. Gibson, Palestinian Syriac Texts from Palimpsest Fragments in the Taylor-Schechter Collection (London, 1900).
  • Agnes S. Lewis and Margaret D. Gibson, An Appendix of Palestinian Syriac Texts (Studia Sinaitica XI; London, 1902), pp. XXVIII–XXIX, XLVII.
  • Friedrich Schulthess, Christlich-palästinische Fragmente, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 56, 1902, pp. 249–261.
  • Friedrich Schulthess, Christlich-palästinische Fragmente aus der Omajjaden-Moschee zu Damaskus (Berlin, 1905).
  • Pavel K. Kokowzoff, Nouveaux fragments syropalestiniens de la Bibliothèque Impériale Publique de Saint-Pétersbourg (St. Petersburg, 1906).
  • Hugo Duensing, Christlich-palästinisch-aramäische Texte und Fragmente (Göttingen, 1906).
  • Agnes S. Lewis, A Palestinian Syriac Lectionary: Containing Lessons from the Pentateuch, Job, Proverbs, Prophets, Acts, and Epistles (Cambridge, 1897).
  • Agnes S. Lewis, Supplement to a Palestinian Syriac Lectionary (Cambridge, 1907).
  • Agnes S. Lewis, Codex Climaci Rescriptus (Horae Semiticae VIII; Cambridge, 1909).
  • Agnes S. Lewis, The Forty Martyrs of the Sinai Desert and the Story of Eulogios (Horae Semiticae IX; Cambridge, 1912).
  • Matthew Black, Rituale Melchitarum. A Christian Palestinian Euchologion (Stuttgart, 1938).
  • Matthew Black, "A Palestinian Syriac Palimpsest Leaf of Acts XXI (14–26)," Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 23, 1939, pp. 201–214, pls. 1–2.
  • N. Pigoulewski, "Fragments syro-palestiniens des Psaumes CXXIII–IV," Revue Bibilque 43 (1934), pp. 519–527, pl. XXX.
  • Hugo Duensing, Neue christlich-palästinische-aramäische Fragmente, NAWG, phil.-hist. Kl. 9 (Göttingen, 1944).
  • Matthew Black, A Christian Palestinian Syriac Horologion (Texts and Studies N.S. 1; Cambridge, 1954).
  • Hugo Duensing, Nachlese christlich-palästinisch aramäischer Fragmente, NAWG, phil.-hist. Kl. 5 (Göttingen, 1955).
  • Charles Perrot, "Un fragment christo-palestinien découvert à Khirbet Mird," Revue Biblique 70, 1963, pp. 506–555, pls. XVIII–XXIX.
  • Moshe Goshen-Gottstein with the Assistance by H. Shirun (ed.), The Bible in the Syropalestinian Version. Part I. Pentateuch and Prophets (Publications of the Hebrew University Bible Project Monograph Series; Jerusalem, 1973).
  • Christa Müller-Kessler and Michael Sokoloff, The Christian Palestinian Aramaic Old Testament and Apocrypha (Corpus of Christian Palestinian Aramaic I; Groningen, 1997). ISBN 90-5693-007-9
  • Maurice Baillet, "Un livret magique en christo-palestinien à l’Université de Louvain," Le Muséon 76, 1963, pp. 375–401.
  • Sebastian P. Brock, A Fragment of the Acta Pilati in Christian Palestinian Aramaic, Journal of Theological Studies N.S. 22, 1971, pp. 157–158.
  • Sebastian P. Brock, Catalogue of the New Finds (Athens, 1995).
  • Alain Desreumaux, Codex sinaiticus Zosimi rescriptus (Histoire du Texte Biblique 3; Lausanne, 1997). ISBN 2-9700088-3-1
  • Alain Desreumaux, "Une inscription araméenne melkite sous une peinture copte du musée du Louvre. Le texte araméen melkite," Oriens Christianus 86, 1996, pp. 82–97.
  • Christa Müller-Kessler and Michael Sokoloff, The Christian Palestinian Aramaic New Testament Version from the Early Period. Gospels (Corpus of Christian Palestinian Aramaic IIA; Groningen, 1998). ISBN 90-5693-018-4
  • Christa Müller-Kessler and Michael Sokoloff, The Christian Palestinian Aramaic New Testament Version from the Early Period. Acts of the Apostles and Epistles (Corpus of Christian Palestinian Aramaic IIB; Groningen, 1998). ISBN 90-5693-019-2
  • Sebastian P. Brock, Fragments of PS-John Chrysostom, Homily on the Prodigal Son, in Christian Palestinian Aramaic, Le Muséon 112, 1999, pp. 335–362.
  • Christa Müller-Kessler and Michael Sokoloff, The Catechism of Cyril of Jerusalem in the Christian Palestinian Aramaic Version (A Corpus of Christian Palestinian Aramaic V; Groningen, 1999). ISBN 90-5693-030-3
  • Christa Müller-Kessler, Codex Sinaiticus Rescriptus. A Collection of Christian Palestinian Aramaic Manuscripts, Le Muséon 127, 2014, pp. 263–309.
  • Alin Suciu, "An Addition to Christian Palestinian Aramaic Literary Corpus: Logos XV of Abba Isaiah of Scetis," Journal of Semitic Studies 61, 2016, pp. 449–461.
  • Christa Müller-Kessler, "Three Early Witnesses of the «Dormition of Mary» in Christian Palestinian Aramaic: Palimpsests from the Cairo Genizah (Taylor-Schechter Collection) and the New Finds in St Catherine's Monastery," Apocrypha 29 (2018), pp. 69–95.
  • Laurent Capron, Deux fragments d’épittres pauliniennes (1 Thess. et 1 Cor.) en araméen christopalestinien, Semitica 61, 2019, 117–127.
  • Christa Müller-Kessler, "An Overlooked Christian Palestinian Aramaic Witness of the Dormition of Mary in Codex Climaci Rescriptus (CCR IV)," Collectanea Christiana Orientalia 16, 2019, pp. 81–98.
  • C. Müller-Kessler, "The Unknown Martyrdom of Patriklos of Caesarea in Christian Palestinian Aramaic from St Catherine's Monastery (Sinai, Arabic NF 66)," Analecta Bollandiana 137, 2019, pp. 63–71.

Inscriptions edit

  • M. Halloun and R. Rubin, "Palestinian Syriac Inscription from ‘En Suweinit," Liber Annuus 31, 1981, pp. 291–298, pls. 59–62.

Notes edit

  1. ^ This period may be described as Middle Aramaic or Late Aramaic.[3][4]
  2. ^ This itself was a correction of adquds by the editors Assemani.[11]
  3. ^ The term "Melkite Aramaic" was coined by Alain Desreumaux.[3]
  4. ^ Today in the Taylor-Schechter Collection, University Library of Cambridge; Bodleian Library, Oxford; and Museum of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d Friedrich Schulthess, Grammatik des christlich-palästinischen-Aramäisch (Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr, 1924), pp. 1–2.
  2. ^ Arabic in Context. Brill. 6 June 2017. p. 338. ISBN 9789004343047. For the Aramaic-speaking Christian communities of Sinai, Palestine or Trans-Jordan, Christian Palestinian Aramaic was the dominant language in local churches; for Syria and Mesopotamia, it was rather Syriac.…
  3. ^ a b c Christa Müller-Kessler, "Christian Palestinian Aramaic and Its Significance to the Western Aramaic Dialect Group" (review article), Journal of the American Oriental Society 119, 4 (1999), pp. 631–636.
  4. ^ J. A. Fitzmyer, "The Phases of the Aramaic Language," in The Wandering Aramean(Chico, California, 1979), pp. 57–84.
  5. ^ Alain Desreumaux apud Philothée du Sinaï, Nouveaux manuscrits syriaques du Sinai (Athens, 2008)
  6. ^ a b Christa Müller-Kessler, Grammatik des Christlich-Palästinisch-Aramäischen. Teil 1: Schriftlehre, Lautlehre, Morphologie (Texte und Studien zur Orientalistik 6; Hildesheim, 1991), p. 6.
  7. ^ a b c d Matthew Morgenstern, "Christian Palestinian Aramaic", in Stefan Weninger (ed.), The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook (De Gruyter Mouton, 2011), pp. 628–37.
  8. ^ Contours in the Text. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 64. …Suristi, "Syria", and "Syrian" – the Greek names for Aram, Aramaean or Aramaic. Aramaic was also known as 'Syriac' in later Rabbinic literature…
  9. ^ J. Wilkinson, Egeria's Travels (Oxford, 1963), p. 163.
  10. ^ W. Telfer, Cyril of Jerusalem and Nemesius of Emesa (London, 1955), p. 35.
  11. ^ F. Rosenthal, "Das Christlich-Palestinensische", in Die aramaistische Forschung seit Th. Nöldelke’s Veröffentlichungen (Leiden, 1939), pp. 144–146.
  12. ^ J. D. Michaelis and J. D. G. Adler, Novi Testamenti versiones syricae Simplex, Philoxeniana et Hierosolymitana (Copenhagen, 1798), p. 140.
  13. ^ F. Miniscalchi Erizzo, Evangeliarum Hierosolymitanum (Verona, 1861).
  14. ^ a b Smith Lewis, Agnes and Dunlop Gibson, Margaret (1899). The Palestinian Syriac lectionary of the Gospels, re-edited from two Sinai MSS, and from P. de Lagarde's edition of the "Evangeliarium Hierosolymitanum". Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner. p. ix.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ Sebastian P. Brock, "Christian Palestinian Aramaic", in Sebastian P. Brock, Aaron M. Butts, George A. Kiraz and Lucas Van Rompay (eds.), Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition (Gorgias Press, 2011 [print]; Beth Mardutho, 2018 [online]).
  16. ^ Theodor Nöldeke, "Über den christlich-palästinischen Dialect", Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 22 (1868), pp. 443–527.
  17. ^ a b Émile Puech, "Notes d’épigraphie christo-palestinniene de Jordanie", in C. Dauphin and B. Harmaneh (eds.), In Memoriam Fr. Michele Piccirillo, OFM (1944–2008) (BAR International Series 248; Oxford, 2011), pp. 75–94, figs. 205–236.
  18. ^ a b Jean-Baptiste Humbert and Alain Desreumaux, Khirbet es-samra I Jordanie (Bibliothèque de l'anquité tardive; Turnhout, 1998), pp. 435–521 (script samples).
  19. ^ J. Naveh and S. Shaked, Magic Spells and Formulae (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1993), pp. 107–109, pl. 17.
  20. ^ E. Puech, "Deux amulettes palestiniennes une en grec et une bilingue en grec-christo-palestinien," in H. Gasche and B. Hrouda (eds.), Collectanea orientalia. Histoire, arts de l’espace et industrie de la terre. Etudes offertes en hommage à Agnès Spycket (CPOA 3; Neuchâtel, 1996), pp. 299–310.
  21. ^ K. Beyer, Die Texte vom Toten Meer, Vol. 1–2, Supplement (Göttingen, 1984, 1994, 2004).
  22. ^ M. Baillet, "Un Livret Magique en Christo-Palestinien à L'Université de Louvain", Le Muséon 78 , 1963, pp. 375–401.
  23. ^ a b Christa Müller-Kessler, Grammatik des Christlich-Palästinisch-Aramäischen. Teil 1: Schriftlehre, Lautlehre, Morphologie (Texte und Studien zur Orientalistik 6; Hildesheim, 1991), p. 8.
  24. ^ a b c Müller-Kessler, Christa (2014). "Codex Sinaiticus Rescriptus (CRSG/O/P/S)". Le Muséon (3): 263–309. doi:10.2143/MUS.127.3.3062095.
  25. ^ M. Sokoloff and J. Yahalom, "Christian Palimpsests from the Cairo Geniza", Revue d’Histoire des Textes 8, 1978, pp. 109–132.
  26. ^ F. Schulthess, Christlich-Palästinische Fragmente aus der Omajjaden-Moschee zu Damaskus (Berlin, 1905).
  27. ^ Müller-Kessler, Christa (January 2018). "Three Early Witnesses of the "Dormition Of Mary" in Christian Palestinian Aramaic from the Cairo Genizah (Taylor-Schechter Collection) and the New Finds in St Catherine's Monastery". Apocrypha. 29: 69–95. doi:10.1484/J.APOCRA.5.116638.
  28. ^ Müller-Kessler, Christa (18 July 2019). "An Overlooked Christian Palestinian Aramaic Witness of the "Dormition of Mary" in Codex Climaci Rescriptus (CCR IV)". Collectanea Christiana Orientalia. 16: 81–98. doi:10.21071/cco.v16i0.1101. hdl:10396/19203. ISSN 2386-7442.
  29. ^ a b c "Research Site | Sinai Palimpsests Project". sinai.library.ucla.edu.
  30. ^ Müller-Kessler, Christa (January 2019). "The Unknown Martyrdom of Patriklos of Caesarea in Christian Palestinian Aramaic From St Catherine's Monastery (Sinai, Arabic NF 66)". Analecta Bollandiana. 137 (1): 63–71. doi:10.1484/J.ABOLL.4.2019024.
  31. ^ Agnes Smith Lewis, The Codex Climaci Rescriptus (Horae Semiticae VIII; Cambridge, 1909).
  32. ^ Sebastian P. Brock, "The Syriac ‘New Finds’ at St. Catherine’s Monastery, Sinai and Their Significance", The Harp 27 (2011), pp. 39–52.
  33. ^ Christa Müller-Kessler, "1.4.9 Christian Palestinian Aramaic Translation", in Armin Lange and Emanuel Tov (eds.), The Hebrew Bible, Vol. 1A (Leiden: Brill, 2016), pp. 447–456.
  34. ^ M. Halloun, and R. Rubin, "Palestinian Syriac Inscription from ʿEn Suweinit," Liber Annuus 31 (1981), 291–298, Tf. 59–62
  35. ^ J. T. Milik, "Inscription araméenne christo-palestinienne de ʿAbûd," Liber Annuus 10, 1959–60, pp. 197–204.
  36. ^ R. A. Macalister, "A Byzantine Church at Umm er Rûs," PEFQS 31, 1899, pp. 200–204.
  37. ^ F. Macler, "L’inscription syriaque de Ste. Anne à Jérusalem," in Mosaïque orientale (Paris, 1907), pp. 16–21.
  38. ^ Estēe Dvorjetski, Christa Müller-Kessler, Michael Eisenberg, Adam Pažout, Mechael Osband, “Christian Palestinian Aramaic Inscription from the Rural Territory of Sussita-Antiochia Hippos”, ARAM 34, 2022, pp. 138–151
  39. ^ L. Segni and J. Naveh, "A Bilingual Greek – Aramaic Inscription from Ḥ. Qastra, near Haifa," ‘Atiqot 29, 1996, pp. 77–78.
  40. ^ J. T. Milik, "The Archaeological Remains at el-Mird in the Wilderness of Judaea, Appendix: The Monastery of Kastellion," Biblica 42, 1961, pp. 21–27.
  41. ^ M.-H. Rutschowscaya and A. Desreumaux, "Une peinture copte sur un bois inscrit en araméen christo-paestinien au Musée du Louvre," Compte rendue de séances l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres 1992, pp. 83–92.

Further reading edit

  • Black, Matthew (1941). "The Palestinian Syriac Gospels and the Diatessaron". Oriens Christianus. 36: 101–111.
  • Black, Matthew (1967). An Aramaic Approach to the Gospels and Acts (3rd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 9781725272026.
  • Brock, Sebastian P. (1971). "A Fragment of the Acta Pilati in Christian Palestinian Aramaic". The Journal of Theological Studies. 22 (1): 157–159. doi:10.1093/jts/XXII.I.157. JSTOR 23962351.
  • Brock, Sebastian P. (1989). "Three Thousand Years of Aramaic Literature". ARAM Periodical. 1 (1): 11–23.
  • Brock, Sebastian P. (2011a). "Christian Palestinian Aramaic". Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 96–97.
  • Brock, Sebastian P. (2011b). "The Syriac, Christian Palestinian Aramaic and Arabic Manuscripts at Sinai". St Catherine's Monastery at Mount Sinai: Its Manuscripts and Their Conservation. London: Saint Catherine Foundation. pp. 43–50. ISBN 9780952806325.
  • Brock, Sebastian P. (2012a). "Sinai: A Meeting Point of Georgian with Syriac and Christian Palestinian Aramaic". Caucasus between East and West: Historical and Philological Studies in Honour of Zaza Aleksidze. Tbilisi: National Center of Manuscripts. pp. 482–494.
  • Sebastian P. Brock, "Ktabe mpassqe: Dismembered and Reconstructed Syriac and Christian Palestinian Aramaic Manuscripts: Some Examples, Ancient and Modern", Hugoye, Journal of Syriac Studies 15 (2012), pp. 7–20.
  • Creason, Stuart (2008). "Aramaic" (PDF). The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 108–144.
  • Fitzmyer, Joseph A. (1997) [1979]. A Wandering Aramean: Collected Aramaic Essays. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802848468.
  • Griffith, Sidney H. (1997). "From Aramaic to Arabic: The Languages of the Monasteries of Palestine in the Byzantine and Early Islamic Periods". Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 51: 11–31. doi:10.2307/1291760. JSTOR 1291760.
  • Li, Tarsee (2013). Greek Indicative Verbs in the Christian Palestinian Aramaic Gospels: Translation Technique and the Aramaic Verbal System. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. ISBN 9781611438956.
  • Morgenstern, Matthew (2012). "Christian Palestinian Aramaic". The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook. Berlin-Boston: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 628–637. ISBN 9783110251586.
  • Philothée du Sinaï, Nouveaux manuscrits syriaques du Sinai (Athens, 2008).
  • Émile Puech, "Notes d’épigraphie christo-palestinienne de Jordanie", in Memoriam: Fr Michele Piccirillo, ofm (1944–2008) ed. by Claudine Dauphin and Basema Hamarneh, BAR International Series 248 (Oxford, 2011), pp. 75–94.

April 12, 2024
christian, palestinian, aramaic, western, aramaic, dialect, used, melkite, christian, community, probably, jewish, descent, palestine, transjordan, sinai, between, fifth, thirteenth, centuries, preserved, inscriptions, manuscripts, mostly, palimpsests, less, p. Christian Palestinian Aramaic was a Western Aramaic dialect used by the Melkite Christian community probably of Jewish descent 1 in Palestine Transjordan and Sinai 2 between the fifth and thirteenth centuries a It is preserved in inscriptions manuscripts mostly palimpsests less papyri 5 in the first period and amulets All the medieval Western Aramaic dialects are defined by religious community CPA is closely related to its counterparts Jewish Palestinian Aramaic JPA and Samaritan Aramaic SA 6 7 1 CPA shows a specific vocabulary that is often not paralleled in the adjacent Western Aramaic dialects 6 Christian Palestinian AramaicCPA in uncial script underwriting of Matthew 26 72 27 2 in a palimpsestRegionPalestine Transjordan SinaiEraca 400 1200Language familyAfro Asiatic SemiticCentralNorthwest SemiticAramaicWestern AramaicChristian Palestinian AramaicEarly formsProto Afroasiatic Proto Semitic Old Aramaic Middle Aramaic Western Middle AramaicWriting systemChristian Palestinian Aramaic AlphabetLanguage codesISO 639 3 Glottologchri1239 Contents 1 Name 2 History 3 Corpus 4 Features 5 Editions of texts 5 1 Manuscripts 5 2 Inscriptions 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further readingName editNo source gives CPA a name as a distinct dialect or language and all such names are modern scholarly suggestions Names like Palestinian Syriac and Syro Palestinian Aramaic based on the modified Estrangela script 7 Additionally in later Rabbinic literature Aramaic was recognized as Syriac 8 Egeria in the account of her pilgrimage to Palestine at the end of the 4th century refers to Syriac 9 which was probably what is now Christian Palestinian Aramaic 10 The term syrica Hierosolymitana was introduced by J D Michaelis based on the appearance of the Arabic name of Jerusalem al Quds b in the colophon of a Gospel lectionary of 1030 AD today Vat sir 19 12 It was also used in the first edition by Miniscalchi Erizzo 13 The terms Christian Palestinian Aramaic and Melkite Aramaic c and refers to the Christian group in Palestine deploying this dialect for their written sources History editCPA is preserved in inscriptions manuscripts mostly palimpsests in the early period and amulets The history of CPA writing can be divided into three periods early 5th 7th 8th centuries middle 8th 9th and late 10th 13th The existence of a middle period has only recently been suggested 3 Only inscriptions fragmentary manuscripts and the underwriting of palimpsests survive from the early period Of the inscriptions only one can be dated with any precision The fragments are both Biblical and Patristic The oldest complete non fragmentary manuscript dates to 1030 14 All the complete manuscripts are liturgical in nature 15 7 CPA declined as a spoken language because of persecution and gradual Arabization following the early Muslim conquests From the tenth century onwards it was mainly a liturgical language in the Melkite churches the Melkite community mostly spoke Arabic 1 7 Even as a written language it went extinct around the fourteenth century and was only identified or rediscovered as a distinct variety of Aramaic in the nineteenth century 16 Corpus edit nbsp Deuteronomy 11 7 10 from the Lewis lectionary 11th century Westminster College Cambridge The only surviving original texts in CPA are inscriptions in mosaics and rock caves lavras 17 18 magical silver amulets 19 20 21 and a single short magical booklet 22 All other surviving manuscript compositions are translations of Greek originals 23 Many of the palimpsests come from Saint Catherine s Monastery in the Sinai Peninsula e g the Codex Climaci Rescriptus 24 but some also from Mar Saba e g part of the Codex Sinaiticus Rescriptus 24 the Cairo Genizah d 24 25 and the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus 26 They often transmit rare texts lost in the Greek transmission e g the Transitus Mariae 27 28 29 the hitherto unknown martyrdom of Patriklos of Caesarea one of the eleven followers of Pamphilus of Caesarea 29 30 and a missing quire of Codex Climaci Rescriptus 29 31 32 or offer valuable readings for the textual criticism of the Septuagint 33 Inscriptions have been found in Palestine at ʿEn Suweinit 34 near ʿAbud 35 at ʿUmm er Rus 36 in the Church of Saint Anne in Jerusalem 37 in the vicinity of Hippos at Uyun el Umm 38 in Galilee and at Khirbet Qastra near Haifa 39 In the Transjordan inscriptions have been found on Mount Nebo ʿAyun Musa in the vicinity of Amman Khayyan el Mushrif 17 and on tombstones in Khirbet es Samra 18 The manuscripts include a short letter on papyrus from Khibert Mird 40 and at least one wooden board 41 The parchment manuscript fragments are Biblical mostly in the form of lectionaries Patristic theological e g the catecheses by Cyril of Jerusalem and homilies by John Chrysostom hagiographic mostly martyrs lives or apocryphal e g the Transitus Mariae There are only three dated manuscripts the Gospel lectionaries of 1030 1104 and 1118 14 Features editCPA can be distinguished from JPA and SA by the lack of direct influence from Hebrew and new Hebrew loanwords its Hebrew loanwords being retained from an earlier symbiosis of Hebrew and Aramaic 23 It is also distinguished by the presence of Greek syntax by partial retention in translation 1 Also unlike JPA and SA CPA is attested only in primary texts mostly in palimpsests There was no transmission of manuscripts after the language itself went out use as liturgical language In comparison with its counterparts therefore the CPA corpus represents an older more intact example of Western Aramaic from when the dialects were still living spoken languages Editions of texts editManuscripts edit Jan P N Land Anecdota Syriaca IV Leiden 1875 pp 177 233 Latin pp 103 224 Syropalestinian pls I VI James Rendall Harris Biblical Fragments from Mount Sinai Cambridge 1890 pp 65 68 Paul de Lagarde Evangeliarum Hierosolymitanum Bibliothecae syriacae Gottingen 1892 pp 257 402 George H Gwilliam The Palestinian Version of the Holy Scriptures Anecdota Oxoniensia Semitic Series Vol I Part V Oxford 1893 George H Gwilliam Francis Crawford Burkitt John F Stenning Biblical and Patristic Relics of the Palestinian Syriac Literature Anecdota Oxoniensia Semitic Series Vol I Part IX Oxford 1896 G Margoliouth The Liturgy of the Nile Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 1896 pp 677 727 pls I II Agnes S Lewis and Margaret D Gibson The Palestinian Syriac Lectionary of the Gospels London 1899 Agnes S Lewis and Margaret D Gibson Palestinian Syriac Texts from Palimpsest Fragments in the Taylor Schechter Collection London 1900 Agnes S Lewis and Margaret D Gibson An Appendix of Palestinian Syriac Texts Studia Sinaitica XI London 1902 pp XXVIII XXIX XLVII Friedrich Schulthess Christlich palastinische Fragmente Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlandischen Gesellschaft 56 1902 pp 249 261 Friedrich Schulthess Christlich palastinische Fragmente aus der Omajjaden Moschee zu Damaskus Berlin 1905 Pavel K Kokowzoff Nouveaux fragments syropalestiniens de la Bibliotheque Imperiale Publique de Saint Petersbourg St Petersburg 1906 Hugo Duensing Christlich palastinisch aramaische Texte und Fragmente Gottingen 1906 Agnes S Lewis A Palestinian Syriac Lectionary Containing Lessons from the Pentateuch Job Proverbs Prophets Acts and Epistles Cambridge 1897 Agnes S Lewis Supplement to a Palestinian Syriac Lectionary Cambridge 1907 Agnes S Lewis Codex Climaci Rescriptus Horae Semiticae VIII Cambridge 1909 Agnes S Lewis The Forty Martyrs of the Sinai Desert and the Story of Eulogios Horae Semiticae IX Cambridge 1912 Matthew Black Rituale Melchitarum A Christian Palestinian Euchologion Stuttgart 1938 Matthew Black A Palestinian Syriac Palimpsest Leaf of Acts XXI 14 26 Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 23 1939 pp 201 214 pls 1 2 N Pigoulewski Fragments syro palestiniens des Psaumes CXXIII IV Revue Bibilque 43 1934 pp 519 527 pl XXX Hugo Duensing Neue christlich palastinische aramaische Fragmente NAWG phil hist Kl 9 Gottingen 1944 Matthew Black A Christian Palestinian Syriac Horologion Texts and Studies N S 1 Cambridge 1954 Hugo Duensing Nachlese christlich palastinisch aramaischer Fragmente NAWG phil hist Kl 5 Gottingen 1955 Charles Perrot Un fragment christo palestinien decouvert a Khirbet Mird Revue Biblique 70 1963 pp 506 555 pls XVIII XXIX Moshe Goshen Gottstein with the Assistance by H Shirun ed The Bible in the Syropalestinian Version Part I Pentateuch and Prophets Publications of the Hebrew University Bible Project Monograph Series Jerusalem 1973 Christa Muller Kessler and Michael Sokoloff The Christian Palestinian Aramaic Old Testament and Apocrypha Corpus of Christian Palestinian Aramaic I Groningen 1997 ISBN 90 5693 007 9 Maurice Baillet Un livret magique en christo palestinien a l Universite de Louvain Le Museon 76 1963 pp 375 401 Sebastian P Brock A Fragment of the Acta Pilati in Christian Palestinian Aramaic Journal of Theological Studies N S 22 1971 pp 157 158 Sebastian P Brock Catalogue of the New Finds Athens 1995 Alain Desreumaux Codex sinaiticus Zosimi rescriptus Histoire du Texte Biblique 3 Lausanne 1997 ISBN 2 9700088 3 1 Alain Desreumaux Une inscription arameenne melkite sous une peinture copte du musee du Louvre Le texte arameen melkite Oriens Christianus 86 1996 pp 82 97 Christa Muller Kessler and Michael Sokoloff The Christian Palestinian Aramaic New Testament Version from the Early Period Gospels Corpus of Christian Palestinian Aramaic IIA Groningen 1998 ISBN 90 5693 018 4 Christa Muller Kessler and Michael Sokoloff The Christian Palestinian Aramaic New Testament Version from the Early Period Acts of the Apostles and Epistles Corpus of Christian Palestinian Aramaic IIB Groningen 1998 ISBN 90 5693 019 2 Sebastian P Brock Fragments of PS John Chrysostom Homily on the Prodigal Son in Christian Palestinian Aramaic Le Museon 112 1999 pp 335 362 Christa Muller Kessler and Michael Sokoloff The Catechism of Cyril of Jerusalem in the Christian Palestinian Aramaic Version A Corpus of Christian Palestinian Aramaic V Groningen 1999 ISBN 90 5693 030 3 Christa Muller Kessler Codex Sinaiticus Rescriptus A Collection of Christian Palestinian Aramaic Manuscripts Le Museon 127 2014 pp 263 309 Alin Suciu An Addition to Christian Palestinian Aramaic Literary Corpus Logos XV of Abba Isaiah of Scetis Journal of Semitic Studies 61 2016 pp 449 461 Christa Muller Kessler Three Early Witnesses of the Dormition of Mary in Christian Palestinian Aramaic Palimpsests from the Cairo Genizah Taylor Schechter Collection and the New Finds in St Catherine s Monastery Apocrypha 29 2018 pp 69 95 Laurent Capron Deux fragments d epittres pauliniennes 1 Thess et 1 Cor en arameen christopalestinien Semitica 61 2019 117 127 Christa Muller Kessler An Overlooked Christian Palestinian Aramaic Witness of the Dormition of Mary in Codex Climaci Rescriptus CCR IV Collectanea Christiana Orientalia 16 2019 pp 81 98 C Muller Kessler The Unknown Martyrdom of Patriklos of Caesarea in Christian Palestinian Aramaic from St Catherine s Monastery Sinai Arabic NF 66 Analecta Bollandiana 137 2019 pp 63 71 Inscriptions edit M Halloun and R Rubin Palestinian Syriac Inscription from En Suweinit Liber Annuus 31 1981 pp 291 298 pls 59 62 Notes edit This period may be described as Middle Aramaic or Late Aramaic 3 4 This itself was a correction of adquds by the editors Assemani 11 The term Melkite Aramaic was coined by Alain Desreumaux 3 Today in the Taylor Schechter Collection University Library of Cambridge Bodleian Library Oxford and Museum of Pennsylvania PhiladelphiaReferences edit a b c d Friedrich Schulthess Grammatik des christlich palastinischen Aramaisch Tubingen J C B Mohr 1924 pp 1 2 Arabic in Context Brill 6 June 2017 p 338 ISBN 9789004343047 For the Aramaic speaking Christian communities of Sinai Palestine or Trans Jordan Christian Palestinian Aramaic was the dominant language in local churches for Syria and Mesopotamia it was rather Syriac a b c Christa Muller Kessler Christian Palestinian Aramaic and Its Significance to the Western Aramaic Dialect Group review article Journal of the American Oriental Society 119 4 1999 pp 631 636 J A Fitzmyer The Phases of the Aramaic Language in The Wandering Aramean Chico California 1979 pp 57 84 Alain Desreumaux apud Philothee du Sinai Nouveaux manuscrits syriaques du Sinai Athens 2008 a b Christa Muller Kessler Grammatik des Christlich Palastinisch Aramaischen Teil 1 Schriftlehre Lautlehre Morphologie Texte und Studien zur Orientalistik 6 Hildesheim 1991 p 6 a b c d Matthew Morgenstern Christian Palestinian Aramaic in Stefan Weninger ed The Semitic Languages An International Handbook De Gruyter Mouton 2011 pp 628 37 Contours in the Text Bloomsbury Academic p 64 Suristi Syria and Syrian the Greek names for Aram Aramaean or Aramaic Aramaic was also known as Syriac in later Rabbinic literature J Wilkinson Egeria s Travels Oxford 1963 p 163 W Telfer Cyril of Jerusalem and Nemesius of Emesa London 1955 p 35 F Rosenthal Das Christlich Palestinensische in Die aramaistische Forschung seit Th Noldelke s Veroffentlichungen Leiden 1939 pp 144 146 J D Michaelis and J D G Adler Novi Testamenti versiones syricae Simplex Philoxeniana et Hierosolymitana Copenhagen 1798 p 140 F Miniscalchi Erizzo Evangeliarum Hierosolymitanum Verona 1861 a b Smith Lewis Agnes and Dunlop Gibson Margaret 1899 The Palestinian Syriac lectionary of the Gospels re edited from two Sinai MSS and from P de Lagarde s edition of the Evangeliarium Hierosolymitanum Kegan Paul Trench Trubner p ix a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Sebastian P Brock Christian Palestinian Aramaic in Sebastian P Brock Aaron M Butts George A Kiraz and Lucas Van Rompay eds Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage Electronic Edition Gorgias Press 2011 print Beth Mardutho 2018 online Theodor Noldeke Uber den christlich palastinischen Dialect Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlandischen Gesellschaft 22 1868 pp 443 527 a b Emile Puech Notes d epigraphie christo palestinniene de Jordanie in C Dauphin and B Harmaneh eds In Memoriam Fr Michele Piccirillo OFM 1944 2008 BAR International Series 248 Oxford 2011 pp 75 94 figs 205 236 a b Jean Baptiste Humbert and Alain Desreumaux Khirbet es samra I Jordanie Bibliotheque de l anquite tardive Turnhout 1998 pp 435 521 script samples J Naveh and S Shaked Magic Spells and Formulae Jerusalem Magnes Press 1993 pp 107 109 pl 17 E Puech Deux amulettes palestiniennes une en grec et une bilingue en grec christo palestinien in H Gasche and B Hrouda eds Collectanea orientalia Histoire arts de l espace et industrie de la terre Etudes offertes en hommage a Agnes Spycket CPOA 3 Neuchatel 1996 pp 299 310 K Beyer Die Texte vom Toten Meer Vol 1 2 Supplement Gottingen 1984 1994 2004 M Baillet Un Livret Magique en Christo Palestinien a L Universite de Louvain Le Museon 78 1963 pp 375 401 a b Christa Muller Kessler Grammatik des Christlich Palastinisch Aramaischen Teil 1 Schriftlehre Lautlehre Morphologie Texte und Studien zur Orientalistik 6 Hildesheim 1991 p 8 a b c Muller Kessler Christa 2014 Codex Sinaiticus Rescriptus CRSG O P S Le Museon 3 263 309 doi 10 2143 MUS 127 3 3062095 M Sokoloff and J Yahalom Christian Palimpsests from the Cairo Geniza Revue d Histoire des Textes 8 1978 pp 109 132 F Schulthess Christlich Palastinische Fragmente aus der Omajjaden Moschee zu Damaskus Berlin 1905 Muller Kessler Christa January 2018 Three Early Witnesses of the Dormition Of Mary in Christian Palestinian Aramaic from the Cairo Genizah Taylor Schechter Collection and the New Finds in St Catherine s Monastery Apocrypha 29 69 95 doi 10 1484 J APOCRA 5 116638 Muller Kessler Christa 18 July 2019 An Overlooked Christian Palestinian Aramaic Witness of the Dormition of Mary in Codex Climaci Rescriptus CCR IV Collectanea Christiana Orientalia 16 81 98 doi 10 21071 cco v16i0 1101 hdl 10396 19203 ISSN 2386 7442 a b c Research Site Sinai Palimpsests Project sinai library ucla edu Muller Kessler Christa January 2019 The Unknown Martyrdom of Patriklos of Caesarea in Christian Palestinian Aramaic From St Catherine s Monastery Sinai Arabic NF 66 Analecta Bollandiana 137 1 63 71 doi 10 1484 J ABOLL 4 2019024 Agnes Smith Lewis The Codex Climaci Rescriptus Horae Semiticae VIII Cambridge 1909 Sebastian P Brock The Syriac New Finds at St Catherine s Monastery Sinai and Their Significance The Harp 27 2011 pp 39 52 Christa Muller Kessler 1 4 9 Christian Palestinian Aramaic Translation in Armin Lange and Emanuel Tov eds The Hebrew Bible Vol 1A Leiden Brill 2016 pp 447 456 M Halloun and R Rubin Palestinian Syriac Inscription from ʿEn Suweinit Liber Annuus 31 1981 291 298 Tf 59 62 J T Milik Inscription arameenne christo palestinienne de ʿAbud Liber Annuus 10 1959 60 pp 197 204 R A Macalister A Byzantine Church at Umm er Rus PEFQS 31 1899 pp 200 204 F Macler L inscription syriaque de Ste Anne a Jerusalem in Mosaique orientale Paris 1907 pp 16 21 Estee Dvorjetski Christa Muller Kessler Michael Eisenberg Adam Pazout Mechael Osband Christian Palestinian Aramaic Inscription from the Rural Territory of Sussita Antiochia Hippos ARAM 34 2022 pp 138 151 L Segni and J Naveh A Bilingual Greek Aramaic Inscription from Ḥ Qastra near Haifa Atiqot 29 1996 pp 77 78 J T Milik The Archaeological Remains at el Mird in the Wilderness of Judaea Appendix The Monastery of Kastellion Biblica 42 1961 pp 21 27 M H Rutschowscaya and A Desreumaux Une peinture copte sur un bois inscrit en arameen christo paestinien au Musee du Louvre Compte rendue de seances l Academie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres 1992 pp 83 92 Further reading editBlack Matthew 1941 The Palestinian Syriac Gospels and the Diatessaron Oriens Christianus 36 101 111 Black Matthew 1967 An Aramaic Approach to the Gospels and Acts 3rd ed Oxford Clarendon Press ISBN 9781725272026 Brock Sebastian P 1971 A Fragment of the Acta Pilati in Christian Palestinian Aramaic The Journal of Theological Studies 22 1 157 159 doi 10 1093 jts XXII I 157 JSTOR 23962351 Brock Sebastian P 1989 Three Thousand Years of Aramaic Literature ARAM Periodical 1 1 11 23 Brock Sebastian P 2011a Christian Palestinian Aramaic Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage Piscataway NJ Gorgias Press pp 96 97 Brock Sebastian P 2011b The Syriac Christian Palestinian Aramaic and Arabic Manuscripts at Sinai St Catherine s Monastery at Mount Sinai Its Manuscripts and Their Conservation London Saint Catherine Foundation pp 43 50 ISBN 9780952806325 Brock Sebastian P 2012a Sinai A Meeting Point of Georgian with Syriac and Christian Palestinian Aramaic Caucasus between East and West Historical and Philological Studies in Honour of Zaza Aleksidze Tbilisi National Center of Manuscripts pp 482 494 Sebastian P Brock Ktabe mpassqe Dismembered and Reconstructed Syriac and Christian Palestinian Aramaic Manuscripts Some Examples Ancient and Modern Hugoye Journal of Syriac Studies15 2012 pp 7 20 Creason Stuart 2008 Aramaic PDF The Ancient Languages of Syria Palestine and Arabia Cambridge Cambridge University Press pp 108 144 Fitzmyer Joseph A 1997 1979 A Wandering Aramean Collected Aramaic Essays Grand Rapids Eerdmans ISBN 9780802848468 Griffith Sidney H 1997 From Aramaic to Arabic The Languages of the Monasteries of Palestine in the Byzantine and Early Islamic Periods Dumbarton Oaks Papers 51 11 31 doi 10 2307 1291760 JSTOR 1291760 Li Tarsee 2013 Greek Indicative Verbs in the Christian Palestinian Aramaic Gospels Translation Technique and the Aramaic Verbal System Piscataway NJ Gorgias Press ISBN 9781611438956 Morgenstern Matthew 2012 Christian Palestinian Aramaic The Semitic Languages An International Handbook Berlin Boston Walter de Gruyter pp 628 637 ISBN 9783110251586 Philothee du Sinai Nouveaux manuscrits syriaques du Sinai Athens 2008 Emile Puech Notes d epigraphie christo palestinienne de Jordanie in Memoriam Fr Michele Piccirillo ofm 1944 2008 ed by Claudine Dauphin and Basema Hamarneh BAR International Series 248 Oxford 2011 pp 75 94 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Christian Palestinian Aramaic amp oldid 1216756102, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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