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Medical alarm

A medical alarm[1] is an alarm system designed to signal the presence of a hazard requiring urgent attention and to summon emergency medical personnel. Other terms for a medical alarm are Personal Emergency Response System (PERS) or medical alert. It is especially important to recognize the need to respond to situations where the person is unable to summon help.[2]

Typical systems have a wireless pendant or transmitter that can be activated in an emergency.[3] When the medical alarm is activated, the signal is transmitted to an alarm monitoring company's central station, other emergency agency or other programmed phone numbers. Medical personnel are then dispatched to the site where the alarm was activated. Elderly people and disabled people who live alone commonly use/require medical alarms, and some of them have been victimized by fraudulent marketing.[4]

Origin edit

The concept of home alert systems was conceived and developed in the 1970s. The American implementation was conceived in 1973 by Andrew Dibner, "a psychologist on leave from Boston University who was studying personality in advanced age."[5] In Germany, in the early 1970s, Wilhelm Hormann thought about developing a comprehensive structure for ambulatory and non-ambulatory care for the sick, the elderly, those who live alone, and people with disabilities.[citation needed]

Dibner[6] established a company in 1974. Named Lifeline Systems Inc., it manufactured all its own equipment, and by 1984 had 225 employees and served "some 42,000 people in 48 states."[5] In 1975 American International Telephone Company offered an emergency home phone system. The user wore a medallion around the neck that when pushed delivered a preprogrammed message to several phone numbers.[7]

Hormann's concept of "home alert" (Hausnotruf) with help from AEG-Telefunken Backnang GmbH was presented to the international public early in 1980. In 1982 the Hausnotruf PERS system was distinguished with the Frankfurt Innovation Prize of the German Economy by the Wirtschaftsclub Rhein Main e.V. (Rhein-Main Business Club) in Frankfurt-am-Main.[citation needed]

A 2012 Swiss estimate reported that around 50,000 emergency call devices were then use.[8]

Types of providers edit

There are several different types of medical alarm providers:

  • Hospital programs which are operated by volunteers.
  • Companies that provide for seniors in their homes.
  • Full service companies that provide patient onboarding, logistics management, installation, ongoing education and periodic testing programs.
  • Individually coordinated services that rely on a smart phone app to communicate alerts to a list of personal contacts.
  • Closed systems which are run by an organization such as a university or CCRC

Types of devices edit

There are a number of different devices that can be used to trigger an alarm.

  • Pendant worn around the neck[9]
  • Small device worn on the belt[10]
  • Wristband[11]
  • Installed motion detectors in a home
  • Radar based detectors in a room[12]

Active devices require the user to take some action to trigger an alarm condition; passive systems monitor the user and raise an alarm based on an algorithm - a fall, lack of activity, etc. A weakness of active devices is that the user must be conscious to trigger the alarm. Both passive and active devices require that the user wear the device. Installed systems can be expensive and difficult to deploy.

Functionality edit

 
Medical alarm device with GSM support

A medical alarm system may consist of

  • Personal Device
    • a wireless transmitter, which is worn around the neck, on a belt, or on a wrist
    • an application running on a smart phone and carried in a pocket
    • the device may contain a speaker and microphone
  • Sensor(s)
    • fall detection sensors
    • movement sensors
    • door open/close sensors
    • usage sensor on a device such as a microwave oven
  • Communication
    • cellular data access for operation anywhere there is cell phone coverage
    • an in-home base station that is either connected to a regular telephone, or to a WiFi network, an ISDN line, or to a cellular data network. The base station may contain a speaker and microphone
  • Data
    • some systems will transmit the GPS location of the alarming device
    • some systems can be configured to transmit additional personal information when an alarm is triggered (such as age, medical history, etc.)
  • Responders
    • Class-B EMT Operators
    • local 911 service
    • friend(s) or family

In addition there are various other types of accessories (emergency buttons, fall sensors, smoke detectors, carbon monoxide detectors, flood detectors, motion detectors) that can be placed around the home and integrated with the base station. Base stations can be connected over analog or digital ISDN connections. In the event of a power failure, these devices can operate on batteries, thus adding an extra degree of safety.

In case of emergency the user can set off a call for help by the press of an alert button on a personal device, without needing to reach the telephone. Systems with passive alerts may set off a call for help if no movement has been detected over some period of time, or if a fall is detected. If a base station shares a phone line, it is able to terminate an in-progress call so that a call for help can be initiated over the telephone.

With some systems, an alert arrives in the offices of the alert system operator (which may be a public rescue service or a private security company) and the data of the affected person (address, medical condition, family contacts) are displayed. With others, there is no system operator, and the user simply programs the numbers of family members, neighbors, or local emergency responders. If present, a responder can speak with the user through the microphone/speaker in order to clarify the type and severity of the emergency and discuss further measures.

Depending on the organization of the service and the type of emergency help required, relatives or neighbors can be informed. If necessary, health care services or personal physicians can be notified or emergency medical services can be alarmed. Some monitoring services also provide the client with a USB medical alert device so that arriving emergency personnel can have immediate access to vital medical information.

Some units can call user selected numbers, so relatives or neighbors can be called directly, avoiding the expense of a monitoring service.[13]

With some systems, it is common practice for the user to leave a house key with a neighbor or at the system office so that emergency personnel can enter the house even if the resident cannot open the door. Keys are kept in a safe and marked only with numbers so that improper use is precluded.

In addition to this "active alarm" there is also the option of a "passive alarm" (sometimes called a "safety clock"), on the principle of a so-called dead man's switch. On some device is a button that the user is to activate several times a day; this confirms that the user is well. If this confirmation goes lacking for a longer period (usually around 12 hours), a telephone call is placed or someone is sent to check whether everything is in order at the residence. Depending on the company offering it, the system may provide for more than emergency use. Some solutions will periodically call to converse with the user.

Monitoring edit

In the event of an alarm, some systems will place a phone call to a community emergency service such as 911. Others will place a call to the configured number of a friend or family member. Some systems will send an SMS message to configured contacts.[14]

Some systems provide 24x7x365 professional monitoring. The monitoring service for medical alarms (central station) is a call center facility that is staffed by trained professionals. These professionals are available at all times to receive calls from the medical alarm system. Monitoring service centers that are approved by Underwriters Laboratories (UL) have internal backup systems to add redundancy. Some monitoring services employ trained medical operators enabling them to better evaluate the severity of medical requests. In most less developed countries however, response to medical alarms are slow.

Current and future trends edit

A Florida State University research team is currently working on an Android device to be worn by the user that not only can be used as a typical medical alert monitoring system but has fall detection software built into it.[15] The system is designed to monitor the user's location, position, and movement in the event a fall occurs. New fall detection technologies are being integrated into watches, pendants, hearing aids, and wall mounted devices that do not need to be worn by an individual.[16]

Fall sensing/fall detection edit

Detecting a fall can be from more than one point of view, covering both during and after the fall:

  • observation, seeing the fall.[12]
  • post event, seeing the person prone on the floor or at the bottom of the steps.[17]
  • by a device, detector or sensor on the person, which detects a sudden movement.[9][10][11]

Costs edit

Aside from one time cost for hardware, there are often ongoing fees and sometimes per-activation charges. Some or all of these may be partially funded by reductions on insurance or by an annual prepayment when compared to paying monthly.[5]

  • One time outlays: Aside from direct expenditures for sensors, options exist for base-stations and auto-dialers.[4][6]
  • Ongoing fees: These range from zero (self-monitoring) to professional monitoring services.[18][6]

Fraud edit

Federal and State charges have been brought against firms for various forms of fraud involving false promises, improper billing and violations of Do Not Call laws.[19][20][4] Operationally, those systems that malfunction and for which service is not done on a timely basis can result in other problems: "some localities will fine you if your system cries wolf."[18]

Medical alarms in pop culture edit

"I've fallen and I can't get up!" was a catchphrase from a 1989 LifeCall Medical Alert System television commercial. In this commercial, an elderly actor is seen fallen and distraught and uses the medical alert system to summon help. The unintentional humor in the commercial made it a frequent punchline for many comedic acts. Due to the trademark changing hands between competing companies, the trademark currently belongs to LifeCall's direct competitor, Life Alert Emergency Response, and is used in all channels of Life Alert's advertising.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Shawn G. Kennedy (May 30, 1982). "Alert System For Elderly Is Undergoing Tests". The New York Times. Retrieved December 15, 2022.
  2. ^ Susan B. Garland (June 5, 2020). "Did Mom Take Her Medicine? Keeping Eyes on Elders in Quarantine". The New York Times. Retrieved December 14, 2022.
  3. ^ Tom Callahan (June 9, 1985). "Pendant Safeguards The Aged". The New York Times. Retrieved December 15, 2022.
  4. ^ a b c Barry Meier (July 14, 1990). "Concerns Grow About Marketing of Medical Alert Systems". The New York Times. Retrieved December 12, 2022.
  5. ^ a b c N. R. Kleinfield (June 25, 1984). "Home Medical Alert System". The New York Times. Retrieved December 12, 2022.
  6. ^ a b c Richard Sandomir (July 11, 2019). "Andrew Dibner, Medical Alert Pioneer, Is Dead at 93". The New York Times. Retrieved December 12, 2022.
  7. ^ "Emergency Dialer" Popular Science, October 1975, p. 104.
  8. ^ "Gesundheit - Nottelefone teils untauglich und überteuert". Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen (SRF). March 6, 2012. Retrieved March 6, 2012.
  9. ^ a b Regterschot, G. Ruben H.; Wahle, Fabian; Geraedts, Hilde; Baldus, Heribert; Zijlstra, Wiebren (August 2014). "Chair rise transfer detection and analysis using a pendant sensor: An algorithm for fall risk assessment in older people". 2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Vol. 2014. pp. 1830–1834. doi:10.1109/EMBC.2014.6943965. ISBN 978-1-4244-7929-0. PMID 25570333. S2CID 206627498.
  10. ^ a b Desai, Kimaya; Mane, Pritam; Dsilva, Manish; Zare, Amogh; Shingala, Parth; Ambawade, Dayanand (October 2, 2020). "A Novel Machine Learning Based Wearable Belt for Fall Detection". 2020 IEEE International Conference on Computing, Power and Communication Technologies (GUCON). pp. 502–505. doi:10.1109/GUCON48875.2020.9231114. ISBN 978-1-7281-5070-3. S2CID 226266323.
  11. ^ a b Zhang, Hongtao; Alrifaai, Muhannand; Zhou, Keming; Hu, Huosheng (February 2020). "A novel fuzzy logic algorithm for accurate fall detection of smart wristband" (PDF). Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control. 42 (4): 786–794. doi:10.1177/0142331219881578. S2CID 208003741.
  12. ^ a b Amin, Moeness G.; Zhang, Yimin D.; Ahmad, Fauzia; Ho, K.C. Dominic (March 2016). "Radar Signal Processing for Elderly Fall Detection: The future for in-home monitoring". IEEE Signal Processing Magazine. 33 (2): 71–80. Bibcode:2016ISPM...33...71A. doi:10.1109/MSP.2015.2502784. S2CID 14380506.
  13. ^ "How Do Medical Alerts Work - Contact Lists and Custom Protocols". lifestation.com. Retrieved April 29, 2020.
  14. ^ "AtGuardianAngel Provides Integrated Connected Health Service for Seniors". healthtechzone.com. Retrieved December 18, 2015.
  15. ^ "Florida State University team studying android app that could save lives Comments Feed". www.imedicalapps.com. Retrieved December 18, 2015.
  16. ^ "Best Fall Detection Systems for Older Adults". Seniorsafetyreviews.com.
  17. ^ I've fallen and I can't get up!
  18. ^ a b Rachel Cericola (July 2, 2020). "Why a Professionally Monitored Security System Is Usually the Best Option". The New York Times. Retrieved December 12, 2022.
  19. ^ Ann Carrns (March 12, 2013). "Telemarketer That Aimed at the Elderly Is Shut Down". The New York Times. Retrieved December 15, 2022.
  20. ^ "Suit Targets Life Alert". The New York Times (source: Associated Press). September 13, 1991. Retrieved December 14, 2022.

External links edit

  • Facts for Consumers - Personal Emergency Response Systems U.S. Federal Trade Commission publication

medical, alarm, medical, alarm, alarm, system, designed, signal, presence, hazard, requiring, urgent, attention, summon, emergency, medical, personnel, other, terms, medical, alarm, personal, emergency, response, system, pers, medical, alert, especially, impor. A medical alarm 1 is an alarm system designed to signal the presence of a hazard requiring urgent attention and to summon emergency medical personnel Other terms for a medical alarm are Personal Emergency Response System PERS or medical alert It is especially important to recognize the need to respond to situations where the person is unable to summon help 2 Typical systems have a wireless pendant or transmitter that can be activated in an emergency 3 When the medical alarm is activated the signal is transmitted to an alarm monitoring company s central station other emergency agency or other programmed phone numbers Medical personnel are then dispatched to the site where the alarm was activated Elderly people and disabled people who live alone commonly use require medical alarms and some of them have been victimized by fraudulent marketing 4 Contents 1 Origin 2 Types of providers 3 Types of devices 4 Functionality 5 Monitoring 6 Current and future trends 6 1 Fall sensing fall detection 7 Costs 8 Fraud 9 Medical alarms in pop culture 10 See also 11 References 12 External linksOrigin editThe concept of home alert systems was conceived and developed in the 1970s The American implementation was conceived in 1973 by Andrew Dibner a psychologist on leave from Boston University who was studying personality in advanced age 5 In Germany in the early 1970s Wilhelm Hormann thought about developing a comprehensive structure for ambulatory and non ambulatory care for the sick the elderly those who live alone and people with disabilities citation needed Dibner 6 established a company in 1974 Named Lifeline Systems Inc it manufactured all its own equipment and by 1984 had 225 employees and served some 42 000 people in 48 states 5 In 1975 American International Telephone Company offered an emergency home phone system The user wore a medallion around the neck that when pushed delivered a preprogrammed message to several phone numbers 7 Hormann s concept of home alert Hausnotruf with help from AEG Telefunken Backnang GmbH was presented to the international public early in 1980 In 1982 the Hausnotruf PERS system was distinguished with the Frankfurt Innovation Prize of the German Economy by the Wirtschaftsclub Rhein Main e V Rhein Main Business Club in Frankfurt am Main citation needed A 2012 Swiss estimate reported that around 50 000 emergency call devices were then use 8 Types of providers editThere are several different types of medical alarm providers Hospital programs which are operated by volunteers Companies that provide for seniors in their homes Full service companies that provide patient onboarding logistics management installation ongoing education and periodic testing programs Individually coordinated services that rely on a smart phone app to communicate alerts to a list of personal contacts Closed systems which are run by an organization such as a university or CCRCTypes of devices editThere are a number of different devices that can be used to trigger an alarm Pendant worn around the neck 9 Small device worn on the belt 10 Wristband 11 Installed motion detectors in a home Radar based detectors in a room 12 Active devices require the user to take some action to trigger an alarm condition passive systems monitor the user and raise an alarm based on an algorithm a fall lack of activity etc A weakness of active devices is that the user must be conscious to trigger the alarm Both passive and active devices require that the user wear the device Installed systems can be expensive and difficult to deploy Functionality edit nbsp Medical alarm device with GSM support A medical alarm system may consist of Personal Device a wireless transmitter which is worn around the neck on a belt or on a wrist an application running on a smart phone and carried in a pocket the device may contain a speaker and microphone Sensor s fall detection sensors movement sensors door open close sensors usage sensor on a device such as a microwave oven Communication cellular data access for operation anywhere there is cell phone coverage an in home base station that is either connected to a regular telephone or to a WiFi network an ISDN line or to a cellular data network The base station may contain a speaker and microphone Data some systems will transmit the GPS location of the alarming device some systems can be configured to transmit additional personal information when an alarm is triggered such as age medical history etc Responders Class B EMT Operators local 911 service friend s or family In addition there are various other types of accessories emergency buttons fall sensors smoke detectors carbon monoxide detectors flood detectors motion detectors that can be placed around the home and integrated with the base station Base stations can be connected over analog or digital ISDN connections In the event of a power failure these devices can operate on batteries thus adding an extra degree of safety In case of emergency the user can set off a call for help by the press of an alert button on a personal device without needing to reach the telephone Systems with passive alerts may set off a call for help if no movement has been detected over some period of time or if a fall is detected If a base station shares a phone line it is able to terminate an in progress call so that a call for help can be initiated over the telephone With some systems an alert arrives in the offices of the alert system operator which may be a public rescue service or a private security company and the data of the affected person address medical condition family contacts are displayed With others there is no system operator and the user simply programs the numbers of family members neighbors or local emergency responders If present a responder can speak with the user through the microphone speaker in order to clarify the type and severity of the emergency and discuss further measures Depending on the organization of the service and the type of emergency help required relatives or neighbors can be informed If necessary health care services or personal physicians can be notified or emergency medical services can be alarmed Some monitoring services also provide the client with a USB medical alert device so that arriving emergency personnel can have immediate access to vital medical information Some units can call user selected numbers so relatives or neighbors can be called directly avoiding the expense of a monitoring service 13 With some systems it is common practice for the user to leave a house key with a neighbor or at the system office so that emergency personnel can enter the house even if the resident cannot open the door Keys are kept in a safe and marked only with numbers so that improper use is precluded In addition to this active alarm there is also the option of a passive alarm sometimes called a safety clock on the principle of a so called dead man s switch On some device is a button that the user is to activate several times a day this confirms that the user is well If this confirmation goes lacking for a longer period usually around 12 hours a telephone call is placed or someone is sent to check whether everything is in order at the residence Depending on the company offering it the system may provide for more than emergency use Some solutions will periodically call to converse with the user Monitoring editIn the event of an alarm some systems will place a phone call to a community emergency service such as 911 Others will place a call to the configured number of a friend or family member Some systems will send an SMS message to configured contacts 14 Some systems provide 24x7x365 professional monitoring The monitoring service for medical alarms central station is a call center facility that is staffed by trained professionals These professionals are available at all times to receive calls from the medical alarm system Monitoring service centers that are approved by Underwriters Laboratories UL have internal backup systems to add redundancy Some monitoring services employ trained medical operators enabling them to better evaluate the severity of medical requests In most less developed countries however response to medical alarms are slow Current and future trends editA Florida State University research team is currently working on an Android device to be worn by the user that not only can be used as a typical medical alert monitoring system but has fall detection software built into it 15 The system is designed to monitor the user s location position and movement in the event a fall occurs New fall detection technologies are being integrated into watches pendants hearing aids and wall mounted devices that do not need to be worn by an individual 16 Fall sensing fall detection edit Detecting a fall can be from more than one point of view covering both during and after the fall observation seeing the fall 12 post event seeing the person prone on the floor or at the bottom of the steps 17 by a device detector or sensor on the person which detects a sudden movement 9 10 11 Costs editAside from one time cost for hardware there are often ongoing fees and sometimes per activation charges Some or all of these may be partially funded by reductions on insurance or by an annual prepayment when compared to paying monthly 5 One time outlays Aside from direct expenditures for sensors options exist for base stations and auto dialers 4 6 Ongoing fees These range from zero self monitoring to professional monitoring services 18 6 Fraud editFederal and State charges have been brought against firms for various forms of fraud involving false promises improper billing and violations of Do Not Call laws 19 20 4 Operationally those systems that malfunction and for which service is not done on a timely basis can result in other problems some localities will fine you if your system cries wolf 18 Medical alarms in pop culture edit I ve fallen and I can t get up was a catchphrase from a 1989 LifeCall Medical Alert System television commercial In this commercial an elderly actor is seen fallen and distraught and uses the medical alert system to summon help The unintentional humor in the commercial made it a frequent punchline for many comedic acts Due to the trademark changing hands between competing companies the trademark currently belongs to LifeCall s direct competitor Life Alert Emergency Response and is used in all channels of Life Alert s advertising See also editMedical alert jewelry Panic buttonReferences edit Shawn G Kennedy May 30 1982 Alert System For Elderly Is Undergoing Tests The New York Times Retrieved December 15 2022 Susan B Garland June 5 2020 Did Mom Take Her Medicine Keeping Eyes on Elders in Quarantine The New York Times Retrieved December 14 2022 Tom Callahan June 9 1985 Pendant Safeguards The Aged The New York Times Retrieved December 15 2022 a b c Barry Meier July 14 1990 Concerns Grow About Marketing of Medical Alert Systems The New York Times Retrieved December 12 2022 a b c N R Kleinfield June 25 1984 Home Medical Alert System The New York Times Retrieved December 12 2022 a b c Richard Sandomir July 11 2019 Andrew Dibner Medical Alert Pioneer Is Dead at 93 The New York Times Retrieved December 12 2022 Emergency Dialer Popular Science October 1975 p 104 Gesundheit Nottelefone teils untauglich und uberteuert Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen SRF March 6 2012 Retrieved March 6 2012 a b Regterschot G Ruben H Wahle Fabian Geraedts Hilde Baldus Heribert Zijlstra Wiebren August 2014 Chair rise transfer detection and analysis using a pendant sensor An algorithm for fall risk assessment in older people 2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society Vol 2014 pp 1830 1834 doi 10 1109 EMBC 2014 6943965 ISBN 978 1 4244 7929 0 PMID 25570333 S2CID 206627498 a b Desai Kimaya Mane Pritam Dsilva Manish Zare Amogh Shingala Parth Ambawade Dayanand October 2 2020 A Novel Machine Learning Based Wearable Belt for Fall Detection 2020 IEEE International Conference on Computing Power and Communication Technologies GUCON pp 502 505 doi 10 1109 GUCON48875 2020 9231114 ISBN 978 1 7281 5070 3 S2CID 226266323 a b Zhang Hongtao Alrifaai Muhannand Zhou Keming Hu Huosheng February 2020 A novel fuzzy logic algorithm for accurate fall detection of smart wristband PDF Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 42 4 786 794 doi 10 1177 0142331219881578 S2CID 208003741 a b Amin Moeness G Zhang Yimin D Ahmad Fauzia Ho K C Dominic March 2016 Radar Signal Processing for Elderly Fall Detection The future for in home monitoring IEEE Signal Processing Magazine 33 2 71 80 Bibcode 2016ISPM 33 71A doi 10 1109 MSP 2015 2502784 S2CID 14380506 How Do Medical Alerts Work Contact Lists and Custom Protocols lifestation com Retrieved April 29 2020 AtGuardianAngel Provides Integrated Connected Health Service for Seniors healthtechzone com Retrieved December 18 2015 Florida State University team studying android app that could save lives Comments Feed www imedicalapps com Retrieved December 18 2015 Best Fall Detection Systems for Older Adults Seniorsafetyreviews com I ve fallen and I can t get up a b Rachel Cericola July 2 2020 Why a Professionally Monitored Security System Is Usually the Best Option The New York Times Retrieved December 12 2022 Ann Carrns March 12 2013 Telemarketer That Aimed at the Elderly Is Shut Down The New York Times Retrieved December 15 2022 Suit Targets Life Alert The New York Times source Associated Press September 13 1991 Retrieved December 14 2022 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pictures of Medical Alarm devices Facts for Consumers Personal Emergency Response Systems U S Federal Trade Commission publication Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Medical alarm amp oldid 1221713248, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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