A variety of objective means exist to empirically measure biodiversity. Each measure relates to a particular use of the data, and is likely to be associated with the variety of genes. Biodiversity is commonly measured in terms of taxonomic richness of a geographic area over a time interval. In order to calculate biodiversity, species evenness, species richness, and species diversity are to be obtained first. Species evenness[1] is the relative number of individuals of each species in a given area. Species richness[2] is the number of species present in a given area. Species diversity[3] is the relationship between species evenness and species richness. There are many ways to measure biodiversity within a given ecosystem. However, the two most popular are Shannon-Weaver diversity index,[4] commonly referred to as Shannon diversity index, and the other is Simpsons diversity index.[5] Although many scientists prefer to use Shannon's diversity index simply because it takes into account species richness.[6]
Biodiversity is usually plotted as the richness of a geographic area, with some reference to a temporal scale. Types of biodiversity include taxonomic or species, ecological, morphological, and genetic diversity. Taxonomic diversity, that is the number of species, genera, family is the most commonly assessed type.[7] A few studies have attempted to quantitatively clarify the relationship between different types of diversity. For example, the biologist Sarda Sahney has found a close link between vertebrate taxonomic and ecological diversity.[8]
Conservation biologists have also designed a variety of objective means to empirically measure biodiversity. Each measure of biodiversity relates to a particular use of the data. For practical conservationists, measurements should include a quantification of values that are commonly shared among locally affected organisms, including humans[clarification needed]. For others, a more economically defensible definition should allow the ensuring of continued possibilities for both adaptation and future use by humans, assuring environmental sustainability.
As a consequence, biologists argue that this measure is likely to be associated with the variety of genes. Since it cannot always be said which genes are more likely to prove beneficial, the best choice[citation needed] for conservation is to assure the persistence of as many genes as possible. For ecologists, this latter approach is sometimes considered too restrictive, as it prohibits ecological succession.
Biodiversity is usually plotted as taxonomic richness of a geographic area, with some reference to a temporal scale. Whittaker[9] described three common metrics used to measure species-level biodiversity, encompassing attention to species richness or species evenness:
More recently, two new indices have been invented. The Mean Species Abundance Index (MSA) calculates the trend in population size of a cross section of the species. It does this in line with the CBD 2010 indicator for species abundance.[10] The Biodiversity Intactness Index [2] (BII) measures biodiversity change using abundance data on plants, fungi and animals worldwide. The BII shows how local terrestrial biodiversity responds to human pressures such as land use change and intensification.
Other Measures of Diversityedit
Alternatively, other types of diversity may be plotted against a temporal timescale:
These different types of diversity may not be independent. There is, for example, a close link between vertebrate taxonomic and ecological diversity.[11]
Other authors tried to organize the measurements of biodiversity in the following way:[12]
traditional diversity measures
species density, take into account the number of species in an area
species richness, take into account the number of species per individuals (usually [species]/[individuals x area])
Diversity may be measured at different scales. These are three indices used by ecologists:
Alpha diversity refers to diversity within a particular area, community or ecosystem, and is measured by counting the number of taxa within the ecosystem (usually species)[13]
^Chakraborty, Jaya; Palit, Krishna; Das, Surajit (2022), "Metagenomic approaches to study the culture-independent bacterial diversity of a polluted environment—a case study on north-eastern coast of Bay of Bengal, India", Microbial Biodegradation and Bioremediation, Elsevier, pp. 81–107, doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-85455-9.00014-X, ISBN9780323854559, S2CID 244883885, retrieved 2023-02-25
^Hamilton, Andrew J. (2005-04-01). "Species diversity or biodiversity?". Journal of Environmental Management. 75 (1): 89–92. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2004.11.012. ISSN 0301-4797. PMID 15748806.
^Ortiz-Burgos, Selene (2016), "Shannon-Weaver Diversity Index", in Kennish, Michael J. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Estuaries, Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 572–573, doi:10.1007/978-94-017-8801-4_233, ISBN978-94-017-8801-4, retrieved 2023-02-25
^Allaby, Michael (2010), "Simpson's diversity index", A Dictionary of Ecology, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780199567669.001.0001, ISBN978-0-19-956766-9, retrieved 2023-02-25
^Morris, E. Kathryn; Caruso, Tancredi; Buscot, François; Fischer, Markus; Hancock, Christine; Maier, Tanja S.; Meiners, Torsten; Müller, Caroline; Obermaier, Elisabeth; Prati, Daniel; Socher, Stephanie A.; Sonnemann, Ilja; Wäschke, Nicole; Wubet, Tesfaye; Wurst, Susanne (September 2014). "Choosing and using diversity indices: insights for ecological applications from the German Biodiversity Exploratories". Ecology and Evolution. 4 (18): 3514–3524. Bibcode:2014EcoEv...4.3514M. doi:10.1002/ece3.1155. ISSN 2045-7758. PMC4224527. PMID 25478144.
^Sahney, S.; Benton, M.J. (2008). "Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 275 (1636): 759–65. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1370. PMC2596898. PMID 18198148.
^Sahney, S.; Benton, M.J.; Ferry, P.A. (2010). "Links between global taxonomic diversity, ecological diversity and the expansion of vertebrates on land". Biology Letters. 6 (4): 544–547. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.1024. PMC2936204. PMID 20106856.
^Whittaker, R.H., Evolution and measurement of species diversity, Taxon, 21, 213–251 (1972)
^"MSA Index (page 4)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-05-10. Retrieved 2008-05-10.
^Sahney, S., Benton, M.J. and Ferry, P.A. (2010). "Links between global taxonomic diversity, ecological diversity and the expansion of vertebrates on land". Biology Letters. 6 (4): 544–547. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.1024. PMC2936204. PMID 20106856.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Cianciaruso, M.V., Silva, I.A. & Batalha, M.A. Diversidades filogenética e funcional: novas abordagens para a Ecologia de comunidades. Biota Neotrop. 9(3): [1].
Media related to Measurement of biodiversity at Wikimedia Commons
February 16, 2024
measurement, biodiversity, variety, objective, means, exist, empirically, measure, biodiversity, each, measure, relates, particular, data, likely, associated, with, variety, genes, biodiversity, commonly, measured, terms, taxonomic, richness, geographic, area,. A variety of objective means exist to empirically measure biodiversity Each measure relates to a particular use of the data and is likely to be associated with the variety of genes Biodiversity is commonly measured in terms of taxonomic richness of a geographic area over a time interval In order to calculate biodiversity species evenness species richness and species diversity are to be obtained first Species evenness 1 is the relative number of individuals of each species in a given area Species richness 2 is the number of species present in a given area Species diversity 3 is the relationship between species evenness and species richness There are many ways to measure biodiversity within a given ecosystem However the two most popular are Shannon Weaver diversity index 4 commonly referred to as Shannon diversity index and the other is Simpsons diversity index 5 Although many scientists prefer to use Shannon s diversity index simply because it takes into account species richness 6 Biodiversity is usually plotted as the richness of a geographic area with some reference to a temporal scale Types of biodiversity include taxonomic or species ecological morphological and genetic diversity Taxonomic diversity that is the number of species genera family is the most commonly assessed type 7 A few studies have attempted to quantitatively clarify the relationship between different types of diversity For example the biologist Sarda Sahney has found a close link between vertebrate taxonomic and ecological diversity 8 Conservation biologists have also designed a variety of objective means to empirically measure biodiversity Each measure of biodiversity relates to a particular use of the data For practical conservationists measurements should include a quantification of values that are commonly shared among locally affected organisms including humans clarification needed For others a more economically defensible definition should allow the ensuring of continued possibilities for both adaptation and future use by humans assuring environmental sustainability As a consequence biologists argue that this measure is likely to be associated with the variety of genes Since it cannot always be said which genes are more likely to prove beneficial the best choice citation needed for conservation is to assure the persistence of as many genes as possible For ecologists this latter approach is sometimes considered too restrictive as it prohibits ecological succession Contents 1 Taxonomic Diversity 2 Other Measures of Diversity 3 Scale 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksTaxonomic Diversity editBiodiversity is usually plotted as taxonomic richness of a geographic area with some reference to a temporal scale Whittaker 9 described three common metrics used to measure species level biodiversity encompassing attention to species richness or species evenness Species richness the simplest of the indices available Simpson index Shannon Wiener indexMore recently two new indices have been invented The Mean Species Abundance Index MSA calculates the trend in population size of a cross section of the species It does this in line with the CBD 2010 indicator for species abundance 10 The Biodiversity Intactness Index 2 BII measures biodiversity change using abundance data on plants fungi and animals worldwide The BII shows how local terrestrial biodiversity responds to human pressures such as land use change and intensification Other Measures of Diversity editAlternatively other types of diversity may be plotted against a temporal timescale species diversity ecological diversity morphological diversity genetic diversityThese different types of diversity may not be independent There is for example a close link between vertebrate taxonomic and ecological diversity 11 Other authors tried to organize the measurements of biodiversity in the following way 12 traditional diversity measures species density take into account the number of species in an area species richness take into account the number of species per individuals usually species individuals x area diversity indices take into account the number of species the richness and their relative contribution the evenness e g Simpson index Shannon Wiener index phylogenetic diversity measures include information on phylogenetic relationships among species phylogenetic diversity PD index Faith 1992 topology based measures taxonomic distinctiveness Vane Wright et al 1991 taxonomic diversity Warwick amp Clarke 1995 taxonomic distinctness Clarke amp Warwick 1998 functional diversity measures include information on functional traits among species categoric measures functional group richness FGR e g Tilman et al 1997 continuous measures with only one functional trait e g Mason et al 2003 multivariate measures with many functional traits functional attribute diversity FAD Walker et al 1999 convex hull volume Cornwell et al 2006 functional diversity FD Petchey amp Gaston 2002 Scale editDiversity may be measured at different scales These are three indices used by ecologists Alpha diversity refers to diversity within a particular area community or ecosystem and is measured by counting the number of taxa within the ecosystem usually species 13 Beta diversity is species diversity between ecosystems this involves comparing the number of taxa that are unique to each of the ecosystems Gamma diversity is a measurement of the overall diversity for different ecosystems within a region See also edit nbsp Earth sciences portal nbsp Ecology portal nbsp Environment portal nbsp Biology portalConvention on Biological Diversity Diversity index Global biodiversity List of biodiversity databases National Biodiversity Network Nutritional biodiversityReferences edit Species Evenness an overview ScienceDirect Topics www sciencedirect com Retrieved 2023 02 25 Chakraborty Jaya Palit Krishna Das Surajit 2022 Metagenomic approaches to study the culture independent bacterial diversity of a polluted environment a case study on north eastern coast of Bay of Bengal India Microbial Biodegradation and Bioremediation Elsevier pp 81 107 doi 10 1016 B978 0 323 85455 9 00014 X ISBN 9780323854559 S2CID 244883885 retrieved 2023 02 25 Hamilton Andrew J 2005 04 01 Species diversity or biodiversity Journal of Environmental Management 75 1 89 92 doi 10 1016 j jenvman 2004 11 012 ISSN 0301 4797 PMID 15748806 Ortiz Burgos Selene 2016 Shannon Weaver Diversity Index in Kennish Michael J ed Encyclopedia of Estuaries Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series Dordrecht Springer Netherlands pp 572 573 doi 10 1007 978 94 017 8801 4 233 ISBN 978 94 017 8801 4 retrieved 2023 02 25 Allaby Michael 2010 Simpson s diversity index A Dictionary of Ecology Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 acref 9780199567669 001 0001 ISBN 978 0 19 956766 9 retrieved 2023 02 25 Morris E Kathryn Caruso Tancredi Buscot Francois Fischer Markus Hancock Christine Maier Tanja S Meiners Torsten Muller Caroline Obermaier Elisabeth Prati Daniel Socher Stephanie A Sonnemann Ilja Waschke Nicole Wubet Tesfaye Wurst Susanne September 2014 Choosing and using diversity indices insights for ecological applications from the German Biodiversity Exploratories Ecology and Evolution 4 18 3514 3524 Bibcode 2014EcoEv 4 3514M doi 10 1002 ece3 1155 ISSN 2045 7758 PMC 4224527 PMID 25478144 Sahney S Benton M J 2008 Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences 275 1636 759 65 doi 10 1098 rspb 2007 1370 PMC 2596898 PMID 18198148 Sahney S Benton M J Ferry P A 2010 Links between global taxonomic diversity ecological diversity and the expansion of vertebrates on land Biology Letters 6 4 544 547 doi 10 1098 rsbl 2009 1024 PMC 2936204 PMID 20106856 Whittaker R H Evolution and measurement of species diversity Taxon 21 213 251 1972 MSA Index page 4 PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2008 05 10 Retrieved 2008 05 10 Sahney S Benton M J and Ferry P A 2010 Links between global taxonomic diversity ecological diversity and the expansion of vertebrates on land Biology Letters 6 4 544 547 doi 10 1098 rsbl 2009 1024 PMC 2936204 PMID 20106856 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Cianciaruso M V Silva I A amp Batalha M A Diversidades filogenetica e funcional novas abordagens para a Ecologia de comunidades Biota Neotrop 9 3 1 Sahney S amp Benton M J 2008 Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences 275 1636 759 65 doi 10 1098 rspb 2007 1370 PMC 2596898 PMID 18198148 External links edit nbsp Media related to Measurement of biodiversity at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Measurement of biodiversity amp oldid 1204957114, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
