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Marie Luise von Hammerstein

March 21, 2023

Marie Luise Baroness of Münchhausen (27 September 1908 - 6 November 1999), born Baroness of Hammerstein-Equord, was a German lawyer. Despite being born into an aristocratic army family she became an activist member of the Communist Party. She worked for the party's intelligence service during the 1930s. She was treated with on-going suspicion and subjected to a number of interrogations by the security services between 1933 and 1945, although her party intelligence involvement is confirmed only in a document dated 1973.[1]

1928

Life

Provenance and early years

Marie-Luise Cäcilie "Butzi" von Hammerstein-Equord was born in Berlin, the eldest child of Kurt von Hammerstein-Equord by his marriage to Maria, Baroness of Lüttwitz.[2] The family was well connected. The father of Marie Luise served as head of the German army between 1930 and 1933. He was deeply opposed to the National Socialists but nevertheless, when he died in 1943, it was from illness. Other family members ended the war years in hiding, or, like Franz, the youngest brother of Marie Luise, as concentration camp inmates.[3]

Student years

She studied Jurisprudence at the Frederick-William University (as it was then known) of Berlin.[1] She was, by this time, already politically engaged. To her mother's horror, she "quit the church" when she was 16. In 1923 she joined the Wandervogel movement. The Wandervogels were a nationwide youth network that combined hiking and other outdoor activities with a romanticist rejection of industrialisation and modernism in favour of old Teutonic values which on occasion overlapped with less palatable forms of German nationalism. Through the Wandervogels she met up with Nathan Steinberger and Gertrud Classen. Through Steinberger and Classen she came into contact with the Communist Party, becoming a member during the first part of 1928, though still aged only 19.[1] Over the next few years she and her younger sister Helga passed on secret information about their father's work to the "A-M Apparat" (literally "Anti-Military Apparatus"), which was the intentionally misleading name of the party's extensive intelligence organisation in Germany.[1] Given Leo Roth's personal involvement with her sister Helga, it is unsurprising that Marie Luise was also in contact with Roth during the middle 1930s, but the earliest confirmation that she worked for "Soviet intelligence", and that her handler was Leo Roth, comes in the form of a curriculum vitae which she herself composed for "internal use" as recently as 1973. Plans for a war of aggression against the Soviet Union existed in Berlin and were known about in Moscow in 1933, though Stalin chose to ignore them. Since Kurt von Hammerstein-Equord was still head of the army through most of 1933, it is reasonable to infer that Moscow's awareness of these plans resulted wholly or in part from information gathered from his papers by his daughters Marie Luise and Helga. According to one source it was for this reason that many years later the government of East Germany awarded Marie-Luise their Medal for Fighters Against Fascism.[4]

There is persuasive speculation that as a Berlin law student von Hammerstein-Equord had a love affair with Werner Scholem, a member of the German Reichstag between 1924 and 1928, and a leading member of the Communist Party. Details of the romance may nevertheless have become embellished in the telling.[4]

Change of direction

It may have been on account of her involvement with Werner Scholem that, starting in around 1930, she took language lessons in order to master Russian and, in parallel with her degree course, undertook a separate course to qualify as a "Referendarin", which would open the way for slower route, based on extensive "on-the job training" to a legal qualification.[5] Having passed the necessary "Referendarin" exam she left university, apparently without completing her degree course, and took a job as a "Referendarin" (trainee lawyer), initially in Altlandsberg and later back in Berlin.[1] In 1933 she married her employer, the lawyer Mogens von Harbou.[5] He had recently become a member of the National Socialist Party (which had taken power at the start of that year). Although Marie von Hammerstein-Equord had, as far as anyone in the family and their social circle knew, abandoned her earlier political activism, she self-evidently remained out of sympathy with her husband's politics. She became pregnant almost immediately, but the marriage nevertheless lasted less than three years.[5] Following the divorce, the couple's child was taken to live with his father's family.[5] Meanwhile, until at least 1936, Marie-Luise was in touch with the party intelligence agent Leo Roth, directly and / or through her old friend from her Wandervogel days, Nathan Steinberger.[1][6][a]

Nazi era

During her brief marriage to Mogens von Harbou [de],[when?] she was under surveillance by the Gestapo and underwent numerous interrogations, some of which lasted for several days, as well as having her house searched.[1] One, at least, of the reasons she found herself targeted was the (probably correct) beliefs on the part of the security services concerning the closeness of her earlier political and personal association with Werner Scholem (1895-1940).[6]

There was no immediate reduction of the Gestapo surveillance after her divorce, but she was not held for detention periods of longer than few days. Soon afterwards, she moved to the countryside, relocating to Herrengroßstedt (Naumburg), in 1937 and in 1942 to Prien (Rosenheim). Baron Ernst-Friedemann von Münchhausen [de] (1906–2002), whom von Hammerstein married c. 1937, had inherited a country estate on the outskirts of Herrengroßstedt. She had several children with von Münchhausen, but the marriage ended in 1951. The Herrengroßstedt estate was confiscated in the 1945 German land reforms [de].[7] Von Münchhausen, who had been a reserve staff officer in the army supplies department during the Second World War, was one of a large number of aristocratic land owners who were interned as prisoners of war by the Soviet Union between 1945 and 1949.[8]

Post-war years

After Germany was defeated in May 1945, von Hammerstein joined the Communist Party of Germany, which had been outlawed during Nazi rule.[1] Rosenheim was in the American occupation zone after the war and she worked at the public employment office there until June 1947, when she moved to the western part of Berlin.[1] She moved to soviet occupied eastern Berlin in September 1949, shortly before the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) was founded on 3 October. Von Hammerstein joined the Socialist Unity Party ("Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands" / SED) which had been founded in 1946. In the Soviet occupied zone the SED was the successor to the Communist Party of Germany, although the party continued to exist in West Germany until it was banned in 1956.[9] The SED was the ruling party of East Germany for almost the whole of the country's existence.[1]

She returned to the study of jurisprudence which she had broken off two decades earlier. She supported herself by working as a legal assistant. After qualifying, she worked as a lawyer in a co-operative legal practice in Berlin-Pankow and no longer engaged in political activism. However, at a National Front of the German Democratic Republic rally in July 1964 she caused controversy by commenting in public on her father's role as an opponent of Adolf Hitler.[1]

According to Ministry for State Security (Stasi) files which became accessible to researchers after German reunification, Marie Luise von Hammerstein was "active [as an informant] for the Soviet security services between 1950 and 1960".[b] Her Stasi files included the comment that despite working for the Soviets she was "not without prejudices and a petty bourgeois mindset".[c] The Stasi were always on the look out for any contacts to known dissidents and any hint of people wanting to escape to the west. The Stasi file on von Hammerstein noted her connections with the social circles of the dissident academic Robert Havemann and the dissident singer-songwriter Wolf Biermann.[citation needed] One of her sons fled to West. In terms of her professional and personal life, she tended to attract a large number of Jewish clients. She had for many years been estranged from her siblings "on political grounds".[citation needed]

Marie Louise von Münchhausen died in Berlin on 6 November 1999.[1]

Popular culture

The fictional character "Marie-Luise Seegers", the communist daughter of Reichswehr Commander-in-Chief "Kurt Seegers" in the 2017 neo-noir series Babylon Berlin, is based on the biography of Marie Luise von Hammerstein.[10]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Leo Roth (1911-1937) later became the lover and possibly also, briefly, the husband of Helga (1913-2005), the younger sister of Marie Luise von Hammerstein.[1][6]
  2. ^ "... inoffiziell für die sowjetischen Sicherheitsorgane tätig."
  3. ^ " nicht frei von Vorurteilen und kleinbürgerlichen Denkweisen."

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Hermann Weber; Andreas Herbst. "Hammerstein, Marie Louise von * 27.9.1908 † 6.11.1999". Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten. Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
  2. ^ Galina Lessel (compiler) (17 March 2020). "Marie-Luise Freiin von Hammerstein-Equord". Geni.com. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
  3. ^ Gregor Eisenhauer (20 October 2011). "Franz von Hammerstein (Geb. 1921)". Die Fragen waren einfach. Antworten zu finden, war schwer. Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH, Berlin. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
  4. ^ a b Ralf Hoffrogge (author); Loren Balhorn & Jan-Peter Herrmann (translation into English) (2014). A Jewish Communist in Weimar Germany: The Life of Werner Scholem (1895–1940) (PDF). UVK Verlag, Konstanz (original version) & Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden (English language translation). pp. 6, 383–458, 498. ISBN 978-90-04-30952-4. Retrieved 7 April 2020. {{cite book}}: |author1= has generic name (help)
  5. ^ a b c d Hans Magnus Enzensberger (16 November 2010). Zwei sehr verschiedene Hochzeiten. Hammerstein oder Der Eigensinn: Eine deutsche Geschichte. Suhrkamp Verlag. pp. 145–159. ISBN 978-3-518-73430-8.
  6. ^ a b c Mirjam Zadoff (2018). Exile in Germany .... The General's Daughters. Werner Scholem: A German Life. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 2236–242. ISBN 978-0-8122-4969-9.
  7. ^ Mario Laucke ("Betreiber u. Autor"). "Herrengosserstedt". Kurze Chronik des Dorfes. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
  8. ^ "Münchhausen, Dr. Ernst Friedemann Frhr. von". Die Kabinettsprotokolle der Landesregierung von Nordrhein-Westfalen. Landesarchiv NRW, Duisburg. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
  9. ^ Priestand, David (2009) Red Flag: A History of Communism," New York: Grove Press
  10. ^ Hoffrogge, Ralf (3 December 2020). "Espionage and Intrigue in Babylon Berlin: The General's Daughter". www.historicalmaterialism.org. Retrieved 7 April 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link); Ralf Hoffrogge: A Jewish Communist in Weimar Germany The Life of Werner Scholem (1895-1940) Brill Publishers, Leiden 2017, pp. 494-528.

March 21, 2023
marie, luise, hammerstein, marie, luise, baroness, münchhausen, september, 1908, november, 1999, born, baroness, hammerstein, equord, german, lawyer, despite, being, born, into, aristocratic, army, family, became, activist, member, communist, party, worked, pa. Marie Luise Baroness of Munchhausen 27 September 1908 6 November 1999 born Baroness of Hammerstein Equord was a German lawyer Despite being born into an aristocratic army family she became an activist member of the Communist Party She worked for the party s intelligence service during the 1930s She was treated with on going suspicion and subjected to a number of interrogations by the security services between 1933 and 1945 although her party intelligence involvement is confirmed only in a document dated 1973 1 1928 Contents 1 Life 1 1 Provenance and early years 1 2 Student years 1 3 Change of direction 1 4 Nazi era 1 5 Post war years 1 6 Popular culture 2 See also 3 Notes 4 ReferencesLife EditProvenance and early years Edit Marie Luise Cacilie Butzi von Hammerstein Equord was born in Berlin the eldest child of Kurt von Hammerstein Equord by his marriage to Maria Baroness of Luttwitz 2 The family was well connected The father of Marie Luise served as head of the German army between 1930 and 1933 He was deeply opposed to the National Socialists but nevertheless when he died in 1943 it was from illness Other family members ended the war years in hiding or like Franz the youngest brother of Marie Luise as concentration camp inmates 3 Student years Edit She studied Jurisprudence at the Frederick William University as it was then known of Berlin 1 She was by this time already politically engaged To her mother s horror she quit the church when she was 16 In 1923 she joined the Wandervogel movement The Wandervogels were a nationwide youth network that combined hiking and other outdoor activities with a romanticist rejection of industrialisation and modernism in favour of old Teutonic values which on occasion overlapped with less palatable forms of German nationalism Through the Wandervogels she met up with Nathan Steinberger and Gertrud Classen Through Steinberger and Classen she came into contact with the Communist Party becoming a member during the first part of 1928 though still aged only 19 1 Over the next few years she and her younger sister Helga passed on secret information about their father s work to the A M Apparat literally Anti Military Apparatus which was the intentionally misleading name of the party s extensive intelligence organisation in Germany 1 Given Leo Roth s personal involvement with her sister Helga it is unsurprising that Marie Luise was also in contact with Roth during the middle 1930s but the earliest confirmation that she worked for Soviet intelligence and that her handler was Leo Roth comes in the form of a curriculum vitae which she herself composed for internal use as recently as 1973 Plans for a war of aggression against the Soviet Union existed in Berlin and were known about in Moscow in 1933 though Stalin chose to ignore them Since Kurt von Hammerstein Equord was still head of the army through most of 1933 it is reasonable to infer that Moscow s awareness of these plans resulted wholly or in part from information gathered from his papers by his daughters Marie Luise and Helga According to one source it was for this reason that many years later the government of East Germany awarded Marie Luise their Medal for Fighters Against Fascism 4 There is persuasive speculation that as a Berlin law student von Hammerstein Equord had a love affair with Werner Scholem a member of the German Reichstag between 1924 and 1928 and a leading member of the Communist Party Details of the romance may nevertheless have become embellished in the telling 4 Change of direction Edit It may have been on account of her involvement with Werner Scholem that starting in around 1930 she took language lessons in order to master Russian and in parallel with her degree course undertook a separate course to qualify as a Referendarin which would open the way for slower route based on extensive on the job training to a legal qualification 5 Having passed the necessary Referendarin exam she left university apparently without completing her degree course and took a job as a Referendarin trainee lawyer initially in Altlandsberg and later back in Berlin 1 In 1933 she married her employer the lawyer Mogens von Harbou 5 He had recently become a member of the National Socialist Party which had taken power at the start of that year Although Marie von Hammerstein Equord had as far as anyone in the family and their social circle knew abandoned her earlier political activism she self evidently remained out of sympathy with her husband s politics She became pregnant almost immediately but the marriage nevertheless lasted less than three years 5 Following the divorce the couple s child was taken to live with his father s family 5 Meanwhile until at least 1936 Marie Luise was in touch with the party intelligence agent Leo Roth directly and or through her old friend from her Wandervogel days Nathan Steinberger 1 6 a Nazi era Edit During her brief marriage to Mogens von Harbou de when she was under surveillance by the Gestapo and underwent numerous interrogations some of which lasted for several days as well as having her house searched 1 One at least of the reasons she found herself targeted was the probably correct beliefs on the part of the security services concerning the closeness of her earlier political and personal association with Werner Scholem 1895 1940 6 There was no immediate reduction of the Gestapo surveillance after her divorce but she was not held for detention periods of longer than few days Soon afterwards she moved to the countryside relocating to Herrengrossstedt Naumburg in 1937 and in 1942 to Prien Rosenheim Baron Ernst Friedemann von Munchhausen de 1906 2002 whom von Hammerstein married c 1937 had inherited a country estate on the outskirts of Herrengrossstedt She had several children with von Munchhausen but the marriage ended in 1951 The Herrengrossstedt estate was confiscated in the 1945 German land reforms de 7 Von Munchhausen who had been a reserve staff officer in the army supplies department during the Second World War was one of a large number of aristocratic land owners who were interned as prisoners of war by the Soviet Union between 1945 and 1949 8 Post war years Edit After Germany was defeated in May 1945 von Hammerstein joined the Communist Party of Germany which had been outlawed during Nazi rule 1 Rosenheim was in the American occupation zone after the war and she worked at the public employment office there until June 1947 when she moved to the western part of Berlin 1 She moved to soviet occupied eastern Berlin in September 1949 shortly before the German Democratic Republic East Germany was founded on 3 October Von Hammerstein joined the Socialist Unity Party Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands SED which had been founded in 1946 In the Soviet occupied zone the SED was the successor to the Communist Party of Germany although the party continued to exist in West Germany until it was banned in 1956 9 The SED was the ruling party of East Germany for almost the whole of the country s existence 1 She returned to the study of jurisprudence which she had broken off two decades earlier She supported herself by working as a legal assistant After qualifying she worked as a lawyer in a co operative legal practice in Berlin Pankow and no longer engaged in political activism However at a National Front of the German Democratic Republic rally in July 1964 she caused controversy by commenting in public on her father s role as an opponent of Adolf Hitler 1 According to Ministry for State Security Stasi files which became accessible to researchers after German reunification Marie Luise von Hammerstein was active as an informant for the Soviet security services between 1950 and 1960 b Her Stasi files included the comment that despite working for the Soviets she was not without prejudices and a petty bourgeois mindset c The Stasi were always on the look out for any contacts to known dissidents and any hint of people wanting to escape to the west The Stasi file on von Hammerstein noted her connections with the social circles of the dissident academic Robert Havemann and the dissident singer songwriter Wolf Biermann citation needed One of her sons fled to West In terms of her professional and personal life she tended to attract a large number of Jewish clients She had for many years been estranged from her siblings on political grounds citation needed Marie Louise von Munchhausen died in Berlin on 6 November 1999 1 Popular culture Edit The fictional character Marie Luise Seegers the communist daughter of Reichswehr Commander in Chief Kurt Seegers in the 2017 neo noir series Babylon Berlin is based on the biography of Marie Luise von Hammerstein 10 See also EditMaria Therese von Hammerstein PaascheNotes Edit Leo Roth 1911 1937 later became the lover and possibly also briefly the husband of Helga 1913 2005 the younger sister of Marie Luise von Hammerstein 1 6 inoffiziell fur die sowjetischen Sicherheitsorgane tatig nicht frei von Vorurteilen und kleinburgerlichen Denkweisen References Edit a b c d e f g h i j k l m Hermann Weber Andreas Herbst Hammerstein Marie Louise von 27 9 1908 6 11 1999 Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten Karl Dietz Verlag Berlin amp Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED Diktatur Berlin Retrieved 6 April 2020 Galina Lessel compiler 17 March 2020 Marie Luise Freiin von Hammerstein Equord Geni com Retrieved 6 April 2020 Gregor Eisenhauer 20 October 2011 Franz von Hammerstein Geb 1921 Die Fragen waren einfach Antworten zu finden war schwer Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH Berlin Retrieved 6 April 2020 a b Ralf Hoffrogge author Loren Balhorn amp Jan Peter Herrmann translation into English 2014 A Jewish Communist in Weimar Germany The Life of Werner Scholem 1895 1940 PDF UVK Verlag Konstanz original version amp Koninklijke Brill nv Leiden English language translation pp 6 383 458 498 ISBN 978 90 04 30952 4 Retrieved 7 April 2020 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a author1 has generic name help a b c d Hans Magnus Enzensberger 16 November 2010 Zwei sehr verschiedene Hochzeiten Hammerstein oder Der Eigensinn Eine deutsche Geschichte Suhrkamp Verlag pp 145 159 ISBN 978 3 518 73430 8 a b c Mirjam Zadoff 2018 Exile in Germany The General s Daughters Werner Scholem A German Life University of Pennsylvania Press pp 2236 242 ISBN 978 0 8122 4969 9 Mario Laucke Betreiber u Autor Herrengosserstedt Kurze Chronik des Dorfes Retrieved 7 April 2020 Munchhausen Dr Ernst Friedemann Frhr von Die Kabinettsprotokolle der Landesregierung von Nordrhein Westfalen Landesarchiv NRW Duisburg Retrieved 7 April 2020 Priestand David 2009 Red Flag A History of Communism New York Grove Press Hoffrogge Ralf 3 December 2020 Espionage and Intrigue in Babylon Berlin The General s Daughter www historicalmaterialism org Retrieved 7 April 2021 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link Ralf Hoffrogge A Jewish Communist in Weimar Germany The Life of Werner Scholem 1895 1940 Brill Publishers Leiden 2017 pp 494 528 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Marie Luise von Hammerstein amp oldid 1125546096, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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