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Maize dwarf mosaic virus

February 15, 2024

Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) is a pathogenic plant virus of the family Potyviridae. Depending on the corn plant’s growth stage, the virus can have severe implications to the corn plant’s development which can also result in economic consequences to the producer of the crop.[1]

Maize dwarf mosaic virus
Mosaic symptoms of MDMV on leaves and yellow streaks along veins in maize. Also the fitch, Rhopalosiphum maidis, nymph vectors on leaves.
Virus classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Pisuviricota
Class: Stelpaviricetes
Order: Patatavirales
Family: Potyviridae
Genus: Potyvirus
Species:
Maize dwarf mosaic virus
Synonyms
  • MDMV-A
  • MDMV-D
  • MDMV-E
  • MDMV-F

Importance edit

Maize (Zea mays) is a major cereal crop; it is third behind rice and wheat in production. An average of 380 million tons are produced annually by 53 countries. Maize is the most widely grown crop ranging from tropical areas with altitudes over 3000 m to temperate areas extending as far north as the 65th latitude.[2] MDMV is the most serious virus of sweet corn.[3]

If corn plants are infected with MDMV, ear formation and development are slowed leading to grain yield loss.[4] The damage from MDMV can cause the halting of ear formation and development, ultimately leading to the production of barren ears and direct yield loss.[5] There can be losses of up to 42% on early-planted field corn.[6] If corn is planted late MDMV can cause 75% or more loss on inbred and hybrid varieties.[6][7] The number of ears per plant is reduced by MDMV infection and the fresh weight of these ears can be reduced by 30%.[8]

Pathogenesis edit

 
Interaction between maize dwarf mosaic virus and the aphid appendage

MDMV is caused by various strains.[7] There are five strains A, C, D, E, and F. They differ in biological, serological, and nucleotide sequences.[9] The vector for MDMV transmission is aphids.

There are 15 aphid species that can non-persistently transmit MDMV.[10] The aphids mainly feed on the family Poaceae.[11] MDMV overwinters in alternate hosts. These hosts range is sorghum, maize, and Johnson grass. Symptoms appear six weeks after aphids feed and transmit the virus. The aphid acquires the virus within seconds of feeding on an infected plant, either maize, Johnson grass, or sorghum.[7] There is no latent period for transmission to new host plants.[5] After acquiring MDMV an aphid is able to transmit the virus within 15–30 minutes.[7] Aphids do not retain MDMV after molting.[5]

The virus can also be spread through the seed or mechanically by leaf rubbing of Johnson grass and sorghum.[4] MDMV in the field is not typically transmitted by seed or mechanically, it is more prevalent in greenhouses.[5] Depending on the hybrid, most maize plants will show higher rates of disease when infected earlier in the growing stage.[12] The pathogen itself is a flexuous, rod-shaped virus measuring 12 x 750 nm. There are antiserum kits that can confirm the viruses identity.[5]

There is resistance to MDMV. Maize plants can have up to five resistance genes in their genetic make up. There are commercially available hybrids that provide good resistance.[3] The major gene for resistance is called mdm1 and it is found on chromosome 6.[5] Mdm1 was identified in Pa405, an inbred line. This chromosomal region of mdm1 is also where resistance genes to two other phtyviridae viruses are located.[1] The resistance conferred by mdm1 can be greatly altered with genetic, environmental, and developmental factors.[1]

 
Breeding trials for MDMV resistance at University of Wisconsin West Madison Agricultural Research Station

At the University of Wisconsin–Madison there are breeding trials to help create new varieties that are resistant to MDMV.

Environment edit

MDMV prefers warm to average temperatures. Johnson grass infected with MDMV in the surrounding environment can increase the disease on maize.[4] MDMV is a cultivated virus that mainly occurs in the United States and Australia.[5] MDMV does not overwinter in Minnesota and Wisconsin, which makes the source of inoculum in these northern states unclear.[3] During infection after periods of cool night temperatures, about 60 °F, the plants may exhibit signs of the disease such as blotches or streaks of red.[7]

Transmission edit

Maize dwarf mosaic virus is spread by seed, by infected leaves rubbing on non-infected leaves and perhaps most commonly, via aphids (Lipps & Mills, n.d.). These aphids become carriers after they feed on plants such as Johnson grass, maize or sorghum, or other grass species that are infected with MDMV. Broadleaf plants do not become infected with MDMV (The CIMMYT Maize Program). Aphids transmit Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus disease effectively fifteen to thirty minutes after feeding on infected plants when by spreading the virus to the susceptible plants after they have flown or are blown onto a nearby corn crop and will start to feed (“Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus,” n.d.).

Symptoms edit

When looking for symptoms of MDMV in corn, one must also be aware of the plant’s growth stage as symptoms may affect the plant differently at various stages. Young leaves, may experience chlorotic spotting which may eventually turn into a mosaic or mottle pattern (“Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus,” n.d.). Later in the growing season, the mosaic pattern may bleed into a general yellowing of the leaf and eventually areas of red streaks or blotches may appear if night time temperatures are consistently around 60 degrees Fahrenheit (Lipps & Mills, n.d.). Plants affected later in their reproductive cycle may experience a slowing in ear development (“Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus,” n.d.), while some plants may even become barren (Lipps & Mills, n.d.). It is not uncommon for plants to have shortened upper internodes or an increase in tiller number (“Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus,” n.d.).

Control edit

Maize dwarf mosaic virus can be managed in several ways. One way is the removal of the local population of Johnson grass as this can harbor the disease. It is best if all producers (farmers) in the area participate in this practice or the disease can remain in sporadic plant populations and be spread in the ways described above (Lipps & Mills, n.d.). Another way to help avoid MDMV is by selecting corn varieties that are tolerant of the virus and by planting corn crops earlier in the season to help seedlings avoid key aphid population times (Lipps & Mills, n.d.).

References edit

  1. ^ a b c Jones, M; Redinbaugh, M; Louie, R (February 2007). "The Mdm1 Locus and Maize Resistance to Maize dwarf mosaic virus". Plant Disease. 91 (2): 185–190. doi:10.1094/PDIS-91-2-0185. PMID 30781002.
  2. ^ mckay024 (2015-07-03). "Insect Vectors and Their Pathogens of Maize in the Tropics". Radcliffe's IPM World Textbook. Retrieved 2015-10-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ a b c Hallauer, Arnel R. (2000). Specialty Corns, Second Edition. CRC Press. p. 182. ISBN 9781420038569.
  4. ^ a b c "Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus". cropdisease.cropsci.illinois.edu. Retrieved 2015-10-15.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g "Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) (extended information)". maizedoctor.org. Retrieved 2015-10-15.
  6. ^ a b "dwarf mosaic of maize (Maize dwarf mosaic virus)". www.plantwise.org. Retrieved 2015-10-15.
  7. ^ a b c d e "Maize Dwarf Mosaic, Maize Chlorotic Dwarf Diseases of Corn, AC-0024-01". ohioline.osu.edu. Retrieved 2015-10-15.
  8. ^ "dwarf mosaic of maize (Maize dwarf mosaic virus)". www.plantwise.org. Retrieved 2015-12-10.
  9. ^ Loebenstein, Gad; Thottappilly, George (2003). Virus and Virus-like Diseases of Major Crops in Developing Countries—Springer. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0791-7. ISBN 978-94-010-3729-7. S2CID 5921160.
  10. ^ "Show DPV and Refs in Frame". www.dpvweb.net. Retrieved 2015-11-19.
  11. ^ Użarowska, Anna; Dionisio, Giuseppe; Sarholz, Barbara; Piepho, Hans-Peter; Xu, Mingliang; Ingvardsen, Christina Rønn; Wenzel, Gerhard; Lübberstedt, Thomas (2009-02-02). "Validation of candidate genes putatively associated with resistance to SCMV and MDMV in maize (Zea mays L.) by expression profiling". BMC Plant Biology. 9: 15. doi:10.1186/1471-2229-9-15. ISSN 1471-2229. PMC 2669481. PMID 19187556.
  12. ^ Rosenkranz, E.; Scott, G.E (1978). "Effect of plant age at time of inoculation with maize dwarf mosaic virus on disease development and yield in corn". Phytopathology. 68 (12): 1688–1692. doi:10.1094/phyto-68-1688.

External links edit

  • ICTVdB—The Universal Virus Database: Maize dwarf mosaic virus
  • Family Groups—The Baltimore Method

February 15, 2024
maize, dwarf, mosaic, virus, mdmv, pathogenic, plant, virus, family, potyviridae, depending, corn, plant, growth, stage, virus, have, severe, implications, corn, plant, development, which, also, result, economic, consequences, producer, crop, mosaic, symptoms,. Maize dwarf mosaic virus MDMV is a pathogenic plant virus of the family Potyviridae Depending on the corn plant s growth stage the virus can have severe implications to the corn plant s development which can also result in economic consequences to the producer of the crop 1 Maize dwarf mosaic virusMosaic symptoms of MDMV on leaves and yellow streaks along veins in maize Also the fitch Rhopalosiphum maidis nymph vectors on leaves Virus classification unranked VirusRealm RiboviriaKingdom OrthornaviraePhylum PisuviricotaClass StelpaviricetesOrder PatataviralesFamily PotyviridaeGenus PotyvirusSpecies Maize dwarf mosaic virusSynonymsMDMV A MDMV D MDMV E MDMV F Contents 1 Importance 2 Pathogenesis 3 Environment 4 Transmission 5 Symptoms 6 Control 7 References 8 External linksImportance editMaize Zea mays is a major cereal crop it is third behind rice and wheat in production An average of 380 million tons are produced annually by 53 countries Maize is the most widely grown crop ranging from tropical areas with altitudes over 3000 m to temperate areas extending as far north as the 65th latitude 2 MDMV is the most serious virus of sweet corn 3 If corn plants are infected with MDMV ear formation and development are slowed leading to grain yield loss 4 The damage from MDMV can cause the halting of ear formation and development ultimately leading to the production of barren ears and direct yield loss 5 There can be losses of up to 42 on early planted field corn 6 If corn is planted late MDMV can cause 75 or more loss on inbred and hybrid varieties 6 7 The number of ears per plant is reduced by MDMV infection and the fresh weight of these ears can be reduced by 30 8 Pathogenesis edit nbsp Interaction between maize dwarf mosaic virus and the aphid appendageMDMV is caused by various strains 7 There are five strains A C D E and F They differ in biological serological and nucleotide sequences 9 The vector for MDMV transmission is aphids There are 15 aphid species that can non persistently transmit MDMV 10 The aphids mainly feed on the family Poaceae 11 MDMV overwinters in alternate hosts These hosts range is sorghum maize and Johnson grass Symptoms appear six weeks after aphids feed and transmit the virus The aphid acquires the virus within seconds of feeding on an infected plant either maize Johnson grass or sorghum 7 There is no latent period for transmission to new host plants 5 After acquiring MDMV an aphid is able to transmit the virus within 15 30 minutes 7 Aphids do not retain MDMV after molting 5 The virus can also be spread through the seed or mechanically by leaf rubbing of Johnson grass and sorghum 4 MDMV in the field is not typically transmitted by seed or mechanically it is more prevalent in greenhouses 5 Depending on the hybrid most maize plants will show higher rates of disease when infected earlier in the growing stage 12 The pathogen itself is a flexuous rod shaped virus measuring 12 x 750 nm There are antiserum kits that can confirm the viruses identity 5 There is resistance to MDMV Maize plants can have up to five resistance genes in their genetic make up There are commercially available hybrids that provide good resistance 3 The major gene for resistance is called mdm1 and it is found on chromosome 6 5 Mdm1 was identified in Pa405 an inbred line This chromosomal region of mdm1 is also where resistance genes to two other phtyviridae viruses are located 1 The resistance conferred by mdm1 can be greatly altered with genetic environmental and developmental factors 1 nbsp Breeding trials for MDMV resistance at University of Wisconsin West Madison Agricultural Research StationAt the University of Wisconsin Madison there are breeding trials to help create new varieties that are resistant to MDMV Environment editMDMV prefers warm to average temperatures Johnson grass infected with MDMV in the surrounding environment can increase the disease on maize 4 MDMV is a cultivated virus that mainly occurs in the United States and Australia 5 MDMV does not overwinter in Minnesota and Wisconsin which makes the source of inoculum in these northern states unclear 3 During infection after periods of cool night temperatures about 60 F the plants may exhibit signs of the disease such as blotches or streaks of red 7 Transmission editMaize dwarf mosaic virus is spread by seed by infected leaves rubbing on non infected leaves and perhaps most commonly via aphids Lipps amp Mills n d These aphids become carriers after they feed on plants such as Johnson grass maize or sorghum or other grass species that are infected with MDMV Broadleaf plants do not become infected with MDMV The CIMMYT Maize Program Aphids transmit Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus disease effectively fifteen to thirty minutes after feeding on infected plants when by spreading the virus to the susceptible plants after they have flown or are blown onto a nearby corn crop and will start to feed Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus n d Symptoms editWhen looking for symptoms of MDMV in corn one must also be aware of the plant s growth stage as symptoms may affect the plant differently at various stages Young leaves may experience chlorotic spotting which may eventually turn into a mosaic or mottle pattern Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus n d Later in the growing season the mosaic pattern may bleed into a general yellowing of the leaf and eventually areas of red streaks or blotches may appear if night time temperatures are consistently around 60 degrees Fahrenheit Lipps amp Mills n d Plants affected later in their reproductive cycle may experience a slowing in ear development Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus n d while some plants may even become barren Lipps amp Mills n d It is not uncommon for plants to have shortened upper internodes or an increase in tiller number Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus n d Control editMaize dwarf mosaic virus can be managed in several ways One way is the removal of the local population of Johnson grass as this can harbor the disease It is best if all producers farmers in the area participate in this practice or the disease can remain in sporadic plant populations and be spread in the ways described above Lipps amp Mills n d Another way to help avoid MDMV is by selecting corn varieties that are tolerant of the virus and by planting corn crops earlier in the season to help seedlings avoid key aphid population times Lipps amp Mills n d References edit a b c Jones M Redinbaugh M Louie R February 2007 The Mdm1 Locus and Maize Resistance to Maize dwarf mosaic virus Plant Disease 91 2 185 190 doi 10 1094 PDIS 91 2 0185 PMID 30781002 mckay024 2015 07 03 Insect Vectors and Their Pathogens of Maize in the Tropics Radcliffe s IPM World Textbook Retrieved 2015 10 18 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint numeric names authors list link a b c Hallauer Arnel R 2000 Specialty Corns Second Edition CRC Press p 182 ISBN 9781420038569 a b c Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus cropdisease cropsci illinois edu Retrieved 2015 10 15 a b c d e f g Maize dwarf mosaic virus MDMV extended information maizedoctor org Retrieved 2015 10 15 a b dwarf mosaic of maize Maize dwarf mosaic virus www plantwise org Retrieved 2015 10 15 a b c d e Maize Dwarf Mosaic Maize Chlorotic Dwarf Diseases of Corn AC 0024 01 ohioline osu edu Retrieved 2015 10 15 dwarf mosaic of maize Maize dwarf mosaic virus www plantwise org Retrieved 2015 12 10 Loebenstein Gad Thottappilly George 2003 Virus and Virus like Diseases of Major Crops in Developing Countries Springer doi 10 1007 978 94 007 0791 7 ISBN 978 94 010 3729 7 S2CID 5921160 Show DPV and Refs in Frame www dpvweb net Retrieved 2015 11 19 Uzarowska Anna Dionisio Giuseppe Sarholz Barbara Piepho Hans Peter Xu Mingliang Ingvardsen Christina Ronn Wenzel Gerhard Lubberstedt Thomas 2009 02 02 Validation of candidate genes putatively associated with resistance to SCMV and MDMV in maize Zea mays L by expression profiling BMC Plant Biology 9 15 doi 10 1186 1471 2229 9 15 ISSN 1471 2229 PMC 2669481 PMID 19187556 Rosenkranz E Scott G E 1978 Effect of plant age at time of inoculation with maize dwarf mosaic virus on disease development and yield in corn Phytopathology 68 12 1688 1692 doi 10 1094 phyto 68 1688 The CIMMYT Maize Program 2004 Maize Diseases A Guide for Field Identification 4th edition Mexico D F CIMMYT Lipps P E amp Mills D R Maize Dwarf Mosaic Maize Chlorotic Dwarf Diseases of Corn Retrieved from http ohioline osu edu ac fact 0024 html Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus Retrieved from http cropdisease cropsci illinois edu corn maizedwarfmosaicvirus htmlExternal links editICTVdB The Universal Virus Database Maize dwarf mosaic virus Family Groups The Baltimore Method Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Maize dwarf mosaic virus amp oldid 1188100816, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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