Second Madagascar expedition depicted in Le Petit Journal, with the legend: "Events of Madagascar. M. Le Myre de Vilers and the colons leaving the coast."
The French route to Antananarivo
An expeditionary corps was sent under General Jacques Duchesne.[5] First, the harbor of Toamasina on the east coast, and Mahajanga on the west coast, were bombarded and occupied in December 1894 and January 1895 respectively.[6] Some troops were landed, but the main expeditionary force, however, arrived in May 1895, numbering about 15,000 men, supported by around 6,000 carriers.[7][8] The campaign was to take place during the rainy season, with disastrous consequences for the French expeditionary corps.[9]
As soon as the French landed, revolts erupted here and there against the Merina government of Queen Ranavalona III. The uprisings were variously against the government, slave labour, Christianisation (the court had converted to Protestantism in the 1860s).[10]
As the French force advanced towards Antananarivo, they had to build a road along the way.[11] By August 1895, the French were only mid-way at Andriba where there were numerous Malagasy fortifications but only limited fighting.[12] Disease, especially malaria, but also dysentery and typhoid fever, was taking a heavy toll on the French expeditionary corps.[13] The expedition was a medical disaster: about 1/3 of the force died of disease.[14] Altogether, there were 6,000 deaths in the expedition, four-fifths of them French.[15]
The Malagasy Prime Minister and Commander-in-Chief Rainilaiarivony tried to resist at Tsarasaotra on the 29 June 1895, and at Andriba on the 22 August 1895. He again attacked the Duchesne "flying column" in September, but his elite gunner troops were decimated by the French.[16]
Duchesne had to send a "flying column" from Andriba on the 14 September 1895, formed of Algerian and African soldiers as well as marines and accompanied by pack mules, to the capital. They arrived at the end of September.[17] An artillery battery was trained on the royal palace from the heights around the capital, and high-explosive shells were fired on the palace, killing many.[18] The Queen promptly surrendered.[19][20]
In the whole conflict, there were only a few skirmishes, and only 25 French soldiers died from fighting.[21]
On 1 October 1895, the Merina Kingdom signed a treaty with France wherein it became a French protectorate.[22]
The conquest of the island was formalized by the 6 August 1896 vote at the French National Assembly, which resulted in favor of the annexation of Madagascar.[23]
Despite the success of the expedition, the quelling of the sporadic rebellions would take another eight years until 1905, when the island was completely pacified by the French under Joseph Gallieni.[24][25] During that time, insurrections against the Malagasy Christians of the island, missionaries and foreigners were particularly terrible.[26] Queen Ranavalona III was deposed in January 1897 and was exiled to Algiers in Algeria, where she died in 1917.[27]
Madagascar French expeditionary troops.
Merina troops in ambush.
Merina troops standing guard.
Merina artillery.
Merina troops raising the alarm.
Notes
^Vichy in the Tropics: Petain's National Revolution in Madagascar, Guadeloupe ... by Eric Jennings p.33 [1]
^Mutibwa, Phares M. (1980). "Resistance to Colonialism: The Revolt of 1904—5 in South-East Madagascar". Transafrican Journal of History. 9 (1/2): 134–152. ISSN 0251-0391. JSTOR 24328554.
Curtin, Philip D. Disease and empire: the health of European troops in the conquest of Africa by Philip D. Curtin [4]
Ingram, Priestley Herbert France overseas: a study of modern imperialism[5]
February 02, 2023
second, madagascar, expedition, madagascar, expedition, redirects, here, earlier, expedition, first, madagascar, expedition, french, military, intervention, which, took, place, 1894, sealing, conquest, merina, kingdom, island, madagascar, france, last, phase, . Madagascar expedition redirects here For the earlier expedition see First Madagascar expedition The Second Madagascar expedition was a French military intervention which took place in 1894 95 sealing the conquest of the Merina Kingdom on the island of Madagascar by France It was the last phase of the Franco Hova War and followed the First Madagascar expedition of 1883 85 Madagascar ExpeditionPart of the Franco Hova WarsFrench infantry landing at Majunga May 1895 DateDecember 1894 September 1895LocationMadagascarResultFrench victory Establishment of the Malagasy ProtectorateBelligerents FranceMerina KingdomCommanders and leadersJacques DuchesneRainilaiarivonyStrength15 000 soldiers6 000 porters30 00040 000 reservistsCasualties and losses25 killed in combat6 000 died of diseaseunknown Contents 1 Background 2 The expedition 3 Aftermath 4 Notes 5 ReferencesBackground EditMadagascar was at the time an independent country ruled from the capital of Antananarivo by the Merina dynasty from the central highlands 1 The French invasion was triggered by the refusal of Queen Ranavalona III to accept a protectorate treaty from France 2 despite the signature of the Franco Hova Treaty of 1885 following the First Madagascar expedition 3 Resident general Charles Le Myre de Vilers broke negotiation and effectively declared war on the Malagasy monarchy 4 The expedition Edit Second Madagascar expedition depicted in Le Petit Journal with the legend Events of Madagascar M Le Myre de Vilers and the colons leaving the coast The French route to Antananarivo An expeditionary corps was sent under General Jacques Duchesne 5 First the harbor of Toamasina on the east coast and Mahajanga on the west coast were bombarded and occupied in December 1894 and January 1895 respectively 6 Some troops were landed but the main expeditionary force however arrived in May 1895 numbering about 15 000 men supported by around 6 000 carriers 7 8 The campaign was to take place during the rainy season with disastrous consequences for the French expeditionary corps 9 As soon as the French landed revolts erupted here and there against the Merina government of Queen Ranavalona III The uprisings were variously against the government slave labour Christianisation the court had converted to Protestantism in the 1860s 10 As the French force advanced towards Antananarivo they had to build a road along the way 11 By August 1895 the French were only mid way at Andriba where there were numerous Malagasy fortifications but only limited fighting 12 Disease especially malaria but also dysentery and typhoid fever was taking a heavy toll on the French expeditionary corps 13 The expedition was a medical disaster about 1 3 of the force died of disease 14 Altogether there were 6 000 deaths in the expedition four fifths of them French 15 The Malagasy Prime Minister and Commander in Chief Rainilaiarivony tried to resist at Tsarasaotra on the 29 June 1895 and at Andriba on the 22 August 1895 He again attacked the Duchesne flying column in September but his elite gunner troops were decimated by the French 16 Duchesne had to send a flying column from Andriba on the 14 September 1895 formed of Algerian and African soldiers as well as marines and accompanied by pack mules to the capital They arrived at the end of September 17 An artillery battery was trained on the royal palace from the heights around the capital and high explosive shells were fired on the palace killing many 18 The Queen promptly surrendered 19 20 In the whole conflict there were only a few skirmishes and only 25 French soldiers died from fighting 21 On 1 October 1895 the Merina Kingdom signed a treaty with France wherein it became a French protectorate 22 Aftermath Edit Medal of the Second Madagascar Expedition Law of 15 January 1896 Musee de la Legion d Honneur The conquest of the island was formalized by the 6 August 1896 vote at the French National Assembly which resulted in favor of the annexation of Madagascar 23 Despite the success of the expedition the quelling of the sporadic rebellions would take another eight years until 1905 when the island was completely pacified by the French under Joseph Gallieni 24 25 During that time insurrections against the Malagasy Christians of the island missionaries and foreigners were particularly terrible 26 Queen Ranavalona III was deposed in January 1897 and was exiled to Algiers in Algeria where she died in 1917 27 Madagascar French expeditionary troops Merina troops in ambush Merina troops standing guard Merina artillery Merina troops raising the alarm Notes Edit Vichy in the Tropics Petain s National Revolution in Madagascar Guadeloupe by Eric Jennings p 33 1 Musee de l Armee exhibit Paris France overseas a study of modern imperialism by Herbert Ingram Priestley p 308 2 The Cambridge history of Africa J D Fage p 529 Musee de l Armee exhibit Paris Disease and empire the health of European troops in the conquest of Africa by Philip D Curtin p 186 3 Curtin p 186 Priestley p 308 Cambridge history of Africa p 529 Curtin p 187 Curtin p 186 Curtin p 186 Curtin p 186 Curtin p 187 Priestley p 308 Cambridge history of Africa p 530 Curtin p 186 Cambridge history of Africa p 530 Curtin p 186 Cambridge history of Africa p 530 Curtin p 186 Mutibwa Phares M 1980 Resistance to Colonialism The Revolt of 1904 5 in South East Madagascar Transafrican Journal of History 9 1 2 134 152 ISSN 0251 0391 JSTOR 24328554 Musee de l Armee exhibit Paris Curtin p 187 Jennings p 33 Priestley p 309 Musee de l Armee exhibit ParisReferences EditCurtin Philip D Disease and empire the health of European troops in the conquest of Africa by Philip D Curtin 4 Ingram Priestley Herbert France overseas a study of modern imperialism 5 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Second Madagascar expedition amp oldid 1063069959, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
