Ma Zhan'ao
Ma Zhan’ao (1830–1886) (simplified Chinese: 马占鳌; traditional Chinese: 馬占鰲; pinyin: Mǎ Zhànáo; Wade–Giles: Ma Chan-ao, Xiao'erjing: مَا جًااَوْ) was a Chinese Muslim General who defected to the Qing Dynasty in 1872 during the Dungan revolt along with his General Ma Qianling and General Ma Haiyan who served under him during the revolt. He first sent Ma Chun (Ma Jun) to negotiate a surrender with General Zuo, but Zuo suspected a ruse. Ma then sent his son, Ma Anliang, to negotiate.[2] He then assisted General Zuo Zongtang in crushing the rebel Muslims.[3][4] In 1877 he and Ma Qianling expelled Muslim rebels who refused to give up from the hills surrounding Hezhou.[5] He had three sons, Ma Anliang, Ma Guoliang,[6] and Ma Suiliang (Ma Sui-liang) 馬遂良.[7] The escape of Han people from Hezhou during the rebellion was assisted by Ma Zhan'ao.[8]
Ma Zhan’ao | |
|---|---|
| Born | 1830 Linxia County, Gansu |
| Died | 1886 (aged 55–56) |
| Allegiance | Qing dynasty |
| Years of service | 1872–1877 |
| Rank | general |
| Battles/wars | Dungan revolt |
| Awards | 華翎五品頂戴 "feathered cap of the fifth rank"[1] |
References edit
- ^ Jonathan Neaman Lipman (2004). Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China. Seattle: University of Washington Press. pp. 127, 230. ISBN 0-295-97644-6.
- ^ William Leslie Bales (1937). Tso Tsungt'ang, soldier and statesman of old China. Kelly and Walsh, Limited. p. 278. ISBN 9780598973702. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
- ^ Michael Dillon (1999). China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects. Richmond: Curzon Press. pp. 68, 136. ISBN 0-7007-1026-4.
- ^ Jonathan Neaman Lipman (2004). Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China. Seattle: University of Washington Press. pp. 127, 140. ISBN 0-295-97644-6.
- ^ Jonathan Neaman Lipman (2004). Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 167. ISBN 0-295-97644-6.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 14 December 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
- ^ 甘、寧、青三馬家族世系簡表
- ^ Lipman, Jonathan N. (1984), "Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu", Modern China, 10 (3): 285–316, doi:10.1177/009770048401000302, JSTOR 189017, S2CID 143843569