Lugal-Marada (𒀭𒈗𒀫𒁕dlugal-marad-da[1]) was a Mesopotamian god who served as the tutelary deity of the city of Marad. His wife was Imzuanna. He was seemingly conflated with another local god, Lulu. There is also evidence that he could be viewed as a manifestation of Ninurta. He had a temple in Marad, the Eigikalamma, and additionally appears in Old Babylonian oath formulas from this city.
Lugal-Marada was the city god of Marad.[2] He was regarded as a warlike deity.[1]
The goddess Imzuanna,[1] also known as Ninzuanna, was Lugal-Marada's wife.[3] Marten Stol refers to two deities, Lugalmea and Ili-mīšar, as his divine attendants,[1] but according to Wilfred G. Lambert, the latter was associated with Imzuanna.[4]
A single Neo-Babylonian letter from Marad refers to Nabu and Nergal as Lugal-Marada's brothers,[5] However, according to Stol this is most likely an example of captatio benevolentiae, and should be treated as a rhetorical device, rather than theological speculation about his genealogy.[1]
In early sources, Lugal-Marada does not appear in any theophoric names from Marad, and instead the theonym Lulu is common in them.[1] Examples of Lulu names include Lulu-bani, Galzu-Lulu, Lulu-ēreš, Lulu-rābi, Galzu-Lulu, Ibbi-Lulu, Lulum-waqar, Puzur-lulu, Riš-Lulu and only partially preserved Lulu-ni-[...].[6] In an Old Babylonian god list Lugal-Marada and Lulu are listed as two separate deities from Marad, but in later sources they are equated with each other.[1] Lulu is not attested outside this city.[6] In various syncretic theological texts, Lugal-Marda could be regarded as a manifestation of Ninurta.[7] According to Manfred Krebernik, an equation between him and Lugalbanda is also attested, though the evidence he lists is only their placement in the proximity of each other in the Weidner god list and An = Anum.[8] In the trilingual edition of the former of these texts, known from Ugarit, he corresponds to Aštabi in the Hurrian column and Attar in the Ugaritic one.[9]
Worship
Lugal-Marada was worshiped in Marad at least since the Old Akkadian period.[1] King Lipit-Ishtar built a temple dedicated to him known under the ceremonial name Eigikalamma, "house, eye of the land."[10] It was subsequently rebuilt by Kadashman-Turgu and Nabonidus.[10] The lexical listKagal refers to it as a temple of Ninurta instead,[1] and Andrew R. George interprets it as "the temple of Ninurta as Lugal-Marada."[10] A further temple dedicated to Lugal-Marada existed in Isin.[1] According to Marten Stol, based on a Neo-Babylonian letter yet another was possibly located near Uruk.[1] However, Paul-Alain Beaulieu in a more recent study states that the only reference to Lugal-Marada in the entire corpus appears to pertain to the temple of this god in Marad, rather than to any settlement in the immediate proximity of Uruk, and deals with the delivery of dates for which a member of its staff was responsible.[11]
The office of a nin-dingir priestess of Lugal-Marada is mentioned in a text from Drehem dated to the 45th year of Shulgi's reign and in a year formula of Ishbi-Erra.[1]
In Old Babylonian texts from Marad, Lugal-Marada appears in oath formulas.[1] A single one contains an oath sworn by him and Numushda, a further text invoking these gods together is also known from Larsa.[2] Presence of Lugal-Marada in oath formulas in texts from the unprovenanced archive of Ilum-bani has been used to argue for origin in Marad.[2]
Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2003). The pantheon of Uruk during the neo-Babylonian period. Leiden Boston: Brill STYX. ISBN978-90-04-13024-1. OCLC 51944564.
Boer, Rients de (2013). "Marad in the Early Old Babylonian Period: Its Kings, Chronology, and Isin's Influence". Journal of Cuneiform Studies. University of Chicago Press. 65 (1): 73–90. doi:10.5615/jcunestud.65.2013.0073. ISSN 0022-0256. S2CID 163207033.
Cavigneaux, Antoine; Krebernik, Manfred (1998), "NIN-zuʾana", Reallexikon der Assyriologie (in German), retrieved 2022-10-13
George, Andrew R. (1993). House most high: the temples of ancient Mesopotamia. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. ISBN0-931464-80-3. OCLC 27813103.
Krebernik, Manfred (1998), "dNÁM.NUN", Reallexikon der Assyriologie (in German), retrieved 2022-10-13
Lambert, Wilfred G. (1980), "Ili-mīšar", Reallexikon der Assyriologie, retrieved 2022-10-13
Pomponio, Francesco (1998), "Nabû A. Philological", Reallexikon der Assyriologie, retrieved 2022-10-13
Stol, Marten (1987), "Lugal-Marada", Reallexikon der Assyriologie (in German), retrieved 2022-10-13
Tugendhaft, Aaron (2016). "Gods on clay: Ancient Near Eastern scholarly practices and the history of religions". In Grafton, Anthony; Most, Glenn W. (eds.). Canonical Texts and Scholarly Practices. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 164. doi:10.1017/cbo9781316226728.009.
April 18, 2023
lugal, marada, 𒀭𒈗𒀫𒁕, dlugal, marad, mesopotamian, served, tutelary, deity, city, marad, wife, imzuanna, seemingly, conflated, with, another, local, lulu, there, also, evidence, that, could, viewed, manifestation, ninurta, temple, marad, eigikalamma, additional. Lugal Marada 𒀭𒈗𒀫𒁕 dlugal marad da 1 was a Mesopotamian god who served as the tutelary deity of the city of Marad His wife was Imzuanna He was seemingly conflated with another local god Lulu There is also evidence that he could be viewed as a manifestation of Ninurta He had a temple in Marad the Eigikalamma and additionally appears in Old Babylonian oath formulas from this city Lugal MaradaTutelary god of MaradTempleEigikalammaPersonal informationSpouseImzuannaEquivalentsHurrian equivalentAstabiUgaritic equivalentAttar Contents 1 Character and associations with other deities 2 Worship 3 References 3 1 BibliographyCharacter and associations with other deities EditLugal Marada was the city god of Marad 2 He was regarded as a warlike deity 1 The goddess Imzuanna 1 also known as Ninzuanna was Lugal Marada s wife 3 Marten Stol refers to two deities Lugalmea and Ili misar as his divine attendants 1 but according to Wilfred G Lambert the latter was associated with Imzuanna 4 A single Neo Babylonian letter from Marad refers to Nabu and Nergal as Lugal Marada s brothers 5 However according to Stol this is most likely an example of captatio benevolentiae and should be treated as a rhetorical device rather than theological speculation about his genealogy 1 In early sources Lugal Marada does not appear in any theophoric names from Marad and instead the theonym Lulu is common in them 1 Examples of Lulu names include Lulu bani Galzu Lulu Lulu eres Lulu rabi Galzu Lulu Ibbi Lulu Lulum waqar Puzur lulu Ris Lulu and only partially preserved Lulu ni 6 In an Old Babylonian god list Lugal Marada and Lulu are listed as two separate deities from Marad but in later sources they are equated with each other 1 Lulu is not attested outside this city 6 In various syncretic theological texts Lugal Marda could be regarded as a manifestation of Ninurta 7 According to Manfred Krebernik an equation between him and Lugalbanda is also attested though the evidence he lists is only their placement in the proximity of each other in the Weidner god list and An Anum 8 In the trilingual edition of the former of these texts known from Ugarit he corresponds to Astabi in the Hurrian column and Attar in the Ugaritic one 9 Worship EditLugal Marada was worshiped in Marad at least since the Old Akkadian period 1 King Lipit Ishtar built a temple dedicated to him known under the ceremonial name Eigikalamma house eye of the land 10 It was subsequently rebuilt by Kadashman Turgu and Nabonidus 10 The lexical list Kagal refers to it as a temple of Ninurta instead 1 and Andrew R George interprets it as the temple of Ninurta as Lugal Marada 10 A further temple dedicated to Lugal Marada existed in Isin 1 According to Marten Stol based on a Neo Babylonian letter yet another was possibly located near Uruk 1 However Paul Alain Beaulieu in a more recent study states that the only reference to Lugal Marada in the entire corpus appears to pertain to the temple of this god in Marad rather than to any settlement in the immediate proximity of Uruk and deals with the delivery of dates for which a member of its staff was responsible 11 The office of a nin dingir priestess of Lugal Marada is mentioned in a text from Drehem dated to the 45th year of Shulgi s reign and in a year formula of Ishbi Erra 1 In Old Babylonian texts from Marad Lugal Marada appears in oath formulas 1 A single one contains an oath sworn by him and Numushda a further text invoking these gods together is also known from Larsa 2 Presence of Lugal Marada in oath formulas in texts from the unprovenanced archive of Ilum bani has been used to argue for origin in Marad 2 References Edit a b c d e f g h i j k l m Stol 1987 p 148 a b c Boer 2013 p 74 Cavigneaux amp Krebernik 1998 p 532 Lambert 1980 p 52 Pomponio 1998 p 21 a b Boer 2013 p 75 George 1993 p 6 Krebernik 1998 p 141 Tugendhaft 2016 p 176 a b c George 1993 p 104 Beaulieu 2003 p 342 Bibliography Edit Beaulieu Paul Alain 2003 The pantheon of Uruk during the neo Babylonian period Leiden Boston Brill STYX ISBN 978 90 04 13024 1 OCLC 51944564 Boer Rients de 2013 Marad in the Early Old Babylonian Period Its Kings Chronology and Isin s Influence Journal of Cuneiform Studies University of Chicago Press 65 1 73 90 doi 10 5615 jcunestud 65 2013 0073 ISSN 0022 0256 S2CID 163207033 Cavigneaux Antoine Krebernik Manfred 1998 NIN zuʾana Reallexikon der Assyriologie in German retrieved 2022 10 13 George Andrew R 1993 House most high the temples of ancient Mesopotamia Winona Lake Eisenbrauns ISBN 0 931464 80 3 OCLC 27813103 Krebernik Manfred 1998 dNAM NUN Reallexikon der Assyriologie in German retrieved 2022 10 13 Lambert Wilfred G 1980 Ili misar Reallexikon der Assyriologie retrieved 2022 10 13 Pomponio Francesco 1998 Nabu A Philological Reallexikon der Assyriologie retrieved 2022 10 13 Stol Marten 1987 Lugal Marada Reallexikon der Assyriologie in German retrieved 2022 10 13 Tugendhaft Aaron 2016 Gods on clay Ancient Near Eastern scholarly practices and the history of religions In Grafton Anthony Most Glenn W eds Canonical Texts and Scholarly Practices Cambridge Cambridge University Press p 164 doi 10 1017 cbo9781316226728 009 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Lugal Marada amp oldid 1141741116, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
