Ludwig Grauert
Ludwig Clemens August Grauert (9 January 1891 – 4 June 1964) was a German lawyer who served as the State Secretary in the Prussian and Reich Ministry of the Interior in Nazi Germany and played a role in drafting the Reichstag Fire Decree. He also was an SS-Brigadeführer.
Ludwig Grauert | |
|---|---|
Grauert as a witness during the Nuremberg Trials (1946) | |
| State Secretary Prussian Ministry of the Interior | |
| In office 11 April 1933 – 1 November 1934 | |
| Preceded by | Erich Klausener |
| Succeeded by | Position abolished |
| State Secretary Prussian and Reich Ministry of the Interior | |
| In office 1 November 1934 – 30 June 1936 | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 9 January 1891 Münster, Province of Westphalia, Kingdom of Prussia, German Empire |
| Died | 4 June 1964 (aged 66) Cologne, North Rhine Westphalia, West Germany |
| Nationality | German |
| Political party | Nazi Party |
| Other political affiliations | Conservative People's Party |
| Alma mater | University of Münster Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich |
| Profession | Lawyer |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | German Empire Nazi Germany |
| Branch/service | Imperial German Army Luftwaffe |
| Years of service | 1914–1918 1939–1945 |
| Rank | Leutnant Oberst |
| Unit | 4th (Westphalian) Cuirassiers "von Driesen" 15th Reserve Infantry Regiment |
| Commands | Luftwaffe Flak Regiment 123 |
| Battles/wars | World War I World War II |
| Awards | Iron Cross, 1st and 2nd class Clasp to the Iron Cross, 2nd class War Merit Cross, 1st and 2nd class with Swords Wound Badge, in silver |
Early life edit
Grauert was born in Münster, attended Volksschule and the Realgymnasium there and attained his Abitur. He then studied law at the University of Münster and the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, and passed his Referendar examination in October 1913. He was then employed as a law clerk at the Hamm Higher Regional Court. On the outbreak of the First World War, he entered the Imperial German Army in August 1914 and served on the front lines until March 1918, first with the 4th (Westphalian) Cuirassiers "von Driesen" and then, from August 1916, as a Leutnant with a machine gun company in the 15th Reserve Infantry Regiment. From March 1918 until the end of the war in November, he trained as a pilot. Wounded four times, he received the Iron Cross 1st and 2nd class and the Wound Badge in silver. Returning to civilian life after the war, he passed his assessor exam in January 1921 and became a court assessor at the public prosecutor's offices in Münster and Bochum until 1923.[1]
Between 1923 and 1928, Grauert worked as the head of the property protection department of the Employers' Association of the lower Ruhr smelting works in Duisburg. In the years 1928 to 1933 he was an executive board member and business manager of the Employers' Association of the northwestern group of German iron and steel industrialists in Düsseldorf. He unsuccessfully stood for election to the Reichstag for the Conservative People's Party in the 1930 German federal election. Grauert was one of the approximately two-dozen industrialists who attended the Secret Meeting of 20 February 1933 with Adolf Hitler that raised over 2,000,000 Reichsmarks for the Nazi's upcoming Reichstag election campaign.[1]
Nazi Party career edit
On 7 February 1933, Hermann Göring, then the Prussian Reichskommissar for Interior, appointed Grauert as head of the Prussian police department in the Prussian Ministry of the Interior as the successor to Erich Klausener. In this capacity, Grauert played a key role in purging the police of opponents of the Nazis in the months that followed and, on 22 February, he was promoted to Ministerial Director.[1]
On the night of the Reichstag fire of 27–28 February 1933, the Prussian police began rounding up dozens of Communist opponents of the regime. The next morning, at a meeting at the Prussian Interior Ministry, Grauert proposed the passing of an emergency decree against arson and acts of terrorism to provide legal cover for the mass arrests and to deal with further acts of violence. This proposal was expanded by Reich Interior Minister Wilhelm Frick to apply to all of Germany by giving the Reich government the right to intervene in any German state that did not maintain order. Thus, Grauert's draft formed the basis for the Reichstag Fire Decree, which suspended many of the fundamental rights of the Weimar Republic, thereby eliminating the rule of law and establishing the basis of the Nazi dictatorship.[2]
On 11 April 1933, Göring became the Prussian Minister President and promoted Grauert to State Secretary in the Prussian Interior Ministry, while the office of Ministerial Director passed to Kurt Daluege. On 1 May 1933, Grauert joined the Nazi Party (membership number 3,262,849) and he joined the SS on 2 June 1933 (SS number 118,475) with the rank of SS-Oberführer.[3] On 22 June 1933, as State Secretary, Grauert issued the orders for the establishment of the Börgermoor concentration camp where hundreds of the regime's opponents were incarcerated.[4] On 11 July 1933, Göring appointed Grauert to the recently reconstituted Prussian State Council.[5] On 2 October 1933, he became a founding member of Hans Frank's Academy for German Law and he was made chairman of the Committee on Police Law.[4] When the Prussian Interior Ministry was merged with the Reich Interior Ministry under Frick on 1 November 1934, Grauert remained a State Secretary in the combined ministry. On 20 April 1935 he was promoted to SS-Brigadeführer.[6]
Removal from office and subsequent events edit
However, on 17 June 1936, authority over all German police passed from the Interior Ministry to the SS under Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler, and Grauert lost his considerable power base. Also, for some time, he had been critical of the Party's attacks on the civil service, advocating for a professional elite corps. Opposition from Party leaders led to the Supreme Party Court opening an investigation against him. To forestall a proceeding that could result in a prison term, Grauert resigned from his post as State Secretary, effective 30 June 1936.[7] Göring, however, retained his loyal protégé as an appointed member of the Prussian State Council.[8]
After leaving the civil service, Grauert returned to private industry in the energy sector, becoming a member of the Board of Directors of the Deutsche Continental Gasgesellschaft in Dessau. He also became the chairman of the board of trustees for General and Internal Administration of the Berlin Administrative Academy.[9] He also underwent military training in a Luftwaffe flak artillery unit and was the commander of an anti-aircraft regiment deployed in Denmark from November 1942 until August 1944, with the rank of Oberst of reserves.[10] Grauert appeared as a defense witness for the SS at the Nuremberg trials in 1946 and testified that any criminal actions committed during the early days of the regime were due to the chaotic state of the country at that time.[11] Few details are known of his subsequent life and he died in Cologne in June 1964.
References edit
- ^ a b c Lilla 2005, pp. 204–205.
- ^ Evans 2005, pp. 331–332.
- ^ SS Seniority List, December 1937, pp. 12–13, #72 Retrieved 23 June 2023
- ^ a b Klee 2007, p. 197.
- ^ Lilla 2005, pp. 204, 296.
- ^ Schiffer Publishing Ltd. 2000, p. 12.
- ^ McKale 1974, pp. 139–140.
- ^ Lilla 2005, p. 297.
- ^ Klee 2007, p. 197–198.
- ^ Flak Regiment 123 Retrieved 22 June 2023
- ^ The Avalon Project: Report on the Evidence of Witnesses for the Defense of Organizations Alleged to be Criminal, p.70 Retrieved 24 June 2023.
Sources edit
- Evans, Richard J. (2005). The Coming of the Third Reich. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-143-03469-8.
- Klee, Ernst (2007). Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. Frankfurt-am-Main: Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-596-16048-8.
- Lilla, Joachim (2005). Der Prußische Staatsrat 1921–1933: Ein biographisches Handbuch. Düsseldorf: Droste Verlag. ISBN 978-3-770-05271-4.
- McKale, Donald M. (1974). The Nazi Party Courts: Hitler's Management of Conflict in His Movement, 1921–1945. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-0122-8.
- Schiffer Publishing Ltd., ed. (2000). SS Officers List: SS-Standartenführer to SS-Oberstgruppenführer (As of 30 January 1942). Schiffer Military History Publishing. ISBN 0-7643-1061-5.
External links edit
- Newspaper clippings about Ludwig Grauert in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW