Lucien Claude Marie Julien Cuénot (French:[keno]; 21 October 1866 – 7 January 1951) was a French biologist. In the first half of the 20th century, Mendelism was not a popular subject among French biologists. Cuénot defied popular opinion and shirked the “pseudo-sciences” as he called them. Upon the rediscovery of Mendel's work by Correns, De Vries, and Tschermak, Cuénot proved that Mendelism applied to animals as well as plants.[1]
Cuénot spent two years working on mice and came to the conclusion that three “mnemons” (genes) are responsible for the production of one “chromogen” or pigment and two “distases” enzymes. The pigment (if present) is acted upon by the enzymes to produce black or yellow colour. If no pigment is present the result is an albino mouse. Cuénot studied the offspring of various crosses between mice and concluded that these “mnemons” or genes were inherited in a Mendelian fashion.[2] Subsequently, Cuénot was the first person to describe multiple allelism at a genetic locus.
He also described a lethal mutation in the mouse agouti locus at a time when such a mutation was unheard of.[3]
There is some argument[who?] over the degree of recognition of Cuénot's pioneering work in his own day, and up until the present.
Some scientists who were famous in Cuénot's day such as William Bateson, the man credited the "one gene one enzyme" hypothesis never recognized Cuénot's discovery that certain traits arose due to the presence or absence of an enzyme. Bateson did receive a letter from Charles Chamberlain Hurst in which he was urged to "read and digest the new Cuénot", work which explained some results in the field of mouse genetics, results which had been confusing for Bateson.[4]
Other scientists who were well known in Cuénot's own day and still into the present day, such as Clarence Little and Sewall Wright, and William E. Castle did credit Cuénot with pioneering work in genetics.
The mouse geneticist Clarence Little credited Cuénot with the idea and first evidence for multiple allelism, and recognizing that the inheritance of white spotting in the mouse did not breed true.[6][7]
The mouse and population geneticist Sewall Wright credited Cuénot with the discovery of multiple alleles and the one-gene one-enzyme hypothesis.[8]
When writing Cuénot's obituary in 1951, Richard Goldschmidt credits Cuénot with the gene controlling enzyme hypothesis:
In 1903 he [Cuénot] already understood the genic (genetic) control of pigment in terms of chromogen (genes were responsible for the chromogen) and oxydase (enzyme).[9]
John Cairns as recently as 2003 credited Lucien Cuénot with the one-gene one-enzyme hypothesis.[10]
The entry on "Albino" in the Encyclopædia Britannica (11th, 1911) does fully appreciate Cuénot's work on the relationship between determinants (genes) and ferments (enzymes):[11]
Before we can inquire into the cause and meaning of albinism it will be necessary first to consider the nature Of pigmentation... Subsequently (1903) L. Cuénot, in order to explain certain features in the hereditary transmission of coat colour in mice, postulated the hypothesis that the grey colour of the wild mouse (which is known to be a compound of black, chocolate and yellow pigments) may be due either to the interaction of a single ferment and three chromogens, or vice versa, to one chromogenic substance and three ferments... In spite of the inquiry being only in its initial stages, there is already good evidence to believe that Cuénot's theory is correct, and that an albino is an individual whose skin lacks the power to secrete either the ferment or the chromogen. It forms one but not both of these substances... Not only do albinos thus carry the determinants (genes) for pattern, but it has been known for some time that they also carry gametically, but never visible somatically, the determinants (genes) for either the ferment (enzyme) or the chromogen (substrate) for one or more colours. L. Cuénot was the first to show this for albino mice.[12]
Cuénot's studies on mice were cut short when German troops invaded the town of Nancy, where he kept his mouse colony. After the First World War he never returned to his studies on mice and moved on to designing a theory of evolution, halfway between en vogue French Lamarckism and Darwinism.[13]
^Cuénot L. La loi de Mendel et l'hérédité de la pigmentation chez les souris.Arch. Zool. Exp. Gen. Ser. 3, vol 10, pages xxvii-xxx. (1902).
^Cuénot L. L'hérédité de la pigmentation chez les souris. Arch. Zool. Exp. Gén. Ser. 4, vol 1, pages xxxiii-xli. (1903)
^Cuénot L. Les races pures et leurs combinaisons chez les souris. Arch. Zool. Exp. Gén. Ser. 4, vol 3, pages cxxiii-cxxxii. (1905)
^Cock, Alan G.; Forsdyke, Donald R. (2008). Treasure your exceptions. The science and life of William Bateson. Springer Verlag. pp. 232, 279.
^ Castle, W.E.; Little, C.C. (1910). "On a modified Mendelian ratio among yellow mice". Science. 32 (833): 868–870. Bibcode:1910Sci....32..868C. doi:10.1126/science.32.833.868. hdl:2027/hvd.32044107346900. PMID 17830668.
^Little, C.C. (1915). "A note on multiple allelomorphism in Mice". American Naturalist. 49 (578): 122–125. doi:10.1086/279464.
^Little, C.C. (1915). "The inheritance of black-eyed white spotting in mice". American Naturalist. 49 (588): 727–740. doi:10.1086/279516. S2CID 83730650.
^Hered, J. (1 August 1917). "Color inheritance in mammals. II The mouse-better adapted to experimental work than any other mammal-Seven sets of Mendelian Allelomorphs (alleles) identified-Factorial hypothesis framed by Cuenot on basis of his work with mice". Journal of Heredity. 8 (8): 373–378. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111845.
^Hickman, M.; Cairns, J. (2003). "The centenary of the one-gene one-enzyme hypothesis". Genetics. 163 (3): 839–841. doi:10.1093/genetics/163.3.839. PMC1462495. PMID 12663526.
^Mudge, George Percival (1911). "Albino" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 506–510.
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Lucien Claude Marie Julien Cuenot French keno 21 October 1866 7 January 1951 was a French biologist In the first half of the 20th century Mendelism was not a popular subject among French biologists Cuenot defied popular opinion and shirked the pseudo sciences as he called them Upon the rediscovery of Mendel s work by Correns De Vries and Tschermak Cuenot proved that Mendelism applied to animals as well as plants 1 Lucien CuenotLucien CuenotBorn21 October 1866ParisDied7 January 1951 1951 01 08 aged 84 NancyNationalityFrenchEducationbiologistKnown formultiple allelism at a genetic locus Contents 1 Cuenot s experiments 2 Recognition 3 Selected publications 4 References 5 Further readingCuenot s experiments editCuenot spent two years working on mice and came to the conclusion that three mnemons genes are responsible for the production of one chromogen or pigment and two distases enzymes The pigment if present is acted upon by the enzymes to produce black or yellow colour If no pigment is present the result is an albino mouse Cuenot studied the offspring of various crosses between mice and concluded that these mnemons or genes were inherited in a Mendelian fashion 2 Subsequently Cuenot was the first person to describe multiple allelism at a genetic locus He also described a lethal mutation in the mouse agouti locus at a time when such a mutation was unheard of 3 Recognition editThis section possibly contains original research Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations Statements consisting only of original research should be removed August 2018 Learn how and when to remove this message There is some argument who over the degree of recognition of Cuenot s pioneering work in his own day and up until the present Some scientists who were famous in Cuenot s day such as William Bateson the man credited the one gene one enzyme hypothesis never recognized Cuenot s discovery that certain traits arose due to the presence or absence of an enzyme Bateson did receive a letter from Charles Chamberlain Hurst in which he was urged to read and digest the new Cuenot work which explained some results in the field of mouse genetics results which had been confusing for Bateson 4 Other scientists who were well known in Cuenot s own day and still into the present day such as Clarence Little and Sewall Wright and William E Castle did credit Cuenot with pioneering work in genetics For example Clarence Little and William E Castle did credit Cuenot with the discovery of the first lethal mutation 5 The mouse geneticist Clarence Little credited Cuenot with the idea and first evidence for multiple allelism and recognizing that the inheritance of white spotting in the mouse did not breed true 6 7 The mouse and population geneticist Sewall Wright credited Cuenot with the discovery of multiple alleles and the one gene one enzyme hypothesis 8 When writing Cuenot s obituary in 1951 Richard Goldschmidt credits Cuenot with the gene controlling enzyme hypothesis In 1903 he Cuenot already understood the genic genetic control of pigment in terms of chromogen genes were responsible for the chromogen and oxydase enzyme 9 John Cairns as recently as 2003 credited Lucien Cuenot with the one gene one enzyme hypothesis 10 The entry on Albino in the Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th 1911 does fully appreciate Cuenot s work on the relationship between determinants genes and ferments enzymes 11 Before we can inquire into the cause and meaning of albinism it will be necessary first to consider the nature Of pigmentation Subsequently 1903 L Cuenot in order to explain certain features in the hereditary transmission of coat colour in mice postulated the hypothesis that the grey colour of the wild mouse which is known to be a compound of black chocolate and yellow pigments may be due either to the interaction of a single ferment and three chromogens or vice versa to one chromogenic substance and three ferments In spite of the inquiry being only in its initial stages there is already good evidence to believe that Cuenot s theory is correct and that an albino is an individual whose skin lacks the power to secrete either the ferment or the chromogen It forms one but not both of these substances Not only do albinos thus carry the determinants genes for pattern but it has been known for some time that they also carry gametically but never visible somatically the determinants genes for either the ferment enzyme or the chromogen substrate for one or more colours L Cuenot was the first to show this for albino mice 12 Cuenot s studies on mice were cut short when German troops invaded the town of Nancy where he kept his mouse colony After the First World War he never returned to his studies on mice and moved on to designing a theory of evolution halfway between en vogue French Lamarckism and Darwinism 13 Selected publications editL Adaptation 1925 Le Transformisme with Elie Gagnebin Louis Marius Vialleton 1927 La Genese des especes animals 1932 Variation et mutation en bacteriologie 1932 References edit Cuenot L La loi de Mendel et l heredite de la pigmentation chez les souris Arch Zool Exp Gen Ser 3 vol 10 pages xxvii xxx 1902 Cuenot L L heredite de la pigmentation chez les souris Arch Zool Exp Gen Ser 4 vol 1 pages xxxiii xli 1903 Cuenot L Les races pures et leurs combinaisons chez les souris Arch Zool Exp Gen Ser 4 vol 3 pages cxxiii cxxxii 1905 Cock Alan G Forsdyke Donald R 2008 Treasure your exceptions The science and life of William Bateson Springer Verlag pp 232 279 Castle W E Little C C 1910 On a modified Mendelian ratio among yellow mice Science 32 833 868 870 Bibcode 1910Sci 32 868C doi 10 1126 science 32 833 868 hdl 2027 hvd 32044107346900 PMID 17830668 Little C C 1915 A note on multiple allelomorphism in Mice American Naturalist 49 578 122 125 doi 10 1086 279464 Little C C 1915 The inheritance of black eyed white spotting in mice American Naturalist 49 588 727 740 doi 10 1086 279516 S2CID 83730650 Hered J 1 August 1917 Color inheritance in mammals II The mouse better adapted to experimental work than any other mammal Seven sets of Mendelian Allelomorphs alleles identified Factorial hypothesis framed by Cuenot on basis of his work with mice Journal of Heredity 8 8 373 378 doi 10 1093 oxfordjournals jhered a111845 Goldschmidt Richard 1951 L Cuenot 1866 1951 Science 113 2934 309 310 Bibcode 1951Sci 113 309G doi 10 1126 science 113 2934 309 PMID 14817281 Hickman M Cairns J 2003 The centenary of the one gene one enzyme hypothesis Genetics 163 3 839 841 doi 10 1093 genetics 163 3 839 PMC 1462495 PMID 12663526 Mudge George Percival 1911 Albino In Chisholm Hugh ed Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 1 11th ed Cambridge University Press pp 506 510 Mudge 1911 p 508 Les enseignants de la Faculte des sciences de Nancy et de ses instituts dictionnaire biographique 1854 1918 Rollet Laurent 1970 Bolmont Etienne Birck Francoise 1938 Cussenot Jean Rene Nancy 2 April 2024 ISBN 978 2 8143 0299 0 OCLC 974698496 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link CS1 maint others link Further reading editDenis Buican Mendelism in France and the Work of Lucien Cuenot Scientia 1982 LXXVI 117 1 4 129 137 Limoges Camille 1976 Natural Selection Phagocytosis and Preadaptation Lucien Cuenot 1886 1901 Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 31 2 176 214 doi 10 1093 jhmas xxxi 2 176 PMID 777087 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Lucien Cuenot amp oldid 1216858860, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
