List of ambassadors of the United States to Libya
The United States ambassador to Libya is the official representative of the president of the United States to the head of state of Libya.
| Ambassador of the United States to Libya | |
|---|---|
| سفارة الولايات المتحدة الأميركية في ليبيا | |
Seal of the United States Department of State | |
| Residence | Tripoli |
| Nominator | The President of the United States |
| Appointer | The President with Senate advice and consent |
| Inaugural holder | Henry Serrano Villard as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary |
| Formation | February 7, 1952 |
| Website | U.S. Embassy – Tripoli |
History edit
Until its independence in 1951, Libya had been a colony of Italy (1912–1947) and then under British and French occupation until 1951. In 1949 The UN General Assembly had passed a resolution stating that Libya should become independent before January 1, 1952 (Resolution 289). On December 24, 1951, Libya declared its independence under King Idris.[2][3]
The United States recognized the Kingdom of Libya on December 24, 1951, in a congratulatory message sent by President Harry Truman to King Idris I. Diplomatic relations were established on the same day and the U.S. Consulate-General was elevated to a legation with Andrew Lynch designated as Charge d'Affaires ad interim. The first official envoy to Libya was Henry Serrano Villard, who presented his credentials on March 6, 1952.[2][3]
On December 2, 1979, a mob attacked and burned the U.S. Embassy in Tripoli. On December 29, the U.S. Department of State designated Libya as a state sponsor of terrorism. The Chargé d’Affaires was recalled on February 8, 1980 and the embassy was closed May 2, 1980.[3][4][5] However, diplomatic relations were not formally severed.[2] Diplomatic relations were not resumed until 2006.
The U.S. Embassy in Tripoli was closed and all diplomatic personnel were evacuated on February 25, 2011, due to the Libyan civil war.[6][7][8][9] The embassy of Hungary in Tripoli acted as the protecting power for U.S. interests from the closure of the embassy until its reopening on September 22, 2011.[10][11]
On July 15, U.S. Secretary of State Clinton announced that the U.S. Government recognizes the Libyan rebel National Transitional Council as the "legitimate governing authority" of Libya—which de facto withdraws recognition from the Gaddafi government.[12][13][14] On September 12, 2012 the US ambassador to Libya was killed in an attack on the Benghazi consulate, along with three other embassy employees.[15][16]
The U.S Embassy was again evacuated and closed on July 26, 2014. Embassy staff totaling approximately 150 personnel, including about 80 U.S Marines, were evacuated overland to Tunisia during a military assisted departure. USAF F-16's provided armed overwatch for the embassy convoy as they drove through Libya. The evacuation was due to major fighting around the embassy related to the 2014 Libyan Civil War.[17]
However, the United States did not sever diplomatic relations with Libya. Working from the U.S. Embassies in Valletta, Malta and, after August 2015, Tunis, Tunisia under the authority of the U.S. Ambassador to Libya, U.S. diplomats in the Libya External Affairs Office maintained regular dialogue with the provisional Libyan Government.[18]
Ambassadors and chiefs of mission edit
| Name | Title | Appointed | Presented credentials | Terminated mission | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Andrew Green Lynch – Career FSO[19] | Chargé d'Affaires a.i. | December 24, 1951 | — [20] | Superseded by Ambassador Villard, March 6, 1952 | |
| Henry Serrano Villard – Career FSO | Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary | February 7, 1952 | March 6, 1952 | June 24, 1954 | John Newton Gatch was serving as Chargé d’Affaires a.i. when the U.S. legation in Libya was raised to Embassy status on September 25, 1954. |
| John L. Tappin – Political appointee[21] | Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary | September 25, 1954 | November 16, 1954 | Superseded by Ambassador Jones March 17, 1958 | |
| John Wesley Jones – Career FSO | February 5, 1958 | March 17, 1958 | Left Libya December 20, 1962 | ||
| Edwin Allan Lightner – Career FSO | May 3, 1963 | May 27, 1963 | June 30, 1965 | ||
| David D. Newsom – Career FSO | July 22, 1965 | October 16, 1965 | June 21, 1969 | ||
| Joseph Palmer II – Career FSO | July 8, 1969 | October 9, 1969 | November 7, 1972 | ||
| Harold G. Josif | Chargé d'Affaires ad interim | November 1972 | December 1973 | ||
| Robert A. Stein | December 1973 | December 1974 | |||
| Robert Carle | January 1975 | August 1978 | |||
| William L. Eagleton | August 1978 | February 8, 1980 | Recalled February 8, 1980 following breakdown of diplomatic relations. | ||
| The U.S. Embassy at Tripoli closed May 2, 1980. However, diplomatic relations were not formally severed.[2] The United States established an Interests Section at the Belgian Embassy in Tripoli, February 8, 2004. It became the U.S. Liaison Office on June 28, with Gregory L. Berry as the Principal Officer. On May 31, 2006, the U.S. resumed full diplomatic relations with Libya, and the Interests Section in Tripoli became an embassy, with Gregory L. Berry as Charge d'Affaires ad interim.[2] | |||||
| Gregory L. Berry – Career FSO | Chargé d'Affaires ad interim | May 31, 2006 | –[20] | October 10, 2006 | |
| Charles O. Cecil – Career FSO | November 15, 2006 | —[20] | July 11, 2007 | ||
| Gene A. Cretz – Career FSO | Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary | December 17, 2008 | January 11, 2009[4][22] | May 15, 2012[23] | |
| J. Christopher Stevens[24] – Career FSO | May 22, 2012 | June 7, 2012[25] | September 12, 2012. Stevens was killed in a terrorist attack on the U.S consulate in Benghazi. | ||
| Laurence Pope – Career FSO | Chargé d'Affaires ad interim | October 11, 2012 [26] | — | January 4, 2013 | |
| William Roebuck – Career FSO | January 4, 2013 | — | May 2013 | ||
| Deborah K. Jones – Career FSO | Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary | May 2013 | June 20, 2013 | November 19, 2015 | |
| Peter W. Bodde – Career FSO | November 19, 2015 | January 21, 2016[27] | June 20, 2018[28] | ||
| Richard B. Norland – Career FSO | August 1, 2019 | August 8, 2019 | September 8, 2022[29] | ||
| Leslie Ordeman - Career FSO | Chargé d'Affaires ad interim | September 8, 2022 | August 23, 2023 | ||
| Richard B. Norland – Career FSO | Special Envoy and Chargé d'Affaires ad interim | August 24, 2023 | October 9, 2023 | ||
| Jeremy Berndt - Career FSO | Chargé d'Affaires ad interim | October 9, 2023 | Incumbent | ||
Notes edit
- ^ "Chargé d'Affaires a.i. Jeremy Berndt". August 27, 2023.
- ^ a b c d e "Libya". United States Department of State. Retrieved July 24, 2011.
- ^ a b c "Background Note: Libya". United States Department of State. Retrieved July 24, 2011.
- ^ a b "U.S.-Libyan Relations". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved July 24, 2011.
- ^ "About Us". United States Department of State, U.S. Embassy Tripoli. Retrieved July 24, 2011.
- ^ "U.S. Embassy Tripoli Warden Message – Immediate Evacuation Information". United States Department of State, U.S. Embassy Tripoli. February 26, 2011. Retrieved July 24, 2011.
- ^ "U.S. Citizens Evacuated Libya". United States Department of State, Consulate General of the United States, Istanbul. February 25, 2011. Retrieved July 24, 2011.
- ^ . CNN. February 26, 2011. Archived from the original on November 21, 2011. Retrieved July 24, 2011.
- ^ "U.S. closes embassy in Tripoli, prepares sanctions". The Washington Post. February 25, 2011. Retrieved July 24, 2011.
- ^ "Libya Travel Update". United States Department of State, U.S. Embassy Tripoli. July 19, 2011. Retrieved July 24, 2011.
- ^ "U.S. Embassy Reopens in a Free Libya". United States Department of State, U.S. Embassy Tripoli. September 22, 2011. Retrieved October 19, 2011.
- ^ "U.S. recognizes Libyan Rebel Group". The Wall Street Journal. July 16, 2011. Retrieved July 24, 2011.
- ^ "US formally recognizes Libya rebels". The Denver Post. July 15, 2011. Retrieved July 24, 2011.
- ^ "US recognizes Libyan rebels as Libyan government". Yahoo.com. July 15, 2011. Retrieved July 24, 2011.
- ^ "BBC News – US ambassador 'killed in Libya'". BBC Online. September 12, 2012. Retrieved September 12, 2012.
- ^ . United States Foreign Service. Archived from the original on December 30, 2008. Retrieved September 12, 2012.
- ^ Ansari, By Barbara Starr, Joe Sterling and Azadeh (July 26, 2014). "U.S. Embassy in Libya evacuates personnel". CNN. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Chiefs of Mission for Libya
- ^ Prior to establishment of the embassy, Lynch had been the Consul-General in Libya.
- ^ a b c Chargés d’affaires do not have official status as ambassadors and do not necessarily present credentials.
- ^ Tappin was commissioned during a recess of the Senate and recommissioned after confirmation on January 24, 1955.
- ^ "U.S. Envoy Cretz Set For New Role In Libya". NPR.org. NPR. Retrieved July 24, 2011.
- ^ "Office of the Historian – Department History – People – Gene Allan Cretz". United States Department of State. Retrieved September 12, 2012.
- ^ . Archived from the original on December 30, 2008. Retrieved September 12, 2012.
- ^ "Ambassador Chris Stevens Presents his Credentials | Facebook". www.facebook.com. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
- ^ Ethan A. Goldrich, Chargé d'Affaires a.i. – biography
- ^ "Bodde, Peter W." U.S. Department of State. Retrieved December 13, 2021.
- ^ "Retired ambassador to Libya to lead Cuba attacks review". January 10, 2018. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
- ^ "Chargé d'Affaires Leslie Ordeman". September 8, 2022.
See also edit
References edit
- United States Department of State: Background notes on Libya
- This article incorporates public domain material from U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets. United States Department of State.
External links edit
Media related to Ambassadors of the United States to Libya at Wikimedia Commons
- United States Department of State: Chiefs of Mission for Libya
- United States Department of State: Libya
- United States Embassy in Tripoli