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Linobambaki

January 07, 2023

The Linobambaki or Linovamvaki were a Crypto-Christian community in Cyprus, predominantly of Catholic and Greek-Orthodox descent[1] who were persecuted for their religion during Ottoman rule. They assimilated into the Turkish Cypriot community during British rule.[2][3]

Etymology

The word Linobambaki comes from Greek Λινοβάμβακοι, which derives from the combination of the words λινό (lino) "linen" and βαμβάκι (vamvaki) "cotton".[4] The term was used as a metaphor in order to demonstrate that even though they had Latin Catholic origins, they chose to appear outwardly Muslim.[5]

History

 
Hassan Pouli (Hasan Bulli), a historical figure in Cypriot folklore

The Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–73) concluded with the remainder of Cyprus under Ottoman rule, and immediately after the war, sanctions were put in place for the Latin population of the island.[6] With Ottoman-Venetian rivalry at its peak, the Ottomans feared the security risk posed by the Latin Catholics of Cyprus, and in particular that they would entice the Venetians to return. As a result, Ottoman tolerance towards the Catholic community was much less than towards the Greek Orthodox community.[7] In addition to political and religious pressure, there was an economic oppression that included removing their rights to own property. The Catholic inhabitants affected by these measures consisted of Latins, Venetians, Genoeses, Maronites and Armenians who had converted to Islam in order to circumvent these Ottomon legal precepts. Their artificial and interested embrace of the religion led them to eventually earn the name of Linobambaki.[8]

The Linobambaki did not outwardly practice or demonstrate their religious beliefs, due to their faux conversion to curry favour with the Ottomans and the Orthodox communities. Thus in their daily life, they chose to have either one Christian and one Muslim name, or a common name found in both faiths like Ibrahim (Abraham), Yusuf (Joseph) or Musa (Moses).[9] At annual conscription they were often drafted into the Ottoman army,[10] and they avoided paying taxes for non-Muslims. The Linobambaki did not entirely convert to a traditional Muslim life, and only demonstrated religious practices and beliefs that would gain them advantages only afforded to Muslims. For example, they frequently consumed alcohol and pork,[11] and didn't attend religious services; traditions similar to continuing Turkish Cypriot culture today. Many of the Linobambaki villages have Christian saint names that begin with άγιος (ayios), or "saint" to attribute their Latin Catholic origins. Linobambaki's cultural roots and history can be found throughout Turkish Cypriot life and literature. For example, two of the most prominent main characters from Cypriot folklore are "Gavur Imam" and "Hasan Bulli".[12] Linobambaki became a part of the majority of all uprisings and revolts against Ottoman rule, and other local government bodies on the island.[13]

Linobambaki are mentioned by foreign travellers who visited Cyprus before the 20th century.[14] The English historian and traveller William Hepworth Dixon who visited Cyprus in 1878 describes the Linobambaki as a "troublesome but comic element", changing religion from day to day. Fathers pretend that they circumcise their children, and give them names that sound both Muslim and Christian, such as Yacoub, Jousouf and Mousa. He notes that whole villages of "white" Cypriots use these tricks.[15]

Settlements

Many of the villages and neighbouring areas accepted as Turkish Cypriot estates, were formerly Linobambaki activity centers. These include:

Today

 
A protester from the LINOBAMBAKI organisation in the 2011 Turkish Cypriot protests

The Ottoman Empire's millet system was abolished during British administration. In this period, the people of Cyprus were split into two main groups in censuses and administrative records.[26] Because of the polarisation politics of the British administration, Linobambaki were integrated into the Turkish Cypriot community.[3] There were still Greek speaking settlements that identified themselves as Turkish Cypriots during the 1950s; settlements such as Lapithos, Platanissos, Agios Symeon and Galinoporni.[27]

There is currently a non-governmental organisation called "LINOBAMBAKI" in Cyprus.[28]

See also

References

  1. ^ Selim Deringil (2012). Conversion and Apostasy in the Late Ottoman Empire. Cambridge University Press. p. 112. ISBN 978-1-107-00455-9.
  2. ^ Chrysostomos Pericleous (2009). Cyprus Referendum: A Divided Island and the Challenge of the Annan Plan. I.B.Tauris. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-85771-193-9.
  3. ^ a b Tassos A. Mikropoulos (2008). "Linovamvaki". Elevating and Safeguarding Culture Using Tools of the Information Society: Dusty traces of the Muslim culture. Livanis. p. 94. ISBN 978-960-233-187-3.
  4. ^ Pinar Senisik (2011). The Transformation of Ottoman Crete: Revolts, Politics and Identity in the Late Nineteenth Century. I.B.Tauris. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-85772-056-6.
  5. ^ Idesbald Goddeeris (2004). De Europese periferie. Leuven University Press. p. 275. ISBN 978-90-5867-359-6.
  6. ^ Servet Sami Dedeçay (2008). Kıbrıslı Türk kadınının eğitim aracılığı sayesinde dinsel mutaassıplıktan sıyrılıp çağdaş hak ve özgürlük kuralllarını kabullenişi. Lefkoşa Özel Türk Üniversitesi. p. 297.
  7. ^ James Knowles (1908). The Twentieth Century and After. Spottiswoode. p. 753.
  8. ^ Captain A. R. Savile (1878). Cyprus. H.M. Stationery Office. p. 130.
  9. ^ Luigi Palma di Cesnola; Charles William King; Alexander Stuart Murray (1878). Cyprus: Its Ancient Cities, Tombs, and Temples : a Narrative of Researches and Excavations During Ten Years' Residence in that Island. Harper & Brothers. p. 185.
  10. ^ Frederic Henry Fisher (1878). Cyprus, our new colony, and what we know about it. George Routledge and Sons. p. 42.
  11. ^ a b Tassos A. Mikropoulos (2008). "Linovamvaki". Elevating and Safeguarding Culture Using Tools of the Information Society: Dusty traces of the Muslim culture. Livanis. p. 93. ISBN 978-960-233-187-3.
  12. ^ Erdönmez, Celâl (2004). "Linobambakiler". (PDF) (Ph.D.). Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi. p. 44. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-12-24. Retrieved 2014-06-10.
  13. ^ Costas P. Kyrris (1984). Ανατομία του Οθωμανικού Καθεστώτος Στην Κύπρο 1570-1878. Nicosia: Dimos Lefkosias. pp. 64–66.
  14. ^ Άντρος Παυλίδης, "Η Κύπρος ανά τους αιώνες μέσα από τα κείμενα ξένων επισκεπτών της" (Antros Palvlides, "Cyprus through the centuries in the texts of her foreign visitors), ed. Φιλόκυπρος (Philokypros), Cyprus 1994, vol. 2, pp. 1098 (William Turner 1815), 1141 (Luis Salvator 1873), 1163 (Hepworth W. Dixon 1878). In Greek language.
  15. ^ William Hepworth Dixon, "British Cyprus", Chapman and Hall 1879, pp 29, 30
  16. ^ Ian Robertson (1981). Cyprus. Benn. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-510-01633-3.
  17. ^ a b Marc Dubin (2002). Cyprus. Rough Guides. p. 412. ISBN 978-1-85828-863-5.
  18. ^ a b c d Jan Asmussen (2001). "Wir waren wie Brüder": Zusammenleben und Konfliktentstehung in ethnisch gemischten Dörfern auf Zypern. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 78–79. ISBN 978-3-8258-5403-4.
  19. ^ a b c d Alexander-Michael Hadjilyra (2009). The Armenians of Cyprus. Kalaydjian Foundation. p. 13.
  20. ^ Esat Mustafa (2013). Kıbrıs Tarihinde Yağmuralan (Vroişa) (in Turkish). Lefkoşa: Ateş Matbaacılık. p. 39.
  21. ^ Bağışkan, Tuncer (2014-03-15). "Kaleburnu köyüne bir yolculuk (1)". YeniDüzen Gazetesi (in Turkish). Lefkoşa: United Media Group. Retrieved 2014-06-10.
  22. ^ Kiamran Halil (1983). The Rape of Cyprus. Prosperity Publications. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-905506-07-4.
  23. ^ Tahsin, Arif Hasan (2004-09-03). "Yeter ki Tohum Çürük Olmasın". Yeniçağ Gazetesi (in Turkish). Lefkoşa. Retrieved 2014-06-10.
  24. ^ Mahmut Islamoglu; Sevket Oznur (2013). Linobambaki: The Christian-Muslim Cypriots. p. 5.
  25. ^ Andrekos Varnava; Nicholas Coureas; Marina Elia (2009). The minorities of Cyprus: development patterns and the identity of the internal-exclusion. Cambridge Scholars. p. 204. ISBN 978-1-4438-0052-5.
  26. ^ Samson Opondo; Michael J. Shapiro (2012). The New Violent Cartography: Geo-Analysis after the Aesthetic Turn. Routledge. p. 205. ISBN 978-1-136-34508-1.
  27. ^ Beckingham, Charles Fraser (1957). "The Turks of Cyprus". Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. London: Royal Anthropological Institute. 87 (2): 170–171. ASIN B002HHIRQ8.
  28. ^ Kagui, Olena (2015-04-03). "Patriots Punished in Northern Cyprus: A Modern Day Political Occupation". The Huffington Post. New York. Retrieved 2015-04-08.

January 07, 2023
linobambaki, linovamvaki, were, crypto, christian, community, cyprus, predominantly, catholic, greek, orthodox, descent, were, persecuted, their, religion, during, ottoman, rule, they, assimilated, into, turkish, cypriot, community, during, british, rule, cont. The Linobambaki or Linovamvaki were a Crypto Christian community in Cyprus predominantly of Catholic and Greek Orthodox descent 1 who were persecuted for their religion during Ottoman rule They assimilated into the Turkish Cypriot community during British rule 2 3 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2 1 Settlements 3 Today 4 See also 5 ReferencesEtymology EditThe word Linobambaki comes from Greek Linobambakoi which derives from the combination of the words lino lino linen and bambaki vamvaki cotton 4 The term was used as a metaphor in order to demonstrate that even though they had Latin Catholic origins they chose to appear outwardly Muslim 5 History Edit Hassan Pouli Hasan Bulli a historical figure in Cypriot folkloreThe Ottoman Venetian War 1570 73 concluded with the remainder of Cyprus under Ottoman rule and immediately after the war sanctions were put in place for the Latin population of the island 6 With Ottoman Venetian rivalry at its peak the Ottomans feared the security risk posed by the Latin Catholics of Cyprus and in particular that they would entice the Venetians to return As a result Ottoman tolerance towards the Catholic community was much less than towards the Greek Orthodox community 7 In addition to political and religious pressure there was an economic oppression that included removing their rights to own property The Catholic inhabitants affected by these measures consisted of Latins Venetians Genoeses Maronites and Armenians who had converted to Islam in order to circumvent these Ottomon legal precepts Their artificial and interested embrace of the religion led them to eventually earn the name of Linobambaki 8 The Linobambaki did not outwardly practice or demonstrate their religious beliefs due to their faux conversion to curry favour with the Ottomans and the Orthodox communities Thus in their daily life they chose to have either one Christian and one Muslim name or a common name found in both faiths like Ibrahim Abraham Yusuf Joseph or Musa Moses 9 At annual conscription they were often drafted into the Ottoman army 10 and they avoided paying taxes for non Muslims The Linobambaki did not entirely convert to a traditional Muslim life and only demonstrated religious practices and beliefs that would gain them advantages only afforded to Muslims For example they frequently consumed alcohol and pork 11 and didn t attend religious services traditions similar to continuing Turkish Cypriot culture today Many of the Linobambaki villages have Christian saint names that begin with agios ayios or saint to attribute their Latin Catholic origins Linobambaki s cultural roots and history can be found throughout Turkish Cypriot life and literature For example two of the most prominent main characters from Cypriot folklore are Gavur Imam and Hasan Bulli 12 Linobambaki became a part of the majority of all uprisings and revolts against Ottoman rule and other local government bodies on the island 13 Linobambaki are mentioned by foreign travellers who visited Cyprus before the 20th century 14 The English historian and traveller William Hepworth Dixon who visited Cyprus in 1878 describes the Linobambaki as a troublesome but comic element changing religion from day to day Fathers pretend that they circumcise their children and give them names that sound both Muslim and Christian such as Yacoub Jousouf and Mousa He notes that whole villages of white Cypriots use these tricks 15 Settlements Edit Many of the villages and neighbouring areas accepted as Turkish Cypriot estates were formerly Linobambaki activity centers These include Agios Andronikos Yesilkoy 16 Agios Ioannis Ayyanni 17 Agios Sozomenos Arpalik 18 Agios Theodoros Bogazici 11 Armenochori Esenkoy 19 Ayios Iakovos Altinova 19 Ayios Khariton Ergenekon 19 Dali Dali 18 Frodisia Yagmuralan 20 Galinoporni Kaleburnu 21 Kato Arodes Asagi Kalkanli 18 Tylliria Dillirga 22 Kritou Marottou Grit Marut 23 Limnitis Yesilirmak 24 Louroujina Luricina Akincilar 25 Melounta Mallidag 19 Potamia Bodamya 18 Vretsia Vretca 17 Today Edit A protester from the LINOBAMBAKI organisation in the 2011 Turkish Cypriot protests The Ottoman Empire s millet system was abolished during British administration In this period the people of Cyprus were split into two main groups in censuses and administrative records 26 Because of the polarisation politics of the British administration Linobambaki were integrated into the Turkish Cypriot community 3 There were still Greek speaking settlements that identified themselves as Turkish Cypriots during the 1950s settlements such as Lapithos Platanissos Agios Symeon and Galinoporni 27 There is currently a non governmental organisation called LINOBAMBAKI in Cyprus 28 See also EditKaramanlides Urums Vallahades Hemshin peoples Crypto ChristianityReferences Edit Selim Deringil 2012 Conversion and Apostasy in the Late Ottoman Empire Cambridge University Press p 112 ISBN 978 1 107 00455 9 Chrysostomos Pericleous 2009 Cyprus Referendum A Divided Island and the Challenge of the Annan Plan I B Tauris p 131 ISBN 978 0 85771 193 9 a b Tassos A Mikropoulos 2008 Linovamvaki Elevating and Safeguarding Culture Using Tools of the Information Society Dusty traces of the Muslim culture Livanis p 94 ISBN 978 960 233 187 3 Pinar Senisik 2011 The Transformation of Ottoman Crete Revolts Politics and Identity in the Late Nineteenth Century I B Tauris p 64 ISBN 978 0 85772 056 6 Idesbald Goddeeris 2004 De Europese periferie Leuven University Press p 275 ISBN 978 90 5867 359 6 Servet Sami Dedecay 2008 Kibrisli Turk kadininin egitim araciligi sayesinde dinsel mutaassipliktan siyrilip cagdas hak ve ozgurluk kuralllarini kabullenisi Lefkosa Ozel Turk Universitesi p 297 James Knowles 1908 The Twentieth Century and After Spottiswoode p 753 Captain A R Savile 1878 Cyprus H M Stationery Office p 130 Luigi Palma di Cesnola Charles William King Alexander Stuart Murray 1878 Cyprus Its Ancient Cities Tombs and Temples a Narrative of Researches and Excavations During Ten Years Residence in that Island Harper amp Brothers p 185 Frederic Henry Fisher 1878 Cyprus our new colony and what we know about it George Routledge and Sons p 42 a b Tassos A Mikropoulos 2008 Linovamvaki Elevating and Safeguarding Culture Using Tools of the Information Society Dusty traces of the Muslim culture Livanis p 93 ISBN 978 960 233 187 3 Erdonmez Celal 2004 Linobambakiler Ser iyye Sicillere Gore Kibris ta Toplum Yapisi 1839 1856 PDF Ph D Suleyman Demirel Universitesi p 44 Archived from the original PDF on 2012 12 24 Retrieved 2014 06 10 Costas P Kyrris 1984 Anatomia toy O8wmanikoy Ka8estwtos Sthn Kypro 1570 1878 Nicosia Dimos Lefkosias pp 64 66 Antros Paylidhs H Kypros ana toys aiwnes mesa apo ta keimena 3enwn episkeptwn ths Antros Palvlides Cyprus through the centuries in the texts of her foreign visitors ed Filokypros Philokypros Cyprus 1994 vol 2 pp 1098 William Turner 1815 1141 Luis Salvator 1873 1163 Hepworth W Dixon 1878 In Greek language William Hepworth Dixon British Cyprus Chapman and Hall 1879 pp 29 30 Ian Robertson 1981 Cyprus Benn p 85 ISBN 978 0 510 01633 3 a b Marc Dubin 2002 Cyprus Rough Guides p 412 ISBN 978 1 85828 863 5 a b c d Jan Asmussen 2001 Wir waren wie Bruder Zusammenleben und Konfliktentstehung in ethnisch gemischten Dorfern auf Zypern LIT Verlag Munster pp 78 79 ISBN 978 3 8258 5403 4 a b c d Alexander Michael Hadjilyra 2009 The Armenians of Cyprus Kalaydjian Foundation p 13 Esat Mustafa 2013 Kibris Tarihinde Yagmuralan Vroisa in Turkish Lefkosa Ates Matbaacilik p 39 Bagiskan Tuncer 2014 03 15 Kaleburnu koyune bir yolculuk 1 YeniDuzen Gazetesi in Turkish Lefkosa United Media Group Retrieved 2014 06 10 Kiamran Halil 1983 The Rape of Cyprus Prosperity Publications p 19 ISBN 978 0 905506 07 4 Tahsin Arif Hasan 2004 09 03 Yeter ki Tohum Curuk Olmasin Yenicag Gazetesi in Turkish Lefkosa Retrieved 2014 06 10 Mahmut Islamoglu Sevket Oznur 2013 Linobambaki The Christian Muslim Cypriots p 5 Andrekos Varnava Nicholas Coureas Marina Elia 2009 The minorities of Cyprus development patterns and the identity of the internal exclusion Cambridge Scholars p 204 ISBN 978 1 4438 0052 5 Samson Opondo Michael J Shapiro 2012 The New Violent Cartography Geo Analysis after the Aesthetic Turn Routledge p 205 ISBN 978 1 136 34508 1 Beckingham Charles Fraser 1957 The Turks of Cyprus Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland London Royal Anthropological Institute 87 2 170 171 ASIN B002HHIRQ8 Kagui Olena 2015 04 03 Patriots Punished in Northern Cyprus A Modern Day Political Occupation The Huffington Post New York Retrieved 2015 04 08 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Linobambaki amp oldid 1125397384, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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