Merthyr Rising
The Merthyr Rising, also referred to as the Merthyr Riots,[1][2] of 1831 was the violent climax to many years of simmering unrest among the large working class population of Merthyr Tydfil in Wales and the surrounding area. The Rising marked the first times the red flag was used a symbol of working class rebellion in the United Kingdom.[3][4]
| Merthyr Rising | |
|---|---|
Illustration by Hablot Knight Browne depicting people raising a red flag during the Merthyr Rising of 1831 | |
| Date | June 1831 |
| Location | |
| Caused by | Lowering of wages, unemployment |
| Casualties | |
| Death(s) | c. 24 |
| Arrested | 26 |
Beginnings edit
Throughout May 1831 the coal miners and others, who worked for William Crawshay, took to the streets of Merthyr Tydfil, calling for reform, protesting against the lowering of their wages and general unemployment. Gradually the protest spread to nearby industrial towns and villages and by the end of May the whole area was in rebellion, and it is believed that for the first time the red flag of revolution was flown as a symbol of workers' revolt.[5]
Events edit
After storming Merthyr town, the rebels sacked the local debtors' court and the goods that had been collected. Account books containing debtors' details were also destroyed. Among the shouts were cries of caws a bara ('cheese and bread') and i lawr â'r Brenin ('down with the king').
On 1 June 1831, the protesters marched to local mines and persuaded the men on shift there to stop working and join their protest. In the meantime, the Grey ministry had ordered in the army, with contingents of the 93rd (Sutherland Highlanders) Regiment of Foot dispatched to Merthyr Tydfil to restore order. Since the crowd was now too large to be dispersed, the soldiers were ordered to protect essential buildings and people.
On 2 June, while local employers and magistrates were holding a meeting with the High Sheriff of Glamorgan at the Castle Inn, a group led by Lewis Lewis (known as Lewsyn yr Heliwr, 'Lewis the hunter') marched there to demand a reduction in the price of bread and an increase in their wages. The demands were rejected, and after being advised to return to their homes, attacked the inn. Engaged by the Sutherland Highlanders, after the rioters seized some of their weapons, the troops were commanded to open fire. After a protracted struggle in which hundreds sustained injury, some fatal, the Highlanders were compelled to withdraw to Penydarren House, and abandon the town to the rioters.
Some 7,000 to 10,000 workers marched under a red flag, which was later adopted internationally as the symbol of communists and socialists. For four days, magistrates and ironmasters were under siege in the Castle Hotel, and the protesters effectively controlled Merthyr.[6]
For eight days, Penydarren House was the sole refuge of authority. With armed insurrection fully in place in the town by 4 June, the rioters had commandeered arms and explosives, set up road-blocks, formed guerrilla detachments, and had banners capped with a symbolic loaf and dyed in blood. Those who had military experience had taken the lead in drilling the armed para-military formation, and created an effective central command and communication system.
This allowed them to control the town and engage the formal military system, including:
- Ambushing the 93rd's baggage-train on the Brecon Road, under escort of 40 of the Glamorgan Yeomanry, and drove them into the Brecon hills.
- Beating off a relief force of 100 cavalry sent from Penydarren House.
- Ambushing and disarming the Swansea Yeomanry on the Swansea Road, and throwing them back in disorder to Neath.
- Organising a mass demonstration against Penydarren House.
Having sent messengers, who had started strikes in Northern Monmouthshire, Neath and Swansea Valleys, the riots reached their peak. However, panic had spread to the family oriented and peaceful town folk, who had now started to flee what was an out-of-control town. With the rioters arranging a mass meeting for Sunday 6th, the government representatives in Penydarren House managed to split the rioters' council. When 450 troops marched to the mass meeting at Waun above Dowlais with levelled weapons, the meeting dispersed and the riots were effectively over.
Outcome edit
By 7 June the authorities had regained control of the town through force with up to 24 of the protesters killed.[7] Twenty-six people were arrested and put on trial for taking part in the revolt. Several were sentenced to terms of imprisonment, others sentenced to penal transportation to Australia, and two were sentenced to death by hanging – Lewis Lewis (Lewsyn yr Heliwr) for Robbery and Richard Lewis (Dic Penderyn) for stabbing a soldier (Private Donald Black of the Highland Regiment) in the leg with a seized bayonet.
Lewsyn yr Heliwr's sentence was downgraded to a life sentence and penal transportation to Australia when one of the police officers who had tried to disperse the crowd testified that he had tried to shield him from the rioters. He was transported aboard the vessel John in 1832 and died 6 September 1847 in Port Macquarie, New South Wales.[citation needed]
Following this reprieve, the Grey ministry was determined that at least one rebel should die as an example of what happened to rebels. The people of Merthyr Tydfil were convinced that Richard Lewis (Dic Penderyn) was not responsible for the stabbing, and 11,000 signed a petition demanding his release. The government refused, and Richard Lewis was hanged at Cardiff Market on August 13, 1831.
In 1874, a Congregational minister, the Rev. Evan Evans, said that a man called Ianto Parker had given him a death-bed confession, saying that he had stabbed Donald Black and then fled to America fearing capture by the authorities.[8][9] James Abbott, a hairdresser from Merthyr Tydfil who had testified at Penderyn's trial, later said that he had lied under oath, claiming that he had been instructed to do so by Lord Melbourne.[8]
Legacy edit
In 2015, Welsh Labour MP Ann Clwyd presented a petition to the House of Commons calling for Dic Penderyn to be posthumously pardoned, stating that there was "strong feeling in Wales that Richard Lewis - Dic Penderyn - was wrongly executed."[10]
In creative works edit
Since 2013, a music festival named after the rising has been held annually in Merthyr to promote working class culture and social justice in arts.[11][12][13] Meic Stevens' song "Dic Penderyn" on his 1972 album Gwymon celebrates Richard Lewis. Radical singer-songwriter David Rovics included a song about the Merthyr Rising, entitled "Cheese and Bread", in the 2018 album Ballad of a Wobbly.[14] The musical "My Land's Shore" by Robert Gould and Christopher J Orton centres on the riots. It was performed at the Bloomsbury Theatre by the University College London Musical Theatre society in February 2022.[15]
In 2015, stylist Charlotte James and photographer Tom Johnson published a series titled Merthyr Rising, showcasing residents of the town.[16][17]
The 2022 poetry anthology Gwrthryfel / Uprising contained two poems about Dic Penderyn and the Merthyr Rising.[18]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ Gwyn A Williams (1959). "The Merthyr Riots: Settling the Account". National Library of Wales Journal. XI (2): 124. Retrieved 2021-08-12.
- ^ Phil Carradice (25 November 2011). "A history of Welsh protest". BBC Blogs - Wales.
- ^ Reddebrek (31 March 2015). "1831: the Merthyr Rising and Dic Penderyn". LibCom. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
- ^ Attard, Joe (2 June 2020). "The Merthyr Rising 1831: rage, rebellion and the red flag". International Marxist Tendency. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
- ^ . 100 Welsh Heroes. Archived from the original on 15 September 2015.
- ^ The Welsh Academy Encyclopedia of Wales. Cardiff: University of Wales Press 2008.[page needed]
- ^ "1831: Merthyr Tydfil uprising". libcom.org. Retrieved 2018-10-05.
- ^ a b Sekar, Satish (2012). The Cardiff Five: Innocent Beyond Any Doubt. Waterside Press. p. 182. ISBN 978-1-904380-76-4.
- ^ Williams, David. "Lewis, Richard ('Dic Penderyn'; 1807/8-1831)". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales. Retrieved 4 June 2018.
- ^ "Dic Penderyn should be pardoned, MPs told in petition". BBC. 30 June 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
- ^ John, Lucy (14 March 2022). "Merthyr Rising 2022 announces line-up for first time since pandemic". Wales Online. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
- ^ "Merthyr Rising Festival - About". Merthyr Rising Festival.
- ^ Williams, Logan (25 May 2019). "Keeping the Red Flag Flying". Tribune. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
- ^ "Cheese and Bread". Bandcamp.
- ^ . University College London. Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
- ^ Mallon, Steve (3 December 2015). "Merthyr Rising: the spirit of a determined Welsh town". Crack Magazine. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
- ^ "Miners to models: Merthyr Tydfil strikes a pose – in pictures". The Guardian. 26 January 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
- ^ Atashi, Shara (9 July 2022). "Review: Gwrthryfel / Uprising: An anthology of radical poetry from contemporary Wales". Nation.Cymru. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
External links edit
- Old Merthyr Tydfil: Dic Penderyn and the Merthyr Rising - Historical Photographs and Information Relating to the Merthyr Rising.