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Lesbophobia

April 14, 2024

Lesbophobia comprises various forms of prejudice and negativity towards lesbians as individuals, as couples, as a social group, or lesbianism in general. Based on the categories of sex, sexual orientation, identity, and gender expression, this negativity encompasses prejudice, discrimination, hatred, and abuse; with attitudes and feelings ranging from disdain to hostility. Lesbophobia is misogyny that intersects with homophobia, and vice versa. It is analogous to gayphobia.

Soweto Pride 2012 participants remember lesbians raped and murdered in 2007.

Terminology edit

The first usage of the term lesbophobia listed in the Oxford English Dictionary is in The Erotic Life of the American Wife (1972), a book by Harper's Bazaar editor Natalie Gittelson.[1][2] While some people use only the more general term homophobia to describe this sort of prejudice or behavior, others believe that the terms homosexual and homophobia do not adequately reflect the specific concerns of lesbians, because they experience the double discrimination of both homophobia and sexism.[3][4]

Extent edit

See also: LGBT stereotypes § Lesbians

The idea that lesbians are dangerous—while heterosexual interactions are natural, normal, and spontaneous—is a common example of beliefs which are lesbophobic. Like homophobia, this belief is classed as heteronormative, as it assumes that heterosexuality is dominant, presumed, and normal, and that other sexual or relationship arrangements are abnormal and unnatural.[5] A stereotype that has been identified as lesbophobic is that female athletes are always or predominantly lesbians.[6][7] Lesbians encounter lesbophobic attitudes not only in straight men and women, but from gay men, as well as bisexual people.[8] Lesbophobia in gay men is regarded as manifest in the perceived subordination of lesbian issues in the campaign for gay rights.[9]

Lesbians have been stereotyped in often contradictory ways. Kim Emery, in discussing lesbians in the United States during the late-19th century, says:

It is a truism […] that lesbian existence is inflected and afflicted by apparently incompatible social stereotypes. Lesbians are assumed to be both men in women's bodies and women marked as masculine by physical anomaly. Lesbians are accused of hating men and of wanting to be men, of being both sexually predatory and essentially asexual [sic], of committing unspeakable sexual acts and of lacking the endowments necessary to perform any [sexual acts].[10]

Anti-lesbian violence edit

Lesbophobia is sometimes demonstrated through crimes of violence, including corrective rape and even murder. In the late 2000s, several rape/murders of lesbians occurred in South Africa.[11][12] The victims included Sizakele Sigasa (a lesbian activist living in Soweto) and her partner Salome Masooa, who were raped, tortured, and murdered in an attack that South African lesbian-gay rights organizations, including the umbrella-group Joint Working Group, said were driven by lesbophobia.[13][14] In the Gauteng township of KwaThema, soccer player Eudy Simelane was gang-raped, beaten and stabbed to death, and LGBT activist Noxolo Nogwaza was raped and stoned before being stabbed to death.[15][16]

Zanele Muholi, community relations director of a lesbian rights group, reports having recorded 50 rape cases over the past decade involving black lesbians in townships, stating: "The problem is largely that of patriarchy. The men who perpetrate such crimes see rape as curative and as an attempt to show women their place in society."[14][17][18]

In its 2019 annual report, SOS Homophobie found that anti-lesbian violence increased 42 percent in France in 2018, with 365 attacks reported.[19][20][21]

Lesbian erasure edit

Main article: Lesbian erasure

Lesbian erasure references the process of ignoring or discarding the history and problems of lesbians.[22] The term demonstrates the ways in which the contributions of notable lesbian women are diminished by making their lesbianism no longer a part of their story; some examples being Stormé DeLarverie, Audre Lorde, or Angela Davis.[23]

Erotic plasticity and lesbianism edit

Some argue that efforts aimed at females to change their sexual orientation often include rape, and are worse than those aimed at males. Others suggest that the notion of female erotic plasticity is wishful thinking on the part of men who want to have sex with lesbians, and should be criticized for not being objective;[24][better source needed][25] while some hypothesize that lesbian relationships exist because of male sexual desires,[26] and that females are more sexually fluid.[27]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "lesbophobia". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  2. ^ Ogden, Annegret S. (1986). The Great American Housewife: From Helpmate to Wage Earner, 1776-1986. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 206. ISBN 0-313-24752-8.
  3. ^ . ILGA. 18 December 2006. Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 7 August 2007.
  4. ^ Czyzselska, Jane (9 July 2013). "Lesbophobia is homophobia with a side-order of sexism". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
  5. ^ Jillian Todd Weiss, "The Gender Caste System – Identity, Privacy, and Heteronormativity" 13 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine 10 Law & Sexuality 123 (Tulane Law School, 2001)
  6. ^ Peper, Karen, "Female athlete=Lesbian: a complex myth constructed from gender role expectations and lesbiphobia", Queer words, queer images: communications and the construction of homosexuality, pages 193–208 (New York University Press, 1994)
  7. ^ Darcy Plymire and Pamela Forman, "Breaking the Silence: Lesbian Fans, the Internet, and the Sexual Politics of Women's Sport", International Journal of Sexuality and Gender Studies, pages 1566–1768 (Springer Netherlands, April 2000)
  8. ^ Megan Radclyffe, Lesbophobia!: Gay Men and Misogyny (Continuum, October 2005)
  9. ^ Raizada, Kristen (2007). "An Interview with the Guerrilla Girls, Dyke Action Machine (DAM!), and the Toxic Titties". NWSA Journal. 19 (1): 39–58. ISSN 1040-0656. JSTOR 4317230.
  10. ^ Emery, Kim (1994). "Steers, Queers, and Manifest Destiny: Representing the Lesbian Subject in Turn-of-the-Century Texas". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 5 (1): 26–57. ISSN 1043-4070. JSTOR 3704079.
  11. ^ . BBC News. 1 February 2012. Archived from the original on 4 April 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2013.
  12. ^ Pithouse, Richard (29 March 2011). . The South African Civil Society Information Service. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2013.
  13. ^ Ndaba, Baldwin (13 July 2007). "'Hate crime' against lesbians slated". IOL News. from the original on 29 March 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2013.
  14. ^ a b Bridgland, Fred (14 July 2007). . Sunday Herald. Archived from the original on 17 July 2007. Retrieved 11 August 2007.
  15. ^ Kelly, Annie. "Raped and killed for being a lesbian: South Africa ignores 'corrective' attacks". The Guardian. from the original on 21 June 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2013.
  16. ^ "South Africa killing of lesbian Nogwaza 'a hate crime'". BBC News. 3 May 2011. from the original on 28 January 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
  17. ^ Cogswell, Kelly Jean (26 July 2007). . Gay City News. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 11 August 2007.
  18. ^ . MSN. 13 March 2009. Archived from the original on 15 March 2009.
  19. ^ "Rapport sur l'homophobie 2019 : 2018, une année noire pour les personnes LGBT" [Report on Homophobia 2019: 2018, a dark year for LGBT people]. SOS Homophobie (in French). 14 May 2019. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
  20. ^ "Insultes, coups de poing, interdiction d'entrer : des lesbiennes racontent les agressions qu'elles ont subies" [Insults, punches, prohibition to enter: lesbians tell the assaults they have suffered]. France Inter (in French). 14 May 2019. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
  21. ^ Wilkins, Anna (13 August 2019). "Anti-Lesbian Hate Crimes Are On The Rise". Gentside. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
  22. ^ Morris, Bonnie J. (22 December 2016). "Dyke Culture and the Disappearing L". Slate. from the original on 20 March 2024. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  23. ^ Fleming, Pippa (3 July 2018). "The gender-identity movement undermines lesbians". The Economist. from the original on 20 March 2024. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  24. ^ Clarke, Victoria; Peel, Elizabeth (2007). Out in Psychology: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Queer Perspectives (1st ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0470012871.
  25. ^ Radclyffe, Megan (1995). Lesbophobia: Gay Men and Misogyny. Cassell. ISBN 978-0304333264. OCLC 231667896.
  26. ^ Apostolou, Menelaos; Shialos, Marios; Khalil, Michalis; Paschali, Vana (2017). "The evolution of female same-sex attraction: The male choice hypothesis". Personality and Individual Differences. 116: 372–378. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.05.020. ISSN 0191-8869.
  27. ^ Baumeister, Roy F. (2000). "Gender Differences in Erotic Plasticity: The Female Sex Drive as Socially Flexible and Responsive". Psychological Bulletin. 126 (3): 347–374. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.126.3.347. ISSN 0033-2909. LCCN 05019164. PMID 10825779.

Further reading edit

News, magazine, website
  • BBC Africa (12 February 2021). "The footballer raped and murdered for being a lesbian". Modern Ghana.
  • Brownworth, Victoria A. (11 June 2015). . Curve. Archived from the original on 7 September 2015.
  • Carter, Hana (14 May 2016). . The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 21 September 2016.
  • Crawford, Charmaine (2012). ""It's a Girl Thing" Problematizing Female Sexuality, Gender and Lesbophobia in Caribbean Culture". Caribbean Region of the International Resource Network. Digital Library of the Caribbean (dLOC).
  • De Cicco, Gabby (13 March 2015). "Invisibility Is Not A Shield To Save Us From Lesbophobia". Association for Women's Rights in Development (AWID).
  • Hunter-Gault, Charlayne (21 May 2012). "Violated Hopes". The New Yorker.
  • McFadden, David (27 April 2015). "Gay rights activists in Jamaica confronting sexual violence against lesbians". 660 News.
  • Mohan, Megha (24 June 2019). "The Red Zone: A place where butch lesbians live in fear". BBC News.
  • Phadke, Mithila (3 August 2013). "Lesbophobia makes gay women a minority among minorities". The Times of India.
  • Sege, Adam; Huppke, Rex W. (12 July 2013). "Hate crime draws attention to violence against lesbians, gays". Chicago Tribune.
  • Williams, Rhiannon (18 November 2013). "Lesbophobia: why does society struggle to believe women can be lesbians?". The Telegraph.
  • Williamson, Harriet (13 December 2013). "Lesbophobia is alive and well". The Independent.
Books
Academia
  • Dopler, Tania Sharp (1 December 1996). Lesbophobia in Feminist Organizations: An Examination of the Effect of Organizational Structure and Sociopolitical Context on the Expression of Lesbophobia (PDF) (Thesis). Carleton University.
  • Forbes, Susan L.; Stevens, Diane E.; Lathrop, Anna H. (2002). "A Pervasive Silence: Lesbophobia and Team Cohesion in Sport". Canadian Woman Studies. 21 (3). Inanna Publications: 32–35. ISSN 0713-3235. OCLC 09951504.
  • HaleyNelson, Chelsea (2005). "Sexualized Violence Against Lesbians". Peace Review: A Journal of Social Justice. 17 (2–3): 163–80. doi:10.1080/14631370500332882. ISSN 1040-2659. S2CID 143789931.
  • Judge, Melanie (November 2015). Violence against lesbians and (IM) possibilities for identity and politics (PDF) (PhD). University of the Western Cape.
  • Peel, Elizabeth (1999). "I. Violence Against Lesbians and Gay Men: Decision- Making in Reporting and Not Reporting Crime". Feminism & Psychology. 9 (2): 161–167. doi:10.1177/0959353599009002008. ISSN 0959-3535. S2CID 144982158.
  • Waite, Helen (October 2015). "Old lesbians: Gendered histories and persistent challenges". Australasian Journal on Ageing. 34 (S2). Wiley: 8–13. doi:10.1111/ajag.12272. ISSN 1741-6612. PMID 26525439.

External links edit


April 14, 2024
lesbophobia, comprises, various, forms, prejudice, negativity, towards, lesbians, individuals, couples, social, group, lesbianism, general, based, categories, sexual, orientation, identity, gender, expression, this, negativity, encompasses, prejudice, discrimi. Lesbophobia comprises various forms of prejudice and negativity towards lesbians as individuals as couples as a social group or lesbianism in general Based on the categories of sex sexual orientation identity and gender expression this negativity encompasses prejudice discrimination hatred and abuse with attitudes and feelings ranging from disdain to hostility Lesbophobia is misogyny that intersects with homophobia and vice versa It is analogous to gayphobia Soweto Pride 2012 participants remember lesbians raped and murdered in 2007 Contents 1 Terminology 2 Extent 2 1 Anti lesbian violence 3 Lesbian erasure 4 Erotic plasticity and lesbianism 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksTerminology editThe first usage of the term lesbophobia listed in the Oxford English Dictionary is in The Erotic Life of the American Wife 1972 a book by Harper s Bazaar editor Natalie Gittelson 1 2 While some people use only the more general term homophobia to describe this sort of prejudice or behavior others believe that the terms homosexual and homophobia do not adequately reflect the specific concerns of lesbians because they experience the double discrimination of both homophobia and sexism 3 4 Extent editSee also LGBT stereotypes Lesbians The idea that lesbians are dangerous while heterosexual interactions are natural normal and spontaneous is a common example of beliefs which are lesbophobic Like homophobia this belief is classed as heteronormative as it assumes that heterosexuality is dominant presumed and normal and that other sexual or relationship arrangements are abnormal and unnatural 5 A stereotype that has been identified as lesbophobic is that female athletes are always or predominantly lesbians 6 7 Lesbians encounter lesbophobic attitudes not only in straight men and women but from gay men as well as bisexual people 8 Lesbophobia in gay men is regarded as manifest in the perceived subordination of lesbian issues in the campaign for gay rights 9 Lesbians have been stereotyped in often contradictory ways Kim Emery in discussing lesbians in the United States during the late 19th century says It is a truism that lesbian existence is inflected and afflicted by apparently incompatible social stereotypes Lesbians are assumed to be both men in women s bodies and women marked as masculine by physical anomaly Lesbians are accused of hating men and of wanting to be men of being both sexually predatory and essentially asexual sic of committing unspeakable sexual acts and of lacking the endowments necessary to perform any sexual acts 10 Anti lesbian violence edit Lesbophobia is sometimes demonstrated through crimes of violence including corrective rape and even murder In the late 2000s several rape murders of lesbians occurred in South Africa 11 12 The victims included Sizakele Sigasa a lesbian activist living in Soweto and her partner Salome Masooa who were raped tortured and murdered in an attack that South African lesbian gay rights organizations including the umbrella group Joint Working Group said were driven by lesbophobia 13 14 In the Gauteng township of KwaThema soccer player Eudy Simelane was gang raped beaten and stabbed to death and LGBT activist Noxolo Nogwaza was raped and stoned before being stabbed to death 15 16 Zanele Muholi community relations director of a lesbian rights group reports having recorded 50 rape cases over the past decade involving black lesbians in townships stating The problem is largely that of patriarchy The men who perpetrate such crimes see rape as curative and as an attempt to show women their place in society 14 17 18 In its 2019 annual report SOS Homophobie found that anti lesbian violence increased 42 percent in France in 2018 with 365 attacks reported 19 20 21 Lesbian erasure editMain article Lesbian erasure Lesbian erasure references the process of ignoring or discarding the history and problems of lesbians 22 The term demonstrates the ways in which the contributions of notable lesbian women are diminished by making their lesbianism no longer a part of their story some examples being Storme DeLarverie Audre Lorde or Angela Davis 23 Erotic plasticity and lesbianism editSome argue that efforts aimed at females to change their sexual orientation often include rape and are worse than those aimed at males Others suggest that the notion of female erotic plasticity is wishful thinking on the part of men who want to have sex with lesbians and should be criticized for not being objective 24 better source needed 25 while some hypothesize that lesbian relationships exist because of male sexual desires 26 and that females are more sexually fluid 27 See also edit nbsp LGBT portalCorrective rape Compulsory heterosexuality Heterosexism History of lesbianism Lesbianism in erotica Sapphobia Societal attitudes toward homosexuality Violence against LGBT peopleReferences edit lesbophobia Oxford English Dictionary Online ed Oxford University Press Subscription or participating institution membership required Ogden Annegret S 1986 The Great American Housewife From Helpmate to Wage Earner 1776 1986 Westport Connecticut Greenwood Press p 206 ISBN 0 313 24752 8 What is Lesbophobia ILGA 18 December 2006 Archived from the original on 20 February 2012 Retrieved 7 August 2007 Czyzselska Jane 9 July 2013 Lesbophobia is homophobia with a side order of sexism The Guardian Retrieved 2 February 2016 Jillian Todd Weiss The Gender Caste System Identity Privacy and Heteronormativity Archived 13 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine 10 Law amp Sexuality 123 Tulane Law School 2001 Peper Karen Female athlete Lesbian a complex myth constructed from gender role expectations and lesbiphobia Queer words queer images communications and the construction of homosexuality pages 193 208 New York University Press 1994 Darcy Plymire and Pamela Forman Breaking the Silence Lesbian Fans the Internet and the Sexual Politics of Women s Sport International Journal of Sexuality and Gender Studies pages 1566 1768 Springer Netherlands April 2000 Megan Radclyffe Lesbophobia Gay Men and Misogyny Continuum October 2005 Raizada Kristen 2007 An Interview with the Guerrilla Girls Dyke Action Machine DAM and the Toxic Titties NWSA Journal 19 1 39 58 ISSN 1040 0656 JSTOR 4317230 Emery Kim 1994 Steers Queers and Manifest Destiny Representing the Lesbian Subject in Turn of the Century Texas Journal of the History of Sexuality 5 1 26 57 ISSN 1043 4070 JSTOR 3704079 Lesbian killers in South Africa get 18 year jail terms BBC News 1 February 2012 Archived from the original on 4 April 2014 Retrieved 22 December 2013 Pithouse Richard 29 March 2011 Only Protected on Paper The South African Civil Society Information Service Archived from the original on 18 December 2014 Retrieved 22 December 2013 Ndaba Baldwin 13 July 2007 Hate crime against lesbians slated IOL News Archived from the original on 29 March 2014 Retrieved 22 December 2013 a b Bridgland Fred 14 July 2007 Lesbian couple killed in execution style murder Hate crimes increase despite equal rights law Sunday Herald Archived from the original on 17 July 2007 Retrieved 11 August 2007 Kelly Annie Raped and killed for being a lesbian South Africa ignores corrective attacks The Guardian Archived from the original on 21 June 2014 Retrieved 22 December 2013 South Africa killing of lesbian Nogwaza a hate crime BBC News 3 May 2011 Archived from the original on 28 January 2012 Retrieved 28 November 2012 Cogswell Kelly Jean 26 July 2007 Cut It Off And Stop AIDS Gay City News Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 Retrieved 11 August 2007 S Africa gangs using rape to cure lesbians MSN 13 March 2009 Archived from the original on 15 March 2009 Rapport sur l homophobie 2019 2018 une annee noire pour les personnes LGBT Report on Homophobia 2019 2018 a dark year for LGBT people SOS Homophobie in French 14 May 2019 Retrieved 14 August 2019 Insultes coups de poing interdiction d entrer des lesbiennes racontent les agressions qu elles ont subies Insults punches prohibition to enter lesbians tell the assaults they have suffered France Inter in French 14 May 2019 Retrieved 14 August 2019 Wilkins Anna 13 August 2019 Anti Lesbian Hate Crimes Are On The Rise Gentside Retrieved 14 August 2019 Morris Bonnie J 22 December 2016 Dyke Culture and the Disappearing L Slate Archived from the original on 20 March 2024 Retrieved 20 March 2024 Fleming Pippa 3 July 2018 The gender identity movement undermines lesbians The Economist Archived from the original on 20 March 2024 Retrieved 20 March 2024 Clarke Victoria Peel Elizabeth 2007 Out in Psychology Lesbian Gay Bisexual Trans and Queer Perspectives 1st ed Chichester West Sussex England John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 978 0470012871 Radclyffe Megan 1995 Lesbophobia Gay Men and Misogyny Cassell ISBN 978 0304333264 OCLC 231667896 Apostolou Menelaos Shialos Marios Khalil Michalis Paschali Vana 2017 The evolution of female same sex attraction The male choice hypothesis Personality and Individual Differences 116 372 378 doi 10 1016 j paid 2017 05 020 ISSN 0191 8869 Baumeister Roy F 2000 Gender Differences in Erotic Plasticity The Female Sex Drive as Socially Flexible and Responsive Psychological Bulletin 126 3 347 374 doi 10 1037 0033 2909 126 3 347 ISSN 0033 2909 LCCN 05019164 PMID 10825779 Further reading editNews magazine websiteBBC Africa 12 February 2021 The footballer raped and murdered for being a lesbian Modern Ghana Brownworth Victoria A 11 June 2015 Erasing Our Lesbian Dead Why Don t Murdered Lesbians Make News Curve Archived from the original on 7 September 2015 Carter Hana 14 May 2016 Rape murder and abuse The penalty for being a lesbian today The Telegraph Archived from the original on 21 September 2016 Crawford Charmaine 2012 It s a Girl Thing Problematizing Female Sexuality Gender and Lesbophobia in Caribbean Culture Caribbean Region of the International Resource Network Digital Library of the Caribbean dLOC De Cicco Gabby 13 March 2015 Invisibility Is Not A Shield To Save Us From Lesbophobia Association for Women s Rights in Development AWID Hunter Gault Charlayne 21 May 2012 Violated Hopes The New Yorker McFadden David 27 April 2015 Gay rights activists in Jamaica confronting sexual violence against lesbians 660 News Mohan Megha 24 June 2019 The Red Zone A place where butch lesbians live in fear BBC News Phadke Mithila 3 August 2013 Lesbophobia makes gay women a minority among minorities The Times of India Sege Adam Huppke Rex W 12 July 2013 Hate crime draws attention to violence against lesbians gays Chicago Tribune Williams Rhiannon 18 November 2013 Lesbophobia why does society struggle to believe women can be lesbians The Telegraph Williamson Harriet 13 December 2013 Lesbophobia is alive and well The Independent BooksHerek Gregory M Berrill Kevin T eds 1992 Hate Crimes Confronting Violence Against Lesbians and Gay Men 1st ed SAGE Publications ISBN 0 8039 4541 8 Morris Bonnie J 2016 The Disappearing L Erasure of Lesbian Spaces and Culture 1st ed SUNY Press ISBN 978 1 4384 6177 9 AcademiaDopler Tania Sharp 1 December 1996 Lesbophobia in Feminist Organizations An Examination of the Effect of Organizational Structure and Sociopolitical Context on the Expression of Lesbophobia PDF Thesis Carleton University Forbes Susan L Stevens Diane E Lathrop Anna H 2002 A Pervasive Silence Lesbophobia and Team Cohesion in Sport Canadian Woman Studies 21 3 Inanna Publications 32 35 ISSN 0713 3235 OCLC 09951504 HaleyNelson Chelsea 2005 Sexualized Violence Against Lesbians Peace Review A Journal of Social Justice 17 2 3 163 80 doi 10 1080 14631370500332882 ISSN 1040 2659 S2CID 143789931 Judge Melanie November 2015 Violence against lesbians and IM possibilities for identity and politics PDF PhD University of the Western Cape Peel Elizabeth 1999 I Violence Against Lesbians and Gay Men Decision Making in Reporting and Not Reporting Crime Feminism amp Psychology 9 2 161 167 doi 10 1177 0959353599009002008 ISSN 0959 3535 S2CID 144982158 Waite Helen October 2015 Old lesbians Gendered histories and persistent challenges Australasian Journal on Ageing 34 S2 Wiley 8 13 doi 10 1111 ajag 12272 ISSN 1741 6612 PMID 26525439 External links editLesbophobia definition by the European Institute for Gender Equality Violence against lesbians education research public campaigns Project Number 2000 021 W DAPHNE project European Commission 2000 Violence Against Lesbians Education Research Public Relation Final Report DAPHNE Programme European Commission 31 December 2001 Lesbians visibility and lesbophobia in France Archived 20 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine SOS Homophobie 2014 Breaking the Silence Criminalisation of Lesbians and Bisexual Women and its Impacts Human Dignity Trust May 2016 In Some Countries Being Gay Or Lesbian Can Land You In Prison Or Worse Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty 2020 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Lesbophobia amp oldid 1216726757, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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