Leon Kamin
Leon J. Kamin (December 29, 1927 – December 22, 2017)[1] was an American psychologist known for his contributions to learning theory and his critique of estimates of the heritability of IQ. He studied under Richard Solomon at Harvard and contributed several important ideas about conditioning, including the "blocking effect".
Leon Kamin | |
|---|---|
| Born | Leon Judah Kamin December 29, 1927 Taunton, Massachusetts, United States |
| Died | December 22, 2017 (aged 89) |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | Harvard University |
| Known for | Blocking effect Learning theory Race and intelligence |
| Spouse | Marie-Claire Kamin |
| Children | 4 |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Psychology |
| Institutions | McGill University Queen's University McMaster University Princeton University Northeastern University |
| Thesis | The effects of the interval between signal and shock on avoidance learning (1954) |
| Academic advisors | Richard Solomon |
Early life and education edit
Leon Kamin was born into a Jewish family in Taunton, Massachusetts; his father was a rabbi. Kamin studied psychology at Harvard. While a Harvard undergraduate, he joined the Communist Party, but dropped out of the party by 1950 and became a Harvard graduate student and teaching fellow. While a graduate student, Kamin was subpoenaed by the Jenner anti-Communist Senate committee, but he refused to name others who had been (or might have been) Communists and cited his Fifth Amendment rights. As a result, Harvard refused to renew his fellowship. Next, Joe McCarthy's anti-communist committee came to Boston, looking for Communists and ex-Communists. Refusing to name names, Kamin was convicted of contempt of the Senate.[2] This caused job offers in the U.S. to dry up and he had to find employment in Canada, where he held positions, first at McGill University, then at Queen’s University and McMaster University (where he chaired the Psychology Department in 1957–58).[3] In 1968 he returned to the U.S. and chaired Princeton University's Department of Psychology and later the Psychology Department at Northeastern University in Boston, Massachusetts.
Career edit
Kamin's most well-known contribution to learning theory was his discovery and analysis of the "blocking effect" (1969). He showed that conditioning an animal to associate a salient conditioned stimulus (CSb), such as a bright light, with a salient unconditioned stimulus (US), like a shock, is "blocked" when CSb is presented simultaneously with another conditioned stimulus (CSa) that was already conditioned to the US. (Kamin used rats in most of his research, but the effect has been found in many animals). However, a 2016 article in the Journal of Experimental Psychology: General reported "15 failures to observe a blocking effect despite the use of procedures that are highly similar or identical to those used in published studies."[4]
In March 1972 an invitation from the Princeton Psychology Department (which Kamin chaired at the time) to Richard Herrnstein (who had a few months earlier published a contentious article about race, gender, class, and intelligence[5]) sparked a major controversy and threats of protest. Herrnstein canceled his visit, saying that "It would be enough for me not to come if they had placards on the wall."[6] Kamin defended the invitation to Herrnstein, opposed the protests,[7] and organized a meeting to discuss the controversy. The resulting debates spurred Kamin to start investigating the work on heritability of intelligence of Cyril Burt, work that Herrnstein was citing to support his views.[8][9] Kamin concluded that Burt had falsified his data. He revealed his discovery, first, in an invited address to the 1973 meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, where his audience of 1,000 gave him a standing ovation.[10] In 1974 he published his findings about Burt in the book The Science and Politics of IQ. In it, Kamin also reviewed the early history of intelligence testing and charged WWI era psychologists with bias against non-WASP immigrants, who were targeted by the Immigration Act of 1924 [11] To Kamin and other critics of Jensen and Herrnstein, psychology in the 1970s was again supporting anti-democratic social policies, attempting to reverse the gains of the Civil Rights and Women’s movements.[12]
As department chair at Princeton and then Northeastern, Kamin’s achievements included the creation of programs to recruit and support graduate students of color.[13]
Kamin co-authored the controversial book Not in Our Genes (1984) with geneticist Richard Lewontin and neurobiologist Steven Rose. This book criticized sociobiology and evolutionary psychology. Kamin was known in some circles for his speculation that the heritability of IQ could be "zero". (Mackintosh, 1998) In 1983, he was named a Guggenheim Fellow in psychology.[14]
He was honorary professor of psychology at the University of Cape Town in South Africa.
Bibliography edit
- The Science and Politics of IQ (1974)
- Hans Jürgen Eysenck and Leon J. Kamin (1981). Intelligence: the Battle for the Mind. MacMillan. ISBN 978-0-330-26399-3.
- Richard Lewontin, Steven Rose and Leon J. Kamin (1984). Not in Our Genes.
Notes edit
- ^ In Memoriam: Dr. Leon J. Kamin (1927-2017)
- ^ (Kamin, 2005)
- ^ Schrecker. E. (1986). No ivory tower : McCarthyism and the universities. Oxford University Press.
- ^ Maes, Elisa; Boddez, Yannick; Alfei, Joaquín Matías; Krypotos, Angelos-Miltiadis; D'Hooge, Rudi; De Houwer, Jan; Beckers, Tom (September 2016). "The elusive nature of the blocking effect: 15 failures to replicate". Journal of Experimental Psychology. General. 145 (9): e49–71. doi:10.1037/xge0000200. hdl:1854/LU-7241679. ISSN 1939-2222. PMID 27428670.
- ^ Herrnstein, Richard J. (1971). "IQ". Atlantic Monthly. 228 (3): 43–64.
- ^ Murphy, Sue (March 6, 1972). "Harvard's Herrnstein cancels scheduled speech appearance". Daily Princetonian. 96 (27).
- ^ "Letters to the Princetonian". Daily Princetonian. 96 (28). March 7, 1972.
- ^ Tucker, William H. (2015). Princeton Radicals of the 1960s, Then and Now. McFarland. p. 214. ISBN 978-1476663012.
- ^ Koblitz, Neal (2008). Random Curves: Journeys of a Mathematician. Springer-Verlag. pp. 67–70. ISBN 978-3540740773.
- ^ Gildemeister, J. (1977, June). Recollections. Psychology for Social Action Newsletter, p. 4
- ^ Lewontin, R. C. and Scarr-Salapatek, S. (1976). Science and politics: An explosive mix. Contemporary Psychology, 21 (2), 97-99.
- ^ Harris, Ben [“Bill Hudson”] (1977, February 4). Review of The Science and Politics of I.Q. by Leon Kamin. International Socialist Review, pp. 11-12.
- ^ Harkins, S. G. (2018). Leon J Kamin (1927–2017). American Psychologist, 73, 941.
- ^ "Leon J. Kamin". John Simon Guggenheim Foundation. Retrieved 2018-07-23.
References edit
- Kamin, L. J. (1969). Predictability, surprise, attention, and conditioning. In B. A. Campbell & R. M . Church (Eds.), Punishment and aversive behavior (pp. 279–296). New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
- Kamin, L.J. (2005). Letter to the Editor, New York Review of Books, May 26.
- Mackintosh, N. (1998). IQ and Human Intelligence. Oxford: University Press. pp. 78–79.
- Loehlin, Lindzey & Spuhler (Freeman, 1975). Race Differences in Intelligence (ISBN 0-7167-0754-3)