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Incubation period

August 25, 2023

Incubation period (also known as the latent period or latency period) is the time elapsed between exposure to a pathogenic organism, a chemical, or radiation, and when symptoms and signs are first apparent.[1] In a typical infectious disease, the incubation period signifies the period taken by the multiplying organism to reach a threshold necessary to produce symptoms in the host.

In some diseases, as depicted in this diagram, the latency period is shorter than the incubation period. After the latency period (but prior to clinical infection) the infected person can transmit the disease without signs of any symptoms. Such infection is called subclinical infection.

While latent or latency period may be synonymous, a distinction is sometimes made whereby the latent period is defined as the time from infection to infectiousness. Which period is shorter depends on the disease. A person may carry disease, such as Streptococcus in the throat, without exhibiting any symptoms. Depending on the disease, the person may or may not be contagious during the incubation period.

During latency, an infection is subclinical. With respect to viral infections, in incubation the virus is replicating.[2] This is in contrast to viral latency, a form of dormancy in which the virus does not replicate. An example of latency is HIV infection. HIV may at first have no symptoms and show no signs of AIDS, despite HIV replicating in the lymphatic system and rapidly accumulating a large viral load. People with HIV in this stage may be infectious.

Intrinsic and extrinsic incubation period Edit

The terms "intrinsic incubation period" and "extrinsic incubation period" are used in vector-borne diseases. The intrinsic incubation period is the time taken by an organism to complete its development in the definitive host. The extrinsic incubation period is the time taken by an organism to develop in the intermediate host.[citation needed]

For example, once ingested by a mosquito, malaria parasites must undergo development within the mosquito before they are infectious to humans. The time required for development in the mosquito ranges from 10 to 28 days, depending on the parasite species and the temperature. This is the extrinsic incubation period of that parasite. If a female mosquito does not survive longer than the extrinsic incubation period, then she will not be able to transmit any malaria parasites.[citation needed]

But if a mosquito successfully transfers the parasite to a human body via a bite, the parasite starts developing. The time between the injection of the parasite into the human and the development of the first symptoms of malaria is its intrinsic incubation period.[3]

Determining factors Edit

The specific incubation period for a disease process is the result of multiple factors, including:[citation needed]

  • Dose or inoculum of an infectious agent
  • Route of inoculation
  • Rate of replication of infectious agent
  • Host susceptibility
  • Immune response

Examples for diseases in humans Edit

Due to inter-individual variation, the incubation period is always expressed as a range. When possible, it is best to express the mean and the 10th and 90th percentiles, though this information is not always available.

For many conditions, incubation periods are longer in adults than they are in children or infants.

Disease between and
Cellulitis caused by Pasteurella multocida 0 days[4] 1 days
Chicken pox 9 days[5] 21 days
Cholera 0.5 days[6] 4.5 days
Common cold 1 days[7][8] 3 days
COVID-19 2 days [9] 11.5[10]/12.5[11]/14 days
Dengue fever 3 days[12] 14 days
Ebola 1 days[13] 21 (95%), 42 (98%) days
Erythema infectiosum (Fifth disease) 13 days[14] 18 days
Giardia 3 days 21 days
HIV 2 weeks to months, or longer[15] 3 weeks to months, or longer
Infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever) 28 days[16] 42 days
Influenza 1 days[17] 3 days
Kuru disease 10.3 years (mean)[18] 13.2 years
Leprosy 1 years[19] 20 or more years
Marburg 5 days[20] 10 days
Measles 9 days[21] 12 days
MERS 2 days[22] 14 days
Mumps 14 days[23] 18 days
Norovirus 1 days[24] 2 days
Pertussis (whooping cough) 7 days[25] 14 days
Polio 7 days[26] 14 days
Rabies 1 months, but may vary from <1 week to rarely >1 year.[27][28] 3 months
Rocky Mountain spotted fever 2 days[29] 14 days
Roseola 5 days[30] 15 days
Rubella (German measles) 14 days[31] 21 days
Salmonella 12 days[31] 24 days
Scarlet fever 1 days[32] 4 days
SARS 1 days[33] 10 days
Smallpox 7 days[34] 17 days
Tetanus 7 days[35] 21 days
Tuberculosis 2 weeks[36] 12 weeks
Typhoid 7 days 21 days

See also Edit

 
Scholia has a profile for incubation period (Q193566).

References Edit

  1. ^ Lesson 1, Section 9: Natural History and Spectrum of Disease, Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice, Third Edition, An Introduction to Applied Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, May 18, 2012
  2. ^ Sharara, A. I. (1997). "Chronic hepatitis C". Southern Medical Journal. 90 (9): 872–7. doi:10.1097/00007611-199709000-00002. PMID 9305294. S2CID 9838013.
  3. ^ Chan, Miranda; Johansson, Michael A. (Nov 30, 2012). "The Incubation Periods of Dengue Viruses". PLOS ONE. 7 (11): e50972. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...750972C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050972. PMC 3511440. PMID 23226436.
  4. ^ Cellulitis, kidshealth.org. Accessed 2012-05-28.
  5. ^ "Chickenpox: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology". March 22, 2020 – via eMedicine. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. ^ Azman, Andrew S.; Rudolph, Kara E.; Cummings, Derek A.T.; Lessler, Justin (2013). "The incubation period of cholera: A systematic review". Journal of Infection. 66 (5): 432–8. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2012.11.013. PMC 3677557. PMID 23201968.
  7. ^ Lessler, Justin; Reich, Nicholas G; Brookmeyer, Ron; Perl, Trish M; Nelson, Kenrad E; Cummings, Derek AT (2009). "Incubation periods of acute respiratory viral infections: A systematic review". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 9 (5): 291–300. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70069-6. PMC 4327893. PMID 19393959.
  8. ^ Common cold, The Mayo Clinic, mayoclinic.com. Accessed 2012-05-28.
  9. ^ Linton, Natalie M.; Kobayashi, Tetsuro G; Yang, Yichi; Hayashi, Katsuma M; Akhmetzhanov, Andrei R. E; Jung, Sung-mok; Yuan, Baoyin; Kinoshita, Ryo; Nishiura1, Hiroshi (2020). "Incubation Period and Other Epidemiological Characteristics of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Infections with Right Truncation: A Statistical Analysis of Publicly Available Case Data". J Clin Med. 9 (2): 538. doi:10.3390/jcm9020538. PMC 7074197. PMID 32079150.
  10. ^ Lauer, Stephen A.; Grantz, Kyra H.; Bi, Qifang; Jones, Forrest K.; Zheng, Qulu; Meredith, Hannah R.; Azman, Andrew S.; Reich, Nicholas G.; Lessler, Justin (March 10, 2020). "The Incubation Period of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) From Publicly Reported Confirmed Cases: Estimation and Application". Annals of Internal Medicine. 172 (9): 577–582. doi:10.7326/M20-0504. PMC 7081172. PMID 32150748.
  11. ^ Li, Qun; Guan, Xuhua; Wu, Peng; Wang, Xiaoye; Zhou, Lei; Tong, Yeqing; Ren, Ruiqi; Leung, Kathy S.M.; Lau, Eric H.Y.; Wong, Jessica Y.; Xing, Xuesen; Xiang, Nijuan; Wu, Yang; Li, Chao; Chen, Qi; Li, Dan; Liu, Tian; Zhao, Jing; Liu, Man; Tu, Wenxiao; Chen, Chuding; Jin, Lianmei; Yang, Rui; Wang, Qi; Zhou, Suhua; Wang, Rui; Liu, Hui; Luo, Yinbo; Liu, Yuan; Shao, Ge; Li, Huan; Tao, Zhongfa; Yang, Yang; Deng, Zhiqiang; Liu, Boxi; Ma, Zhitao; Zhang, Yanping; Shi, Guoqing; Lam, Tommy T.Y.; Wu, Joseph T.; Gao, George F.; Cowling, Benjamin J.; Yang, Bo; Leung, Gabriel M.; Feng, Zijian (March 26, 2020). "Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia". New England Journal of Medicine. 382 (13): 1199–1207. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001316. PMC 7121484. PMID 31995857.
  12. ^ Gubler, D. J. (1998). "Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 11 (3): 480–96. doi:10.1128/CMR.11.3.480. PMC 88892. PMID 9665979.
  13. ^ , World Health Organization, who.int. Accessed 2014-10-21.
  14. ^ Erythema Infectiosum at eMedicine
  15. ^ Kahn, James O.; Walker, Bruce D. (1998). "Acute Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection". New England Journal of Medicine. 339 (1): 33–9. doi:10.1056/NEJM199807023390107. PMID 9647878.
  16. ^ Macnair, Trisha, Glandular fever, BBC, bbc.co.uk. Accessed 2012-05-28.
  17. ^ Seasonal Influenza (Flu), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, cdc.gov. Accessed 2012-05-28.
  18. ^ Huillard d'Aignaux, J. N.; Cousens, S. N.; MacCario, J; Costagliola, D; Alpers, M. P.; Smith, P. G.; Alpérovitch, A (2002). "The incubation period of kuru". Epidemiology. 13 (4): 402–8. doi:10.1097/00001648-200207000-00007. PMID 12094094. S2CID 22810508.
  19. ^ "Leprosy Fact sheet N°101". World Health Organization. January 2014. from the original on 2013-12-12.
  20. ^ Questions and Answers About Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, cdc.gov. Accessed 2012-05-28.
  21. ^ Measles, American Osteopathic College of Dermatology, aocd.org. Accessed 2012-05-28.
  22. ^ "MERS Clinical Features". CDC.gov. CDC. 2 August 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  23. ^ Mumps Disease, Questions & Answers 2007-11-20 at the Wayback Machine, vaccineinformation.org. Accessed 2012-05-28.
  24. ^ Norovirus, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, cdc.gov. Accessed 2012-05-28.
  25. ^ Pertussis, GPnotebook, gpnotebook.co.uk. Accessed 2012-05-28.
  26. ^ Polio, GPnotebook, gpnotebook.co.uk. Accessed 2012-05-28.
  27. ^ "WHO - Rabies". who.int.
  28. ^ "Rabies vaccines: WHO position paper – April 2018" (PDF). WHO. April 2018 – via apps.who.int.
  29. ^ Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, About.com. Accessed 2012-05-28.
  30. ^ Roseola Infantum at eMedicine
  31. ^ a b Dermatologic Manifestations of Rubella at eMedicine
  32. ^ Scarlet Fever at eMedicine
  33. ^ World Health Organization (WHO), Severe acute respiratory syndrome, www.who.int. Accessed 2012-05-28.
  34. ^ Smallpox Disease Overview 2013-04-02 at the Wayback Machine, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, cdc.gov. Accessed 2012-05-28.
  35. ^ Tetanus at eMedicine
  36. ^ "Tuberculosis (TB)". MedicineNet. MedicineNet. Retrieved 22 March 2020.

August 25, 2023
incubation, period, also, known, latent, period, latency, period, time, elapsed, between, exposure, pathogenic, organism, chemical, radiation, when, symptoms, signs, first, apparent, typical, infectious, disease, incubation, period, signifies, period, taken, m. Incubation period also known as the latent period or latency period is the time elapsed between exposure to a pathogenic organism a chemical or radiation and when symptoms and signs are first apparent 1 In a typical infectious disease the incubation period signifies the period taken by the multiplying organism to reach a threshold necessary to produce symptoms in the host In some diseases as depicted in this diagram the latency period is shorter than the incubation period After the latency period but prior to clinical infection the infected person can transmit the disease without signs of any symptoms Such infection is called subclinical infection While latent or latency period may be synonymous a distinction is sometimes made whereby the latent period is defined as the time from infection to infectiousness Which period is shorter depends on the disease A person may carry disease such as Streptococcus in the throat without exhibiting any symptoms Depending on the disease the person may or may not be contagious during the incubation period During latency an infection is subclinical With respect to viral infections in incubation the virus is replicating 2 This is in contrast to viral latency a form of dormancy in which the virus does not replicate An example of latency is HIV infection HIV may at first have no symptoms and show no signs of AIDS despite HIV replicating in the lymphatic system and rapidly accumulating a large viral load People with HIV in this stage may be infectious Contents 1 Intrinsic and extrinsic incubation period 2 Determining factors 3 Examples for diseases in humans 4 See also 5 ReferencesIntrinsic and extrinsic incubation period EditThe terms intrinsic incubation period and extrinsic incubation period are used in vector borne diseases The intrinsic incubation period is the time taken by an organism to complete its development in the definitive host The extrinsic incubation period is the time taken by an organism to develop in the intermediate host citation needed For example once ingested by a mosquito malaria parasites must undergo development within the mosquito before they are infectious to humans The time required for development in the mosquito ranges from 10 to 28 days depending on the parasite species and the temperature This is the extrinsic incubation period of that parasite If a female mosquito does not survive longer than the extrinsic incubation period then she will not be able to transmit any malaria parasites citation needed But if a mosquito successfully transfers the parasite to a human body via a bite the parasite starts developing The time between the injection of the parasite into the human and the development of the first symptoms of malaria is its intrinsic incubation period 3 Determining factors EditThe specific incubation period for a disease process is the result of multiple factors including citation needed Dose or inoculum of an infectious agent Route of inoculation Rate of replication of infectious agent Host susceptibility Immune responseExamples for diseases in humans EditDue to inter individual variation the incubation period is always expressed as a range When possible it is best to express the mean and the 10th and 90th percentiles though this information is not always available For many conditions incubation periods are longer in adults than they are in children or infants Disease between andCellulitis caused by Pasteurella multocida 0 days 4 1 daysChicken pox 9 days 5 21 daysCholera 0 5 days 6 4 5 daysCommon cold 1 days 7 8 3 daysCOVID 19 2 days 9 11 5 10 12 5 11 14 daysDengue fever 3 days 12 14 daysEbola 1 days 13 21 95 42 98 daysErythema infectiosum Fifth disease 13 days 14 18 daysGiardia 3 days 21 daysHIV 2 weeks to months or longer 15 3 weeks to months or longerInfectious mononucleosis glandular fever 28 days 16 42 daysInfluenza 1 days 17 3 daysKuru disease 10 3 years mean 18 13 2 yearsLeprosy 1 years 19 20 or more yearsMarburg 5 days 20 10 daysMeasles 9 days 21 12 daysMERS 2 days 22 14 daysMumps 14 days 23 18 daysNorovirus 1 days 24 2 daysPertussis whooping cough 7 days 25 14 daysPolio 7 days 26 14 daysRabies 1 months but may vary from lt 1 week to rarely gt 1 year 27 28 3 monthsRocky Mountain spotted fever 2 days 29 14 daysRoseola 5 days 30 15 daysRubella German measles 14 days 31 21 daysSalmonella 12 days 31 24 daysScarlet fever 1 days 32 4 daysSARS 1 days 33 10 daysSmallpox 7 days 34 17 daysTetanus 7 days 35 21 daysTuberculosis 2 weeks 36 12 weeksTyphoid 7 days 21 daysSee also Edit Scholia has a profile for incubation period Q193566 Latent period Infectious period Gestation period Prodrome Quarantine Window period the time between infection and when lab tests can identify the infection References Edit Lesson 1 Section 9 Natural History and Spectrum of Disease Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice Third Edition An Introduction to Applied Epidemiology and Biostatistics Centers for Disease Control and Prevention May 18 2012 Sharara A I 1997 Chronic hepatitis C Southern Medical Journal 90 9 872 7 doi 10 1097 00007611 199709000 00002 PMID 9305294 S2CID 9838013 Chan Miranda Johansson Michael A Nov 30 2012 The Incubation Periods of Dengue Viruses PLOS ONE 7 11 e50972 Bibcode 2012PLoSO 750972C doi 10 1371 journal pone 0050972 PMC 3511440 PMID 23226436 Cellulitis kidshealth org Accessed 2012 05 28 Chickenpox Practice Essentials Background Pathophysiology March 22 2020 via eMedicine a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Azman Andrew S Rudolph Kara E Cummings Derek A T Lessler Justin 2013 The incubation period of cholera A systematic review Journal of Infection 66 5 432 8 doi 10 1016 j jinf 2012 11 013 PMC 3677557 PMID 23201968 Lessler Justin Reich Nicholas G Brookmeyer Ron Perl Trish M Nelson Kenrad E Cummings Derek AT 2009 Incubation periods of acute respiratory viral infections A systematic review The Lancet Infectious Diseases 9 5 291 300 doi 10 1016 S1473 3099 09 70069 6 PMC 4327893 PMID 19393959 Common cold The Mayo Clinic mayoclinic com Accessed 2012 05 28 Linton Natalie M Kobayashi Tetsuro G Yang Yichi Hayashi Katsuma M Akhmetzhanov Andrei R E Jung Sung mok Yuan Baoyin Kinoshita Ryo Nishiura1 Hiroshi 2020 Incubation Period and Other Epidemiological Characteristics of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Infections with Right Truncation A Statistical Analysis of Publicly Available Case Data J Clin Med 9 2 538 doi 10 3390 jcm9020538 PMC 7074197 PMID 32079150 Lauer Stephen A Grantz Kyra H Bi Qifang Jones Forrest K Zheng Qulu Meredith Hannah R Azman Andrew S Reich Nicholas G Lessler Justin March 10 2020 The Incubation Period of Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19 From Publicly Reported Confirmed Cases Estimation and Application Annals of Internal Medicine 172 9 577 582 doi 10 7326 M20 0504 PMC 7081172 PMID 32150748 Li Qun Guan Xuhua Wu Peng Wang Xiaoye Zhou Lei Tong Yeqing Ren Ruiqi Leung Kathy S M Lau Eric H Y Wong Jessica Y Xing Xuesen Xiang Nijuan Wu Yang Li Chao Chen Qi Li Dan Liu Tian Zhao Jing Liu Man Tu Wenxiao Chen Chuding Jin Lianmei Yang Rui Wang Qi Zhou Suhua Wang Rui Liu Hui Luo Yinbo Liu Yuan Shao Ge Li Huan Tao Zhongfa Yang Yang Deng Zhiqiang Liu Boxi Ma Zhitao Zhang Yanping Shi Guoqing Lam Tommy T Y Wu Joseph T Gao George F Cowling Benjamin J Yang Bo Leung Gabriel M Feng Zijian March 26 2020 Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan China of Novel Coronavirus Infected Pneumonia New England Journal of Medicine 382 13 1199 1207 doi 10 1056 NEJMoa2001316 PMC 7121484 PMID 31995857 Gubler D J 1998 Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever Clinical Microbiology Reviews 11 3 480 96 doi 10 1128 CMR 11 3 480 PMC 88892 PMID 9665979 Are the Ebola outbreaks in Nigeria and Senegal over World Health Organization who int Accessed 2014 10 21 Erythema Infectiosum at eMedicine Kahn James O Walker Bruce D 1998 Acute Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection New England Journal of Medicine 339 1 33 9 doi 10 1056 NEJM199807023390107 PMID 9647878 Macnair Trisha Glandular fever BBC bbc co uk Accessed 2012 05 28 Seasonal Influenza Flu Centers for Disease Control and Prevention cdc gov Accessed 2012 05 28 Huillard d Aignaux J N Cousens S N MacCario J Costagliola D Alpers M P Smith P G Alperovitch A 2002 The incubation period of kuru Epidemiology 13 4 402 8 doi 10 1097 00001648 200207000 00007 PMID 12094094 S2CID 22810508 Leprosy Fact sheet N 101 World Health Organization January 2014 Archived from the original on 2013 12 12 Questions and Answers About Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever Archived 2016 03 03 at the Wayback Machine Centers for Disease Control and Prevention cdc gov Accessed 2012 05 28 Measles American Osteopathic College of Dermatology aocd org Accessed 2012 05 28 MERS Clinical Features CDC gov CDC 2 August 2019 Retrieved 22 March 2020 Mumps Disease Questions amp Answers Archived 2007 11 20 at the Wayback Machine vaccineinformation org Accessed 2012 05 28 Norovirus Centers for Disease Control and Prevention cdc gov Accessed 2012 05 28 Pertussis GPnotebook gpnotebook co uk Accessed 2012 05 28 Polio GPnotebook gpnotebook co uk Accessed 2012 05 28 WHO Rabies who int Rabies vaccines WHO position paper April 2018 PDF WHO April 2018 via apps who int Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever About com Accessed 2012 05 28 Roseola Infantum at eMedicine a b Dermatologic Manifestations of Rubella at eMedicine Scarlet Fever at eMedicine World Health Organization WHO Severe acute respiratory syndrome www who int Accessed 2012 05 28 Smallpox Disease Overview Archived 2013 04 02 at the Wayback Machine Centers for Disease Control and Prevention cdc gov Accessed 2012 05 28 Tetanus at eMedicine Tuberculosis TB MedicineNet MedicineNet Retrieved 22 March 2020 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Incubation period amp oldid 1159260409, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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