The Lansing–Ishii Agreement (石井・ランシング協定, Ishii-Ranshingu Kyōtei) was a diplomatic note signed in Washington between the United States and the Empire of Japan on 2 November 1917 over their disputes with regards to China. Both parties agreed to respect the independence and territorial integrity of China and to follow the principle of equal opportunity for commerce and industry in that country. The United States recognized Japan had special interests in certain areas, especially Manchuria. The Chinese objected to the agreement and it was abrogated in 1923.[1]
In a secret protocol, which was attached to the public agreement, both parties agreed not to take advantage of the special opportunities presented by World War I to seek special rights or privileges in China at the expense of other nations that had been allied in the war effort against Germany.
At the time, the Lansing–Ishii Agreement was touted as evidence that Japan and the United States had laid to rest their increasingly-acrimonious rivalry over China, and the agreement was hailed as a landmark in Japanese–American relations. However, critics soon realized that the vagueness and the differing possible interpretations of the agreement meant that nothing had really been decided after two months of talks. The agreement was abrogated in April 1923, when it was replaced by the Nine-Power Treaty.
For the Japanese, the Lansing–Ishii Agreement acknowledged Tokyo's special interests in part of China and recognized that Japan could not easily be ignored in international affairs.[2]
Bagby, Wesley M (1970). America's International Relations since World War I. Oxford University Press. ISBN0-19-512389-1.
Beers, Burton F. Vain Endeavor. Robert Lansing's Attempts to End the American-Japanese Rivalry (1962)
Tuchman, Barbara (2001). Stillwell and the American Experience in China, 1911–1945. Grove Press. ISBN0-8021-3852-7.
Walker, William O. (2009). National Security and Core Values in American History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN0-521-74010-X.
Vinson, J. Chal. "The Annulment of the Lansing-Ishii Agreement." Pacific Historical Review (1958): 57-69. Online
Young, C. Walter. The International Legal Status Of The Kwantung Leased Territory (1931) online
External linksEdit
The Imperial Japanese Mission to the United States, 1917, Appendix B. – Containing full public text of the Agreement
NotesEdit
^Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911–1945, page 48
^Walker, National Security and Core Values in American History, page 78
October 21, 2023
lansing, ishii, agreement, 石井, ランシング協定, ishii, ranshingu, kyōtei, diplomatic, note, signed, washington, between, united, states, empire, japan, november, 1917, over, their, disputes, with, regards, china, both, parties, agreed, respect, independence, territori. The Lansing Ishii Agreement 石井 ランシング協定 Ishii Ranshingu Kyōtei was a diplomatic note signed in Washington between the United States and the Empire of Japan on 2 November 1917 over their disputes with regards to China Both parties agreed to respect the independence and territorial integrity of China and to follow the principle of equal opportunity for commerce and industry in that country The United States recognized Japan had special interests in certain areas especially Manchuria The Chinese objected to the agreement and it was abrogated in 1923 1 Viscount Ishii Kikujirō Japanese special envoy with United States Secretary of State Robert Lansing in Washington in 1917 for the signing of the Lansing Ishii AgreementIn a secret protocol which was attached to the public agreement both parties agreed not to take advantage of the special opportunities presented by World War I to seek special rights or privileges in China at the expense of other nations that had been allied in the war effort against Germany At the time the Lansing Ishii Agreement was touted as evidence that Japan and the United States had laid to rest their increasingly acrimonious rivalry over China and the agreement was hailed as a landmark in Japanese American relations However critics soon realized that the vagueness and the differing possible interpretations of the agreement meant that nothing had really been decided after two months of talks The agreement was abrogated in April 1923 when it was replaced by the Nine Power Treaty For the Japanese the Lansing Ishii Agreement acknowledged Tokyo s special interests in part of China and recognized that Japan could not easily be ignored in international affairs 2 Contents 1 See also 2 References 3 External links 4 NotesSee also EditJapan United States relations Taft Katsura AgreementReferences EditBagby Wesley M 1970 America s International Relations since World War I Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 512389 1 Beers Burton F Vain Endeavor Robert Lansing s Attempts to End the American Japanese Rivalry 1962 Tuchman Barbara 2001 Stillwell and the American Experience in China 1911 1945 Grove Press ISBN 0 8021 3852 7 Walker William O 2009 National Security and Core Values in American History Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 74010 X Vinson J Chal The Annulment of the Lansing Ishii Agreement Pacific Historical Review 1958 57 69 Online Young C Walter The International Legal Status Of The Kwantung Leased Territory 1931 onlineExternal links EditThe Imperial Japanese Mission to the United States 1917 Appendix B Containing full public text of the AgreementNotes Edit Tuchman Stilwell and the American Experience in China 1911 1945 page 48 Walker National Security and Core Values in American History page 78 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Lansing Ishii Agreement amp oldid 1165017765, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
