The family name, and that of the largest genus, Lanius, is derived from the Latin word for "butcher", and some shrikes are also known as butcherbirds because of their feeding habits.[1] The common English name shrike is from Old Englishscrīc, alluding to the shrike's shriek-like call.[2]
Most shrike species have a Eurasian and African distribution, with just two breeding in North America (the loggerhead and northern shrikes). No members of this family occur in South America or Australia, although one species reaches New Guinea. The shrikes vary in the extent of their ranges, with some species, such as the great grey shrike, ranging across the Northern Hemisphere; to the Newton's fiscal, which is restricted to the island of São Tomé.[3]
They inhabit open habitats, especially steppe and savannah. A few species of shrikes are forest dwellers, seldom occurring in open habitats. Some species breed in northern latitudes during the summer, then migrate to warmer climes for the winter.
Description
Shrikes are medium-sized birds with grey, brown, or black-and-white plumage. Most species are between 16 cm (6.3 in) and 25 cm (9.8 in) in size; however, the genus Corvinella, with its extremely elongated tail-feathers, may reach up to 50 cm (20 in) in length. Their beaks are hooked, like those of a bird of prey, reflecting their carnivorous nature; their calls are strident.
Shrikes are known for their habit of catching insects and small vertebrates and impaling them on thorns, branches, the spikes on barbed-wire fences, or any available sharp point. This helps them to tear the flesh into smaller, more conveniently sized fragments, and serves as a cache so that the shrike can return to the uneaten portions at a later time.[4] This same behaviour of impaling insects serves as an adaptation to eating the toxic lubber grasshopper, Romalea microptera. The bird waits 1–2 days for the toxins within the grasshopper to degrade before eating it.[5]
Loggerhead shrikes kill vertebrates by using their beaks to grab or pierce the neck and violently shake their prey.[6]
Shrikes are territorial, and these territories are defended from other pairs. In migratory species, a breeding territory is defended in the breeding grounds and a smaller feeding territory is established during migration and in the wintering grounds.[3] Where several species of shrikes exist together, competition for territories can be intense.
Shrikes make regular use of exposed perch sites, where they adopt a conspicuous upright stance. These sites are used to watch for prey and to advertise their presence to rivals.
Breeding
Shrikes are generally monogamous breeders, although polygyny has been recorded in some species.[3] Co-operative breeding, where younger birds help their parents raise the next generation of young, has been recorded in both species in the genera Eurocephalus and Corvinella, as well as one species of Lanius. Males attract females to their territory with well-stocked caches, which may include inedible but brightly coloured items. During courtship, the male performs a ritualised dance which includes actions that mimic the skewering of prey on thorns, and feeds the female. Shrikes make simple, cup-shaped nests from twigs and grasses, in bushes and the lower branches of trees.[4]
^ abcYosef, Reuven (2008). "Family Laniidae (Shrikes)". In Josep, del Hoyo; Andrew, Elliott; David, Christie (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 13, Penduline-tits to Shrikes. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp. 732–773. ISBN978-84-96553-45-3.
^ abClancey, P.A. (1991). Forshaw, Joseph (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds. London: Merehurst Press. p. 180. ISBN1-85391-186-0.
^Yosef, Reuven; Whitman, Douglas W. (1992). "Predator exaptations and defensive adaptations in evolutionary balance: No defence is perfect". Evolutionary Ecology. 6 (6): 527–536. doi:10.1007/BF02270696. S2CID 23312866.
^Sustaita, Diego; Rubega, Margaret A.; Farabaugh, Susan M. (2018). "Come on baby, let's do the twist: the kinematics of killing in loggerhead shrikes". Biology Letters. 14 (9). doi:10.1098/rsbl.2018.0321. PMC6170751. PMID 30185607.
^Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel (1815). Analyse de la nature ou, Tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés (in French). Palermo: Self-published. p. 67.
^Bock, Walter J. (1994). History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. Number 222. New York: American Museum of Natural History. pp. 150, 252. hdl:2246/830.
^Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2019). "Shrikes, vireos & shrike-babblers". World Bird List Version 9.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
Further reading
Fuchs, J.; Alström, P.; Yosef, R.; Olsson, U. (2019). "Miocene diversification of an open‐habitat predatorial passerine radiation, the shrikes (Aves: Passeriformes: Laniidae)" (PDF). Zoologica Scripta. 48 (5): 571–588. doi:10.1111/zsc.12363. S2CID 202027002.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Laniidae.
"Shrike" . The New Student's Reference Work. 1914.
January 07, 2023
shrike, other, uses, disambiguation, passerine, birds, family, laniidae, family, composed, species, four, genera, sred, backed, shrike, lanius, collurio, scientific, classificationkingdom, animaliaphylum, chordataclass, avesorder, passeriformessuperfamily, cor. For other uses see Shrike disambiguation Shrikes ʃ r aɪ k are passerine birds of the family Laniidae The family is composed of 34 species in four genera ShrikesRed backed shrike Lanius collurio Scientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass AvesOrder PasseriformesSuperfamily CorvoideaFamily LaniidaeRafinesque 1815GeneraLanius Eurocephalus Corvinella UrolestesThe family name and that of the largest genus Lanius is derived from the Latin word for butcher and some shrikes are also known as butcherbirds because of their feeding habits 1 The common English name shrike is from Old English scric alluding to the shrike s shriek like call 2 Contents 1 Distribution migration and habitat 2 Description 3 Behaviour 3 1 Breeding 4 Species in taxonomic order 4 1 Birds with similar names 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksDistribution migration and habitat EditMost shrike species have a Eurasian and African distribution with just two breeding in North America the loggerhead and northern shrikes No members of this family occur in South America or Australia although one species reaches New Guinea The shrikes vary in the extent of their ranges with some species such as the great grey shrike ranging across the Northern Hemisphere to the Newton s fiscal which is restricted to the island of Sao Tome 3 They inhabit open habitats especially steppe and savannah A few species of shrikes are forest dwellers seldom occurring in open habitats Some species breed in northern latitudes during the summer then migrate to warmer climes for the winter Description EditShrikes are medium sized birds with grey brown or black and white plumage Most species are between 16 cm 6 3 in and 25 cm 9 8 in in size however the genus Corvinella with its extremely elongated tail feathers may reach up to 50 cm 20 in in length Their beaks are hooked like those of a bird of prey reflecting their carnivorous nature their calls are strident Behaviour Edit A bee presumably caught and impaled by a shrike Shrikes are known for their habit of catching insects and small vertebrates and impaling them on thorns branches the spikes on barbed wire fences or any available sharp point This helps them to tear the flesh into smaller more conveniently sized fragments and serves as a cache so that the shrike can return to the uneaten portions at a later time 4 This same behaviour of impaling insects serves as an adaptation to eating the toxic lubber grasshopper Romalea microptera The bird waits 1 2 days for the toxins within the grasshopper to degrade before eating it 5 Loggerhead shrikes kill vertebrates by using their beaks to grab or pierce the neck and violently shake their prey 6 Shrikes are territorial and these territories are defended from other pairs In migratory species a breeding territory is defended in the breeding grounds and a smaller feeding territory is established during migration and in the wintering grounds 3 Where several species of shrikes exist together competition for territories can be intense Shrikes make regular use of exposed perch sites where they adopt a conspicuous upright stance These sites are used to watch for prey and to advertise their presence to rivals Breeding Edit Shrikes are generally monogamous breeders although polygyny has been recorded in some species 3 Co operative breeding where younger birds help their parents raise the next generation of young has been recorded in both species in the genera Eurocephalus and Corvinella as well as one species of Lanius Males attract females to their territory with well stocked caches which may include inedible but brightly coloured items During courtship the male performs a ritualised dance which includes actions that mimic the skewering of prey on thorns and feeds the female Shrikes make simple cup shaped nests from twigs and grasses in bushes and the lower branches of trees 4 Species in taxonomic order EditThe family Laniidae was introduced as Lanidia by the French polymath Constantine Samuel Rafinesque in 1815 7 8 FAMILY LANIIDAE 9 Image Genus Living Species Lanius Linnaeus 1758 Tiger shrike Lanius tigrinus Souza s shrike Lanius souzae Bull headed shrike Lanius bucephalus Brown shrike Lanius cristatus Red backed shrike Lanius collurio Isabelline shrike Lanius isabellinus Red tailed shrike Lanius phoenicuroides Burmese shrike Lanius collurioides Emin s shrike Lanius gubernator Bay backed shrike Lanius vittatus Long tailed shrike Lanius schach Grey backed shrike Lanius tephronotus Mountain shrike or grey capped shrike Lanius validirostris Mackinnon s shrike Lanius mackinnoni Lesser grey shrike Lanius minor Loggerhead shrike Lanius ludovicianus Northern shrike Lanius borealis Great grey shrike or northern shrike Lanius excubitor Steppe grey shrike Lanius excubitor pallidirostris Iberian grey shrike Lanius meridionalis Chinese grey shrike Lanius sphenocercus Giant grey shrike Lanius giganteus Grey backed fiscal Lanius excubitoroides Long tailed fiscal Lanius cabanisi Taita fiscal Lanius dorsalis Somali fiscal Lanius somalicus Northern fiscal Lanius humeralis Southern fiscal Lanius collaris Uhehe fiscal Lanius collaris marwitzi Sao Tome fiscal Lanius newtoni Woodchat shrike Lanius senator Masked shrike Lanius nubicus Corvinella Lesson 1831 Yellow billed shrike Corvinella corvina Eurocephalus A Smith 1836 Northern white crowned shrike Eurocephalus ruppelli Southern white crowned shrike Eurocephalus anguitimens Urolestes Cabanis 1851 Magpie shrike Urolestes melanoleucusBirds with similar names Edit Other species with names including the word shrike due to perceived similarities in morphology are in the families Vangidae vangas helmetshrikes woodshrikes flycatcher shrikes shrike flycatchers and philentomas Malaconotidae bushshrikes puffbacks tchagras and boubous Campephagidae cuckooshrikes trillers and cicadabirds Falcunculidae shriketits Pachycephalidae whistlers and shrikethrushes Platylophidae the crested shrikejay Vireonidae vireos including Cyclarhis peppershrikes Vireolanius shrike vireos and Pteruthius shrike babblers Platysteiridae wattle eyes and batises including the white tailed shrike Thraupidae tanagers including the shrike like tanager and Lanio shrike tanagers Monarchidae monarchs including Clytorhynchus shrikebills Thamnophilidae antbirds antshrikes antwrens and antvireos Tyrannidae tyrant flycatchers including Agriornis shrike tyrants Tityridae becards and allies including Laniisoma shrike like cotingasThe helmetshrikes and bushshrikes were formerly included in Laniidae but they are now known to be not particularly closely related to true shrikes The Australasian butcherbirds are not shrikes although they occupy a similar ecological niche References Edit Jobling James A 2010 The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names London Christopher Helm p 219 ISBN 978 1 4081 2501 4 Shrike Oxford English Dictionary Online ed Oxford University Press Subscription or participating institution membership required a b c Yosef Reuven 2008 Family Laniidae Shrikes In Josep del Hoyo Andrew Elliott David Christie eds Handbook of the Birds of the World Volume 13 Penduline tits to Shrikes Barcelona Lynx Edicions pp 732 773 ISBN 978 84 96553 45 3 a b Clancey P A 1991 Forshaw Joseph ed Encyclopaedia of Animals Birds London Merehurst Press p 180 ISBN 1 85391 186 0 Yosef Reuven Whitman Douglas W 1992 Predator exaptations and defensive adaptations in evolutionary balance No defence is perfect Evolutionary Ecology 6 6 527 536 doi 10 1007 BF02270696 S2CID 23312866 Sustaita Diego Rubega Margaret A Farabaugh Susan M 2018 Come on baby let s do the twist the kinematics of killing in loggerhead shrikes Biology Letters 14 9 doi 10 1098 rsbl 2018 0321 PMC 6170751 PMID 30185607 Rafinesque Constantine Samuel 1815 Analyse de la nature ou Tableau de l univers et des corps organises in French Palermo Self published p 67 Bock Walter J 1994 History and Nomenclature of Avian Family Group Names Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History Vol Number 222 New York American Museum of Natural History pp 150 252 hdl 2246 830 Gill Frank Donsker David eds 2019 Shrikes vireos amp shrike babblers World Bird List Version 9 2 International Ornithologists Union Retrieved 14 August 2019 Further reading EditFuchs J Alstrom P Yosef R Olsson U 2019 Miocene diversification of an open habitat predatorial passerine radiation the shrikes Aves Passeriformes Laniidae PDF Zoologica Scripta 48 5 571 588 doi 10 1111 zsc 12363 S2CID 202027002 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Laniidae Shrike The New Student s Reference Work 1914 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Shrike amp oldid 1128999994, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
