Link Access Procedure, Balanced (LAPB) implements the data link layer as defined in the X.25 protocol suite. LAPB is a bit-oriented protocol derived from HDLC that ensures that frames are error free and in the correct sequence. LAPB is specified in ITU-T Recommendation X.25 and ISO/IEC 7776. It implements the connection-mode data link service in the OSI Reference Model as defined by ITU-T Recommendation X.222.
LAPB state Diagram
LAPB is used to manage communication and packet framing between data terminal equipment (DTE) and the data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE) devices in the X.25 protocol stack. LAPB is essentially HDLC in Asynchronous Balanced Mode (ABM). LAPB sessions can be established by either the DTE or DCE. The station initiating the call is determined to be the primary, and the responding station is the secondary.
I-Frames (Information frames): Carries upper-layer information and some control information. I-frame functions include sequencing, flow control, and error detection and recovery. I-frames carry send and receive sequence numbers.
S-Frames (Supervisory Frames): Carries control information. S-frame functions include requesting and suspending transmissions, reporting on status, and acknowledging the receipt of I-frames. S-frames carry only receive sequence numbers.
U-Frames (Unnumbered Frames): carries control information. U-frame functions include link setup and disconnection, as well as error reporting. U-frames carry no sequence numbers
Frame formatedit
Flag
Address
Control
Data
Checksum
Flag
0111 1110
0111 1110
(8 bits)
(8 bits)
(8 bits)
(Variable)
(16 bits)
(8 bits)
Flag – The value of the flag is always 0x7E. In order to ensure that the bit pattern of the frame delimiter flag does not appear in the data field of the frame (and therefore cause frame misalignment), a technique known as Bit stuffing is used by both the transmitter and the receiver.
Address field – In LAPB, this field has no meaning since the protocol works in a point to point mode and the DTE network address is represented in the layer 3 packets. This byte is therefore put to a different use; it separates the link commands from the responses and can have only two values: 0x01 and 0x03. 01 identifies frames containing commands from DTE to DCE and responses to these commands from DCE to DTE. 03 is used for frames containing commands from DCE to DTE and for responses from DTE to DCE. Therefore, one side must be configured as a Layer 2 DTE and the other as a Layer 2 DCE (you must not confuse this with the more familiar Layer 1 DCE and DTE designations).
Control field – it serves to identify the type of the frame. In addition, it includes sequence numbers, control features and error tracking according to the frame type.
Modes of operation – LAPB works in the Asynchronous Balanced Mode (ABM). This mode is balanced (i.e., no master/slave relationship) and is signified by the SABM(E)/SM frame. Each station may initialize, supervise, recover from errors, and send frames at any time. The DTE and DCE are treated as equals.
FCS – The Frame Check Sequence enables a high level of physical error control by allowing the integrity of the transmitted frame data to be checked.
Window size – LAPB supports an extended window size (modulo 128 and modulo 32768) where the maximum number of outstanding frames for acknowledgment is raised from 7 (modulo 8) to 127 (modulo 128) and 32767 (modulo 32768).[1]
Protocol operationedit
LAPB has no master/slave node relationships. The sender uses the Poll bit in command frames to insist on an immediate response. In the response frame this same bit becomes the receivers Final bit. The receiver always turns on the Final bit in its response to a command from the sender with the Poll bit set. The P/F bit is generally used when either end becomes unsure about proper frame sequencing because of a possible missing acknowledgment, and it is necessary to re-establish a point of reference. It is also used to trigger an acknowledgment of outstanding I-frames.
Node addressingedit
The following table shows which addresses are placed into the LAPB frame when issuing commands and responses from DTE to DCE and DCE to DTE using single link operation or multilink operation:[2]
Direction
Single link operation
Multilink operation
Command
Response
Command
Response
DTE-DCE
01 Hex (B)
03 Hex (A)
07 Hex (D)
0F Hex (C)
DCE-DTE
03 Hex (A)
01 Hex (B)
0F Hex (C)
07 Hex (D)
Protocol commands and responsesedit
Type
Commands
Response
Info
Supervisory
RR
RR
acknowledges the reception of a frame and indicates that the device is ready to receive the next one in the sequence
RNR
RNR
acknowledges a received frame but it indicates that it cannot receive any more I-frames because it is still busy
REJ
REJ
requests the retransmission of I-frames, the packet contains the error frame so that the DTE will retransmit all packets since the error frame
SREJ
requests the retransmission of selected I-frames, the packet contains the specific frames that the DTE will retransmit (not used for modulo 8, optional for modulo 128, mandatory for modulo 32768)
Unnumbered
SABM
UA
establish the DTE to DCE link in Normal (Basic) mode (modulo 8)
SABME
UA
establish the DTE to DCE link in Extended mode (modulo 128)
SM
UA
establish the DTE to DCE link in Super mode (modulo 32768)
. cisco.com. Archived from the original on 9 October 1999.
. Archived from the original on 8 April 2006.
ITU-T Recommendation X.25
ITU-T Recommendation X.222
December 15, 2023
lapb, link, access, procedure, balanced, implements, data, link, layer, defined, protocol, suite, oriented, protocol, derived, from, hdlc, that, ensures, that, frames, error, free, correct, sequence, specified, recommendation, 7776, implements, connection, mod. Link Access Procedure Balanced LAPB implements the data link layer as defined in the X 25 protocol suite LAPB is a bit oriented protocol derived from HDLC that ensures that frames are error free and in the correct sequence LAPB is specified in ITU T Recommendation X 25 and ISO IEC 7776 It implements the connection mode data link service in the OSI Reference Model as defined by ITU T Recommendation X 222 LAPB state DiagramLAPB is used to manage communication and packet framing between data terminal equipment DTE and the data circuit terminating equipment DCE devices in the X 25 protocol stack LAPB is essentially HDLC in Asynchronous Balanced Mode ABM LAPB sessions can be established by either the DTE or DCE The station initiating the call is determined to be the primary and the responding station is the secondary Contents 1 Protocol structure 1 1 Frame types 1 2 Frame format 1 3 Protocol operation 2 Node addressing 3 Protocol commands and responses 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksProtocol structure editFrame types edit I Frames Information frames Carries upper layer information and some control information I frame functions include sequencing flow control and error detection and recovery I frames carry send and receive sequence numbers S Frames Supervisory Frames Carries control information S frame functions include requesting and suspending transmissions reporting on status and acknowledging the receipt of I frames S frames carry only receive sequence numbers U Frames Unnumbered Frames carries control information U frame functions include link setup and disconnection as well as error reporting U frames carry no sequence numbersFrame format edit Flag Address Control Data Checksum Flag0111 1110 0111 1110 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits Variable 16 bits 8 bits Flag The value of the flag is always 0x7E In order to ensure that the bit pattern of the frame delimiter flag does not appear in the data field of the frame and therefore cause frame misalignment a technique known as Bit stuffing is used by both the transmitter and the receiver Address field In LAPB this field has no meaning since the protocol works in a point to point mode and the DTE network address is represented in the layer 3 packets This byte is therefore put to a different use it separates the link commands from the responses and can have only two values 0x01 and 0x03 01 identifies frames containing commands from DTE to DCE and responses to these commands from DCE to DTE 03 is used for frames containing commands from DCE to DTE and for responses from DTE to DCE Therefore one side must be configured as a Layer 2 DTE and the other as a Layer 2 DCE you must not confuse this with the more familiar Layer 1 DCE and DTE designations Control field it serves to identify the type of the frame In addition it includes sequence numbers control features and error tracking according to the frame type Modes of operation LAPB works in the Asynchronous Balanced Mode ABM This mode is balanced i e no master slave relationship and is signified by the SABM E SM frame Each station may initialize supervise recover from errors and send frames at any time The DTE and DCE are treated as equals FCS The Frame Check Sequence enables a high level of physical error control by allowing the integrity of the transmitted frame data to be checked Window size LAPB supports an extended window size modulo 128 and modulo 32768 where the maximum number of outstanding frames for acknowledgment is raised from 7 modulo 8 to 127 modulo 128 and 32767 modulo 32768 1 Protocol operation edit LAPB has no master slave node relationships The sender uses the Poll bit in command frames to insist on an immediate response In the response frame this same bit becomes the receivers Final bit The receiver always turns on the Final bit in its response to a command from the sender with the Poll bit set The P F bit is generally used when either end becomes unsure about proper frame sequencing because of a possible missing acknowledgment and it is necessary to re establish a point of reference It is also used to trigger an acknowledgment of outstanding I frames Node addressing editThe following table shows which addresses are placed into the LAPB frame when issuing commands and responses from DTE to DCE and DCE to DTE using single link operation or multilink operation 2 Direction Single link operation Multilink operationCommand Response Command ResponseDTE DCE 01 Hex B 03 Hex A 07 Hex D 0F Hex C DCE DTE 03 Hex A 01 Hex B 0F Hex C 07 Hex D Protocol commands and responses editType Commands Response InfoSupervisory RR RR acknowledges the reception of a frame and indicates that the device is ready to receive the next one in the sequenceRNR RNR acknowledges a received frame but it indicates that it cannot receive any more I frames because it is still busyREJ REJ requests the retransmission of I frames the packet contains the error frame so that the DTE will retransmit all packets since the error frameSREJ requests the retransmission of selected I frames the packet contains the specific frames that the DTE will retransmit not used for modulo 8 optional for modulo 128 mandatory for modulo 32768 Unnumbered SABM UA establish the DTE to DCE link in Normal Basic mode modulo 8 SABME UA establish the DTE to DCE link in Extended mode modulo 128 SM UA establish the DTE to DCE link in Super mode modulo 32768 DISC DM terminates the linkFRMR Frame Reject which reports an error conditionInformation ICommand frame sent with P 1 Response frame returned with F 1 InfoSABM SABME SM UA DMI frame RR RNR REJ SREJI frame FRMRRR RNR REJ RR RNR REJ SREJFRMR FRMRDISC UA DMSee also editISDN Frame Relay Synchronous Data Link ControlReferences edit ITU T Recommendation X 25 10 96 p 35 ITU T Recommendation X 25 10 96 p 23 External links edit X 25 cisco com Archived from the original on 9 October 1999 HDLC High Level Data Link Control Archived from the original on 8 April 2006 ITU T Recommendation X 25 ITU T Recommendation X 222 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title LAPB amp oldid 1108318883, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
