Küchük Muḥammad or Kīchīk Muḥammad (کوچک محمد; 28 June 1391 – 1459) was a MongolKhan of the Golden Horde from 1433 until his death in 1459. He was the son of Tīmūr Khan, possibly by a daughter of the powerful beglerbegEdigu. His name, "Little Muḥammad," was intended to distinguish him from a rival and older contemporary, Ulugh Muḥammad, "Big Muḥammad."[1]
Küchük Muḥammad started out as would-be khan at (old) Astrakhan from c. 1428, supported by his possible uncles, Ghāzī and Nawrūz, the sons of Edigu. A quarrel with the emir Nawrūz cost Küchük Muḥammad his desertion to Ulugh Muḥammad, and for a long time neither khan could eliminate his rival. However, Ulugh Muḥammad alienated more of his leading emirs, like Tekne and Ḥaydar, who deserted him to set up their own khan, Sayyid Aḥmad, son of Beg Ṣūfī, in 1432. Weakened by this, Ulugh Muḥammad came to terms with Küchük Muḥammad in 1432 or 1433, dividing the Golden Horde along the Volga, Ulugh Muḥammad taking the area to the west, Küchük Muḥammad the area to the east. Sayyid Aḥmad held his own, and thus the Golden Horde was effectively divided among three khans in an impasse. The Russian Grand Prince Vasilij II Vasil'evič of Moscow sent tribute to all three khans in 1434, not wishing to risk displeasing any of them, faced as he was with rival claims on his throne. The impasse was broken by the desertion of the beglerbeg Nawrūz from Ulugh Muḥammad back to Küchük Muḥammad in 1437. The weakened Ulugh Muḥammad was now attacked first by Sayyid Aḥmad, then by Küchük Muḥammad. With his army scattered and partly seeking refuge in Lithuania, Ulugh Muḥammad escaped destruction only because Küchük Muḥammad was distracted by having to expel Shādī Beg's son Ghiyāth ad-Dīn from Sarai. Ulugh Muḥammad now sought refuge and support from Vasilij II of Moscow, who attacked the fugitive khan but was defeated. This victory allowed Ulugh Muḥammad to ensconce himself at Kazan.[2]
The cause of Küchük Muḥammad was not helped by the ongoing rivalry between him and Sayyid Aḥmad. Although master of Sarai, Küchük Muḥammad remained based primarily on Astrakhan. Large sections of the Golden Horde remained outside his control, most notably the north under Ulugh Muḥammad, the southwest under Sayyid Aḥmad, and the east under Abu'l-Khayr of the Uzbeks and Maḥmūdāq of Sibir. Because the Russians and Lithuanians had more dealings with Ulugh Muḥammad and Sayyid Aḥmad, the later history of Küchük Muḥammad's reign is more obscure. Judging by his last coinage and the first mention of his sons as khans, Küchük Muḥammad appears to have died in 1459.[3]
Given the fragmentation of the Golden Horde, the polity headed by Küchük Muḥammad and his descendants (apart from the line in Astrakhan) is sometimes known as the Great Horde.[4]
Descendants
Küchük Muḥammad had several sons, of whom only two played a particularly significant role in history, Maḥmūd and Aḥmad.[5][6][self-published source?]
The Tawārīḫ-i guzīdah-i nuṣrat-nāmah lists the following, but the passage is evidently corrupt, as suggested by various features, including the omission of Maḥmūd and disconnection of Aḥmad:
Gaev, A. G., "Genealogija i hronologija Džučidov," Numizmatičeskij sbornik 3 (2002) 9-55.
Howorth, H. H., History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century. Part II.1. London, 1880.
Počekaev, R. J., Cari ordynskie: Biografii hanov i pravitelej Zolotoj Ordy. Saint Petersburg, 2010.
Sabitov, Ž. M., Genealogija "Tore", Astana, 2008.
Seleznëv, J. V., Èlita Zolotoj Ordy: Naučno-spravočnoe izdanie, Kazan', 2009.
Tizengauzen, V. G. (trans.), Sbornik materialov otnosjaščihsja k istorii Zolotoj Ordy. Izvlečenija iz persidskih sočinenii, republished as Istorija Kazahstana v persidskih istočnikah. 4. Almaty, 2006.
küchük, muhammad, küchük, muḥammad, kīchīk, muḥammad, کوچک, محمد, june, 1391, 1459, mongol, khan, golden, horde, from, 1433, until, death, 1459, tīmūr, khan, possibly, daughter, powerful, beglerbeg, edigu, name, little, muḥammad, intended, distinguish, from, r. Kuchuk Muḥammad or Kichik Muḥammad کوچک محمد 28 June 1391 1459 was a Mongol Khan of the Golden Horde from 1433 until his death in 1459 He was the son of Timur Khan possibly by a daughter of the powerful beglerbeg Edigu His name Little Muḥammad was intended to distinguish him from a rival and older contemporary Ulugh Muḥammad Big Muḥammad 1 Kuchuk MuḥammadKhan of the Golden HordeReign1433 1459PredecessorUlugh MuḥammadSuccessorMaḥmud and AḥmadBorn28 June 1391Died1459IssueMaḥmud AḥmadDynastyBorjiginFatherTimur KhanReligionSunni IslamKuchuk Muḥammad started out as would be khan at old Astrakhan from c 1428 supported by his possible uncles Ghazi and Nawruz the sons of Edigu A quarrel with the emir Nawruz cost Kuchuk Muḥammad his desertion to Ulugh Muḥammad and for a long time neither khan could eliminate his rival However Ulugh Muḥammad alienated more of his leading emirs like Tekne and Ḥaydar who deserted him to set up their own khan Sayyid Aḥmad son of Beg Ṣufi in 1432 Weakened by this Ulugh Muḥammad came to terms with Kuchuk Muḥammad in 1432 or 1433 dividing the Golden Horde along the Volga Ulugh Muḥammad taking the area to the west Kuchuk Muḥammad the area to the east Sayyid Aḥmad held his own and thus the Golden Horde was effectively divided among three khans in an impasse The Russian Grand Prince Vasilij II Vasil evic of Moscow sent tribute to all three khans in 1434 not wishing to risk displeasing any of them faced as he was with rival claims on his throne The impasse was broken by the desertion of the beglerbeg Nawruz from Ulugh Muḥammad back to Kuchuk Muḥammad in 1437 The weakened Ulugh Muḥammad was now attacked first by Sayyid Aḥmad then by Kuchuk Muḥammad With his army scattered and partly seeking refuge in Lithuania Ulugh Muḥammad escaped destruction only because Kuchuk Muḥammad was distracted by having to expel Shadi Beg s son Ghiyath ad Din from Sarai Ulugh Muḥammad now sought refuge and support from Vasilij II of Moscow who attacked the fugitive khan but was defeated This victory allowed Ulugh Muḥammad to ensconce himself at Kazan 2 The cause of Kuchuk Muḥammad was not helped by the ongoing rivalry between him and Sayyid Aḥmad Although master of Sarai Kuchuk Muḥammad remained based primarily on Astrakhan Large sections of the Golden Horde remained outside his control most notably the north under Ulugh Muḥammad the southwest under Sayyid Aḥmad and the east under Abu l Khayr of the Uzbeks and Maḥmudaq of Sibir Because the Russians and Lithuanians had more dealings with Ulugh Muḥammad and Sayyid Aḥmad the later history of Kuchuk Muḥammad s reign is more obscure Judging by his last coinage and the first mention of his sons as khans Kuchuk Muḥammad appears to have died in 1459 3 Given the fragmentation of the Golden Horde the polity headed by Kuchuk Muḥammad and his descendants apart from the line in Astrakhan is sometimes known as the Great Horde 4 Descendants EditKuchuk Muḥammad had several sons of whom only two played a particularly significant role in history Maḥmud and Aḥmad 5 6 self published source The Tawariḫ i guzidah i nuṣrat namah lists the following but the passage is evidently corrupt as suggested by various features including the omission of Maḥmud and disconnection of Aḥmad Qasim Khan Boz Torgay ʿAbd al Karim Kildi Beg 7 Sabitov 2008 corrects this listing to Maḥmud khan of the Great Horde 1459 1465 of Astrakhan 1465 1471 Qasim Khan Boz Torgay ʿAbd al Karim khan of the Great Horde 1481 by 1484 1491 of Astrakhan 1481 1485 1491 1493 1494 1514 Kildi Beg Aḥmad khan of the Great Horde 1459 1481 Murtaḍa khan of the Great Horde by 1484 1491 1493 1494 of Astrakhan 1485 1491 1493 1494 d 1499 Sayyid Aḥmad khan of the Great Horde 1481 1491 Sayḫ Aḥmad khan of the Great Horde 1491 1493 1494 1502 of Astrakhan 1527 1528 Sayyid Maḥmud Muḥammad khan of the Great Horde 1491 1502 Uki Khwaja Muḥammad Ḥusayn Jani Beg Bahadur Sulṭan Yaʿqub Bakhtiyar 8 Genealogy EditGenghis Khan Jochi Tuqa Timur Kay Timur Abay Numqan Qutluq Timur Timur Beg Timur Qutluq Timur Khan Kuchuk MuḥammadReferences Edit Howorth 1880 295 Sabitov 2008 59 288 Howorth 1880 282 292 293 295 Gaev 2002 40 41 Pocekaev 2010 202 203 205 206 Howorth 1880 300 305 Gaev 2002 41 Pocekaev 2010 208 213 214 E g Sabitov 2008 288 Pocekaev 2010 213 Max Fram 3 March 2016 The Motherland of Elephants Lulu com p 339 ISBN 978 1 326 55408 8 Tizengauzen 2006 436 Gaev 2002 55 would simply add Maḥmud and Aḥmad to the listing Sabitov 2008 59 62 Gaev A G Genealogija i hronologija Dzucidov Numizmaticeskij sbornik 3 2002 9 55 Howorth H H History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century Part II 1 London 1880 Pocekaev R J Cari ordynskie Biografii hanov i pravitelej Zolotoj Ordy Saint Petersburg 2010 Sabitov Z M Genealogija Tore Astana 2008 Seleznev J V Elita Zolotoj Ordy Naucno spravocnoe izdanie Kazan 2009 Tizengauzen V G trans Sbornik materialov otnosjascihsja k istorii Zolotoj Ordy Izvlecenija iz persidskih socinenii republished as Istorija Kazahstana v persidskih istocnikah 4 Almaty 2006 Regnal titlesPreceded byUlugh Muḥammad Khan of the Golden Horde1433 1459 Succeeded byMaḥmud and Aḥmad Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kuchuk Muhammad amp oldid 1088597669, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
