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Kujata

January 01, 1970

For the island, see Kiatak.

Kuyūthā (Arabic: كيوثاء) is the cosmic bull in medieval Islamic cosmography. It is said to carry on its back the angel who shoulders the earth and the rock platform upon which the angel stands. The bull is said to stand on the giant fish or whale, Bahamut.

The cosmic bull bears the earth-disk (rimmed by Mount Qaf) and stands on the fish (Bahamut). Islamic cosmography.
—Zekeriya Kazvinî, Acaib-ül Mahlûkat (The Wonders of Creation), in Turkish from the Arabic of al-Qazwini. c.1553[1]

The bull is variously described as having 40,000 horns and legs, or as many eyes, ears, mouths and tongues in the oldest sources. The number of appendages can vary in later versions. Its breathing is said to control the tides of the ocean.

Kīyūbān (Arabic: کیوبان) or Kibūthān (Arabic: کبوثان) also appear in printed editions of Qazwini's cosmography. These have been claimed to be corruptions of Leviathan (Arabic: لوياتان). Alternate names include Al-Rayann.

Kuyootà, Kuyoothán were forms of the name as transcribed by Edward Lane, and given as Kuyata (Spanish), Kujata (first English translation, 1969), and Quyata (revised English translation) in various editions of Jorge Luis Borges's Book of Imaginary Beings.

Orthography edit

 
The angel-supporting ruby mountain ("montagne de rubis") balanced on the multi-horned bull. Islamic cosmography.[a]
—Gentil Album (1774), p. 34. Held by the Victoria and Albert Museum.[2][3]

"Kuyootà" was Edward Lane's transcription of the beast's name according to an Arabic source not clearly specified.[b][4] This became "Kuyata" in Jorge Luis Borges's El libro de los seres imaginarios (originally published as Manual de zoología fantástica, 1957[5]).[6][7] Then in its first English translation Book of Imaginary Beings (1969) it was further changed to "Kujata",[c][8] and then to "Quyata" (in the 2005 translation).[d][9]

Kuyūta is yet another spelling in print, re-transcribed from Lane.[10] Kujūta was given by Thomas Patrick Hughes's Dictionary of Islam.[11]

"Kuyūthā" appears in a copy of al-Qazwini's cosmography[e] and as "Kīyūbān (Arabic: کیوبان) or Kibūthān" (Arabic: کبوثان) in Wüstenfeld's 1859 printed edition of al-Qazwini.[12][13][14] These names are said to be corrupted text,[15] and have been emended to "Leviat[h]an" (Arabic: لوياتان), by German translator Hermann Ethé.[14][17]

"Kuyoothán" is an alternate spelling from the source Lane identifies as Ibn-Esh-Shiḥneh,[18] which was some manuscript Lane had in his possession.[19]

and .[Arabic verification needed]

Rakaboûnâ is one variant name for the bull, as read from some manuscript of Al-Damiri (d. 1405) by French Dr. Nicolas Perron, though the original text has al-thawr Kuyūtha (Arabic: الثور كيوثا, 'the bull Kuyūtha'. Cairo ed. of 1819)[20][21] Al-Rayann is the name of the bull as it appears in Muḥammad al-Kisāʾī (ca. 1100)'s version of the Qiṣaṣ al-Anbiyā’ ("Tales of the Prophets").[22] A reshaping of its nature must have occurred in Arab storytelling, some time in the pre-Islamic period.[23] One proposed scenario is that a pair of beasts from the bible were confused with each other;[15] the behemoth mis-assigned to the fish, and the aquatic leviathan to the bull.

Derivation edit

Lūyātān (Arabic: لوياتان)[Arabic&Latinization verification needed] was the bull's reconstructed correct name in Arabic according Hermann Ethé's notes.[14] Accordingly, he translates the bull's name as Leviathan in his German translation of Qazwini.[f]

Other commentators such as Maximillan Streck [de] have also stated that the bull derived from the biblical Leviathan, much as the name of the Islamic cosmic fish Bahamut derived from the biblical Behemoth.[24][25]

Lane's summary edit

See also: Bahamut § Lane's summary

Borges relied on Islamic traditional cosmography as summarized by Edward Lane in Arabian Society in the Middle Ages (1883).[26]

Lane's summary of Arabic source[b] explains that "Kuyootà" was the name of the bull created by God to hold up a rock of "ruby", on which stood an earth-propping angel. God created the angel, rock, then the bull in that order according to this source,[g] then a giant fish called Bahamut to sustain the bull underneath. Before this, the earth was oscillating in wayward directions, and all these layers of support were needed to achieve stability.[4]

The bull had 4,000 eyes, ears, noses, mouths, tougues, feet, according to Lane's summary,[4] but the number is 40,000 eyes, limbs, etc. in several (older) Islamic sources, as discussed below.

Arabic sources edit

See also: Bahamut § Arabic sources

Kuyūthā[e][h] is the name of the bull in the text of al-Qazwini (d. 1283)'s popular cosmography, The Wonders of Creation. This approximates Lane's spelling "Kuyootà". There exist a multitude of "editions" and manuscripts of al-Qazwini, which vary widely.[28]

Al-Damiri (d. 1405) on authority of Wahb ibn Munabbih, is one source he specifically named as being used by Lane, in his summary.[i][29] This so-called al-Damiri's account is considered to be a mere later redaction of al-Qazwini's cosmography printed on the margins,[30] and it may be noted that in Qazwini's account, Wahb ibn Munabbih acts as narrator.[31] A translation of Al-Damiri into French was undertaken by Nicolas Perron. The bull's name was however "Rakaboûnâ" (Rakabūnā) in al-Damiri, according to Perron's translation.[21]

The name of the bull is wanting in Yaqut al-Hamawi (d. 1229)'s geography, Mu'jam al-Buldan.[32] Yaqut is thought to have borrowed from al-Tha'labi (d. 1038)’s Qiṣaṣ al-anbīyāʾ ("Lives of the Prophets"),[33] one of the two earliest sources containing the cosmology.[34]

Ibn al-Wardi (d. 1348) (Kharīdat al-ʿAjā'ib, "The Pearl of Wonders"), considered to be a derivative rearrangement of Yaqut,[35] is an alternate source used by Lane who noted variant readings from it.

Number of appendages edit

The bull has 4,000 legs in al-Damiri (d. 1405). But in Qazwini (d. 1283), the bull has 40,000 eyes, etc., with "teeth" (German: zähnen) replace "tongues" in Lane's list. The larger number repeats what is found in older texts: "40,000 horns and 40,000 limbs" according to Yaqut (d. 1229)'s geography,[32] 70,000 horns and 40,000 legs according to al-Tha'labi (d. 1038)’s Lives[36] and 40,000 eyes, ears, mouths and tongues according to Muḥammad al-Kisāʾī's Lives of the Prophets.[34]

The bull has 40 humps, 40 horns, and four feet according to Ibn al-Wardi (d. 1348) in another passage,[37] (although in the corresponding passage he merely repeats Yaqut's 40,000 horns and feet).[38]

Its horns extended from the earth to God's Throne (Arabic: عرش, ʿarš), entangling it[39] or lying like a "prickly hedge" underneath.[40]

Gem rock above bull edit

As for the rock platform supported by the bull, which Lane said was made of "ruby", the Arabic word used in original sources yāqūt (ياقوت) has ambiguous meaning.[41] Many of the Islamic sources have specifically indicated the rock was a green gem, viz.: "rock (made) of green jacinth",[42][43] "green rock",[40] "green corundum", etc.[39] It is given as "green emerald" in a Latin translation of ibn al-Wardi.[44]

God created the angel, rock, then bull in that order (the order they are arranged, one on top of another), according to Qazwini.[45] However, in other sources, God created in the order of angel then bull, so that the angel could stand on the bull's hump, but as this was unstable, God inserted the rock platform above the bull's hump.[40][39][j] These sources also say that God also inserted a sandhill between the great bull and the great fish.[40][39][k]

Bull controlling tides edit

The bull's breathing is said to control the ocean tides according to some sources.[46] Among the oldest sources (al-Tha'labi), the bull (ox) had its nose in the sea, and breathed once a day,[l] causing the sea to rise when it exhaled, and ebb when it inhaled.[40] The bull had its two nostrils pinned against two holes in the "green corundum" enabling it to breathe (Yaqut).[39][m]

On a related natural phenomenon, the bull and fish were considered responsible for drinking the water that tapped off from the land into the sea, maintaining the base level of the ocean's water. However, once their bellies become full they will become agitated (Ibn al-Wardi),[49] and it is a sign of the advent of Judgment Day (Yaqut).[39]

See also edit

External links edit

  • "Kuyūtha". A Book of Creatures. 22 April 2019. Retrieved 2020-10-24. and "Etymology Corner: A Lot of Bull"

Explanatory notes edit

  1. ^ The top disc is one of 7 earths, within a ring of emerald mountains, surrounded by sea ("mer autour de la montagne d'emeraude"). Copied from the book Oudjetoulinde. Text commentaries of Massabi and Meschat.
  2. ^ a b Lane introduces the source as an "account as inserted in the work of one of the writers above quoted".
  3. ^ di Giovanni's English translation Book of Imaginary Beings, 1969.
  4. ^ Hurley's English translation Book of Imaginary Beings, 2005
  5. ^ a b "الصخرة أن تدخل تحت قدمي الملك ثم لم يكن للصخرة قرار فخلق الله تعالى ثورا عظيما يقال له كيوثاء (..the rock to under the feet of the malak (angel), and as the rock was not steady, God created a great bull called Kuyūthā)"
  6. ^ Just as he translates the great fish's name, Bahamūt as Behemot (German for Behemoth).
  7. ^ Angel, then bull, then rock on the bull's hump, according to Ibn al-Wardi, Yaqut al-Hamawi, and al-Tha'labi.[27]
  8. ^ "Kīyūbān/Kibūthān" is Wüstenfeld ed. published in the West, as noted.
  9. ^ "Ed-Demeeree, on the authority of Wahb Ibn-Munebbih, quoted by El-Isḥáḳee, 1, 1."
  10. ^ Also Ibn al-Wardi.[38]
  11. ^ Also Ibn al-Wardi.[38][46][47]
  12. ^ Yaqut says it "breathed two breaths" each day, but this can be read as one breath out and one breath in.
  13. ^ Ibn al-Wardi also referred to this.[48] The bull breathed through ducts (foramina) in the "green emerald".[38]

References edit

  1. ^ "Islamic World Map". World Treasures: Beginnings. Earth. Library of Congress. 29 July 2010.
  2. ^ Archer, Mildred; Parlett, Graham (1992), Company Paintings: Indian Paintings of the British Period, Victoria and Albert Museum, pp. 117, 121, ISBN 9780944142301
  3. ^ Ramaswamy, Sumathi. "Going Global in Mughal India". Duke University. p. 73.; album; pdf text
  4. ^ a b c Lane, Edward William (1883). Lane-Poole, Stanley (ed.). Arabian society in the middle ages: studies from the Thousand and one nights. London: Chatto & Windus. pp. 106–107.
  5. ^ Borges & Guerrero (1967), p. 3.
  6. ^ Borges, Jorge Luis; Guerrero, Margarita (1978) [1957]. El Libro de los seres imaginarios. Bruguera. pp. 36–37. ISBN 9788402081773.
  7. ^ Borges & Guerrero (1967), p. 67–68.
  8. ^ Borges, Jorge Luis; Guerrero, Margarita (1969). Book of Imaginary Beings. Norman Thomas di Giovanni (trans.). Dutton. p. 141. ISBN 9780525475385.
  9. ^ Borges, Jorge Luis; Guerrero, Margarita (2005). Book of Imaginary Beings. Andrew Hurley (trans.); Peter Sis (illustr.). New York: Viking. p. 164. ISBN 9780670891801.
  10. ^ Hastings, James (1957), Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, vol. 4, Scribner, p. 174, al-Damiri, Ibn Ibnal-Wardi, etc., ap. Lane
  11. ^ Hughes, Thomas Patrick (1885). Earth, the. W. H. Allen. pp. 102–103. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  12. ^ Chalyan-Daffner (2013), p. 214, note 195 transcribes "Kīyūbān/Kibūthān" from Wüstenfeld ed., I, p. 148
  13. ^ Wüstenfeld (1849), p. 145.
  14. ^ a b c Ethé (1868), p. 488, notes to Wüstenfeld's p. 145, line 5.
  15. ^ a b Guest, Grace D.; Ettinghausen, Richard (1961), "The Iconography of a Kāshān Luster Plate", Ars Orientalis, 4: 53, note 110, JSTOR 4629133, The passage in Qazwīnī dealing with these ideas is on p. 145 of Wüstenfeld's edition (where the names of the two animals are confused with each other and where also the Leviathan appears in a corrupt Arabic form form; see also tr. Ethé, p. 298
  16. ^ Streck (1936), "al-Ḳazwīnī", Ency. of Islām, p. 842
  17. ^ Wüstenfeld's edition has been criticized for being a collation (composite), mostly based on the Codex Gotha 1508, portions replaced with text from other manuscripts; for being thus based on a late 18th century copy; and not using a shorter recension that was the most widely disseminated.[16]
  18. ^ Lane (1883), p. 106, note 1
  19. ^ Lane, Edward William (1839). The Thousand and One Nights: Commonly Called, in England, the Arabian Nights' Entertainments. Vol. 1. London: Charles Knight. pp. 20, 23.
  20. ^ Al-Damiri (1819). Kitāb ḥayāt al-ḥayawān al-kubrā, etc. Cairo/Bulaq: al-ʿAmira. p. 164.
  21. ^ a b Ibn al-Mundir, Abū Bakr b. Badr (1860), Le Nâċérî: La perfection des deux arts ou traité complet d'hippologie et d'hippiatrie arabes, vol. 3, Perron, Nicolas (tr.), Bouchard-Huzard, p. 481: Note 14 to p. 457 by Perron
  22. ^ Muḥammad al-Kisāʾī, Qiṣaṣ al-Anbiyā’, Thackston (1997), p. 10
  23. ^ Chalyan-Daffner (2013), p. 238.
  24. ^ Streck, Maximilian [in German] (1936), "Ḳāf", The Encyclopaedia of Islām, vol. IV, E. J. Brill ltd., p. 615, ISBN 9004082654
  25. ^ Chalyan-Daffner (2013), p. 236, note 268
  26. ^ Borges & Guerrero (2005), pp. 25, 164 (on "Bahamut" am "Quyata"), and Hurley's note to them, pp. 221, 234, saying that the entries derive from Lane, Arabian Society.
  27. ^ Chalyan-Daffner (2013), p. 215, and note 196
  28. ^ Streck (1936), "al-Ḳazwīnī", Ency. of Islām, p. 841
  29. ^ Lane (1883), p. 107, note 2.
  30. ^ Streck (1936), "al-Ḳazwīnī", Ency. of Islām, p. 844.
  31. ^ The passage begins "Wahb ben Munabbih sagt..." (in German), Ethé (1868), p. 297
  32. ^ a b Jwaideh (1987), pp. 34–35.
  33. ^ Brinner (2002).
  34. ^ a b Jwaideh (1987), p. 34, notes 1, 2
  35. ^ Jwaideh (1987), p. 19, note 4.
  36. ^ Brinner (2002), p. 6.
  37. ^ Chalyan-Daffner (2013), p. 215, note 196: Ibn al-Wardī, Kharīdat al-ʿajāʾib (Cairo, 1939), p. 239.
  38. ^ a b c d Ibn al-Wardi (1835), pp. 36–37, Tornberg's Latin translation.
  39. ^ a b c d e f Yaqut al-Hamawi's geography, Jwaideh (1987), p. 34
  40. ^ a b c d e al-Tha'labi's Lives of Prophtets, Brinner (2002), p. 7
  41. ^ Rustomji, Nerina (2013). The Garden and the Fire: Heaven and Hell in Islamic Culture. Columbia University Press. p. 71. ISBN 9780231140850.
  42. ^ "Felsen aus grünem Hyacinth", Ethé's German translation of Qazwini, Ethé (1868), p. 298
  43. ^ Streck (1936), p. 615.
  44. ^ accusative, smaragdum viridem, Ibn al-Wardi (1835), pp. 36–37
  45. ^ Ethé (1868), p. 298.
  46. ^ a b Chalyan-Daffner (2013), pp. 215–216 and notes 196, 107: Ibn al-Wardī, Kharīdat al-ʿajāʾib, p. 16.
  47. ^ Lane (1883), p. 107, note 1..
  48. ^ Lane (1883), pp. 106, note 1..
  49. ^ Chalyan-Daffner (2013), pp. 215–216 and note 200: Ibn al-Wardī, Kharīdat al-ʿajāʾib, p. 15.
Bibliography
(primary sources)
  • al-Kisāʼī, Muḥammad ibn ʻAbd Allāh (1997), Tales of the Prophets, Thackston, Wheeler McIntosh (trans.), Great books of the Islamic world, p. 10, ISBN 9781871031010
  • al-Qazwini, Zakariya (1849). Wüstenfeld, Ferdinand (ed.). 'Aja'ib al-makhluqat [Kosmographie: Die Wunder der Schöpfung]. Vol. 1. Göttingen: Dieterich. (in Arabic)
    • ʿAjā'ib al-makhlūqāt wa gharā'ib al-mawjūdāt (عجائب المخلوقات و غرائب الموجودات), plain text redaction (in Arabic)
  • al-Qazwini, Zakariya (1868). Die Wunder der Schöpfung: Nach der Wüstenfeldschen Textausgabe, mit Benutzung und Beifügung der Reichhaltigen Anmerkungen und erbesserungen des Herrn Prof. Dr. Fleischer. Vol. 1. Ethé, Hermann (trans.). Leipzig: Fues’s Verlag. (in German)
  • Thaʻlabī, Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad (2002), Brinner, William M. (trans.) (ed.), ʻArāʻis al-majālis fī qiṣaṣ al-anbiyā, or: Lives of the prophets, Brill, ISBN 9789004125896
  • Ibn al-Wardi, 'Abu Hafs Zain-al-din 'Umar ibn al-Muzaffar (1835), Tornberg, Carolus Johannes (ed.), Fragmentum libri Margarita mirabilium (codice Upsaliensi) (in Arabic), Reg. Acad. Typ., pp. 35–37; translation (in Latin)
  • Jwaideh, Wadie, ed. (1987) [1959], The Introductory Chapters of Yāqūt's Muʻjam Al-Buldān, Brill Archive, pp. 34–35, ISBN 9004082697
(secondary sources)
  • Borges, Jorge Luis; Guerrero, Margarita (1967) [1957]. "El Libro de los seres imaginarios" (in Spanish). Opensource. pp. 67–68. Retrieved 2017-10-18.
  • Chalyan-Daffner, Kristine (2013). Natural Disasters in Mamlūk Egypt (1250–1517): Perceptions, Interpretations and Human Responses (PDF) (Ph. D.). Heidelberg University. pp. 213–252.

January 01, 1970
kujata, island, kiatak, kuyūthā, arabic, كيوثاء, cosmic, bull, medieval, islamic, cosmography, said, carry, back, angel, shoulders, earth, rock, platform, upon, which, angel, stands, bull, said, stand, giant, fish, whale, bahamut, cosmic, bull, bears, earth, d. For the island see Kiatak Kuyutha Arabic كيوثاء is the cosmic bull in medieval Islamic cosmography It is said to carry on its back the angel who shoulders the earth and the rock platform upon which the angel stands The bull is said to stand on the giant fish or whale Bahamut The cosmic bull bears the earth disk rimmed by Mount Qaf and stands on the fish Bahamut Islamic cosmography Zekeriya Kazvini Acaib ul Mahlukat The Wonders of Creation in Turkish from the Arabic of al Qazwini c 1553 1 The bull is variously described as having 40 000 horns and legs or as many eyes ears mouths and tongues in the oldest sources The number of appendages can vary in later versions Its breathing is said to control the tides of the ocean Kiyuban Arabic کیوبان or Kibuthan Arabic کبوثان also appear in printed editions of Qazwini s cosmography These have been claimed to be corruptions of Leviathan Arabic لوياتان Alternate names include Al Rayann Kuyoota Kuyoothan were forms of the name as transcribed by Edward Lane and given as Kuyata Spanish Kujata first English translation 1969 and Quyata revised English translation in various editions of Jorge Luis Borges s Book of Imaginary Beings Contents 1 Orthography 2 Derivation 3 Lane s summary 4 Arabic sources 4 1 Number of appendages 4 2 Gem rock above bull 4 3 Bull controlling tides 5 See also 6 External links 7 Explanatory notes 8 ReferencesOrthography edit nbsp The angel supporting ruby mountain montagne de rubis balanced on the multi horned bull Islamic cosmography a Gentil Album 1774 p 34 Held by the Victoria and Albert Museum 2 3 Kuyoota was Edward Lane s transcription of the beast s name according to an Arabic source not clearly specified b 4 This became Kuyata in Jorge Luis Borges s El libro de los seres imaginarios originally published as Manual de zoologia fantastica 1957 5 6 7 Then in its first English translation Book of Imaginary Beings 1969 it was further changed to Kujata c 8 and then to Quyata in the 2005 translation d 9 Kuyuta is yet another spelling in print re transcribed from Lane 10 Kujuta was given by Thomas Patrick Hughes s Dictionary of Islam 11 Kuyutha appears in a copy of al Qazwini s cosmography e and as Kiyuban Arabic کیوبان or Kibuthan Arabic کبوثان in Wustenfeld s 1859 printed edition of al Qazwini 12 13 14 These names are said to be corrupted text 15 and have been emended to Leviat h an Arabic لوياتان by German translator Hermann Ethe 14 17 Kuyoothan is an alternate spelling from the source Lane identifies as Ibn Esh Shiḥneh 18 which was some manuscript Lane had in his possession 19 and Arabic verification needed Rakabouna is one variant name for the bull as read from some manuscript of Al Damiri d 1405 by French Dr Nicolas Perron though the original text has al thawr Kuyutha Arabic الثور كيوثا the bull Kuyutha Cairo ed of 1819 20 21 Al Rayann is the name of the bull as it appears in Muḥammad al Kisaʾi ca 1100 s version of the Qiṣaṣ al Anbiya Tales of the Prophets 22 A reshaping of its nature must have occurred in Arab storytelling some time in the pre Islamic period 23 One proposed scenario is that a pair of beasts from the bible were confused with each other 15 the behemoth mis assigned to the fish and the aquatic leviathan to the bull Derivation editLuyatan Arabic لوياتان Arabic amp Latinization verification needed was the bull s reconstructed correct name in Arabic according Hermann Ethe s notes 14 Accordingly he translates the bull s name as Leviathan in his German translation of Qazwini f Other commentators such as Maximillan Streck de have also stated that the bull derived from the biblical Leviathan much as the name of the Islamic cosmic fish Bahamut derived from the biblical Behemoth 24 25 Lane s summary editSee also Bahamut Lane s summary Borges relied on Islamic traditional cosmography as summarized by Edward Lane in Arabian Society in the Middle Ages 1883 26 Lane s summary of Arabic source b explains that Kuyoota was the name of the bull created by God to hold up a rock of ruby on which stood an earth propping angel God created the angel rock then the bull in that order according to this source g then a giant fish called Bahamut to sustain the bull underneath Before this the earth was oscillating in wayward directions and all these layers of support were needed to achieve stability 4 The bull had 4 000 eyes ears noses mouths tougues feet according to Lane s summary 4 but the number is 40 000 eyes limbs etc in several older Islamic sources as discussed below Arabic sources editSee also Bahamut Arabic sources Kuyutha e h is the name of the bull in the text of al Qazwini d 1283 s popular cosmography The Wonders of Creation This approximates Lane s spelling Kuyoota There exist a multitude of editions and manuscripts of al Qazwini which vary widely 28 Al Damiri d 1405 on authority of Wahb ibn Munabbih is one source he specifically named as being used by Lane in his summary i 29 This so called al Damiri s account is considered to be a mere later redaction of al Qazwini s cosmography printed on the margins 30 and it may be noted that in Qazwini s account Wahb ibn Munabbih acts as narrator 31 A translation of Al Damiri into French was undertaken by Nicolas Perron The bull s name was however Rakabouna Rakabuna in al Damiri according to Perron s translation 21 The name of the bull is wanting in Yaqut al Hamawi d 1229 s geography Mu jam al Buldan 32 Yaqut is thought to have borrowed from al Tha labi d 1038 s Qiṣaṣ al anbiyaʾ Lives of the Prophets 33 one of the two earliest sources containing the cosmology 34 Ibn al Wardi d 1348 Kharidat al ʿAja ib The Pearl of Wonders considered to be a derivative rearrangement of Yaqut 35 is an alternate source used by Lane who noted variant readings from it Number of appendages edit The bull has 4 000 legs in al Damiri d 1405 But in Qazwini d 1283 the bull has 40 000 eyes etc with teeth German zahnen replace tongues in Lane s list The larger number repeats what is found in older texts 40 000 horns and 40 000 limbs according to Yaqut d 1229 s geography 32 70 000 horns and 40 000 legs according to al Tha labi d 1038 s Lives 36 and 40 000 eyes ears mouths and tongues according to Muḥammad al Kisaʾi s Lives of the Prophets 34 The bull has 40 humps 40 horns and four feet according to Ibn al Wardi d 1348 in another passage 37 although in the corresponding passage he merely repeats Yaqut s 40 000 horns and feet 38 Its horns extended from the earth to God s Throne Arabic عرش ʿars entangling it 39 or lying like a prickly hedge underneath 40 Gem rock above bull edit As for the rock platform supported by the bull which Lane said was made of ruby the Arabic word used in original sources yaqut ياقوت has ambiguous meaning 41 Many of the Islamic sources have specifically indicated the rock was a green gem viz rock made of green jacinth 42 43 green rock 40 green corundum etc 39 It is given as green emerald in a Latin translation of ibn al Wardi 44 God created the angel rock then bull in that order the order they are arranged one on top of another according to Qazwini 45 However in other sources God created in the order of angel then bull so that the angel could stand on the bull s hump but as this was unstable God inserted the rock platform above the bull s hump 40 39 j These sources also say that God also inserted a sandhill between the great bull and the great fish 40 39 k Bull controlling tides edit The bull s breathing is said to control the ocean tides according to some sources 46 Among the oldest sources al Tha labi the bull ox had its nose in the sea and breathed once a day l causing the sea to rise when it exhaled and ebb when it inhaled 40 The bull had its two nostrils pinned against two holes in the green corundum enabling it to breathe Yaqut 39 m On a related natural phenomenon the bull and fish were considered responsible for drinking the water that tapped off from the land into the sea maintaining the base level of the ocean s water However once their bellies become full they will become agitated Ibn al Wardi 49 and it is a sign of the advent of Judgment Day Yaqut 39 See also editLeviathan Behemoth Gavaevodata Atlas mythology Tur Bosnian Slavic mythology Turtles all the way downExternal links edit Kuyutha A Book of Creatures 22 April 2019 Retrieved 2020 10 24 and Etymology Corner A Lot of Bull Explanatory notes edit The top disc is one of 7 earths within a ring of emerald mountains surrounded by sea mer autour de la montagne d emeraude Copied from the book Oudjetoulinde Text commentaries of Massabi and Meschat a b Lane introduces the source as an account as inserted in the work of one of the writers above quoted di Giovanni s English translation Book of Imaginary Beings 1969 Hurley s English translation Book of Imaginary Beings 2005 a b الصخرة أن تدخل تحت قدمي الملك ثم لم يكن للصخرة قرار فخلق الله تعالى ثورا عظيما يقال له كيوثاء the rock to under the feet of the malak angel and as the rock was not steady God created a great bull called Kuyutha Just as he translates the great fish s name Bahamut as Behemot German for Behemoth Angel then bull then rock on the bull s hump according to Ibn al Wardi Yaqut al Hamawi and al Tha labi 27 Kiyuban Kibuthan is Wustenfeld ed published in the West as noted Ed Demeeree on the authority of Wahb Ibn Munebbih quoted by El Isḥaḳee 1 1 Also Ibn al Wardi 38 Also Ibn al Wardi 38 46 47 Yaqut says it breathed two breaths each day but this can be read as one breath out and one breath in Ibn al Wardi also referred to this 48 The bull breathed through ducts foramina in the green emerald 38 References edit Islamic World Map World Treasures Beginnings Earth Library of Congress 29 July 2010 Archer Mildred Parlett Graham 1992 Company Paintings Indian Paintings of the British Period Victoria and Albert Museum pp 117 121 ISBN 9780944142301 Ramaswamy Sumathi Going Global in Mughal India Duke University p 73 album pdf text a b c Lane Edward William 1883 Lane Poole Stanley ed Arabian society in the middle ages studies from the Thousand and one nights London Chatto amp Windus pp 106 107 Borges amp Guerrero 1967 p 3 Borges Jorge Luis Guerrero Margarita 1978 1957 El Libro de los seres imaginarios Bruguera pp 36 37 ISBN 9788402081773 Borges amp Guerrero 1967 p 67 68 Borges Jorge Luis Guerrero Margarita 1969 Book of Imaginary Beings Norman Thomas di Giovanni trans Dutton p 141 ISBN 9780525475385 Borges Jorge Luis Guerrero Margarita 2005 Book of Imaginary Beings Andrew Hurley trans Peter Sis illustr New York Viking p 164 ISBN 9780670891801 Hastings James 1957 Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics vol 4 Scribner p 174 al Damiri Ibn Ibnal Wardi etc ap Lane Hughes Thomas Patrick 1885 Earth the W H Allen pp 102 103 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help Chalyan Daffner 2013 p 214 note 195 transcribes Kiyuban Kibuthan from Wustenfeld ed I p 148 Wustenfeld 1849 p 145 a b c Ethe 1868 p 488 notes to Wustenfeld s p 145 line 5 a b Guest Grace D Ettinghausen Richard 1961 The Iconography of a Kashan Luster Plate Ars Orientalis 4 53 note 110 JSTOR 4629133 The passage in Qazwini dealing with these ideas is on p 145 of Wustenfeld s edition where the names of the two animals are confused with each other and where also the Leviathan appears in a corrupt Arabic form form see also tr Ethe p 298 Streck 1936 al Ḳazwini Ency of Islam p 842 Wustenfeld s edition has been criticized for being a collation composite mostly based on the Codex Gotha 1508 portions replaced with text from other manuscripts for being thus based on a late 18th century copy and not using a shorter recension that was the most widely disseminated 16 Lane 1883 p 106 note 1 Lane Edward William 1839 The Thousand and One Nights Commonly Called in England the Arabian Nights Entertainments Vol 1 London Charles Knight pp 20 23 Al Damiri 1819 Kitab ḥayat al ḥayawan al kubra etc Cairo Bulaq al ʿAmira p 164 a b Ibn al Mundir Abu Bakr b Badr 1860 Le Naċeri La perfection des deux arts ou traite complet d hippologie et d hippiatrie arabes vol 3 Perron Nicolas tr Bouchard Huzard p 481 Note 14 to p 457 by Perron Muḥammad al Kisaʾi Qiṣaṣ al Anbiya Thackston 1997 p 10 Chalyan Daffner 2013 p 238 Streck Maximilian in German 1936 Ḳaf The Encyclopaedia of Islam vol IV E J Brill ltd p 615 ISBN 9004082654 Chalyan Daffner 2013 p 236 note 268 Borges amp Guerrero 2005 pp 25 164 on Bahamut am Quyata and Hurley s note to them pp 221 234 saying that the entries derive from Lane Arabian Society Chalyan Daffner 2013 p 215 and note 196 Streck 1936 al Ḳazwini Ency of Islam p 841 Lane 1883 p 107 note 2 Streck 1936 al Ḳazwini Ency of Islam p 844 The passage begins Wahb ben Munabbih sagt in German Ethe 1868 p 297 a b Jwaideh 1987 pp 34 35 Brinner 2002 a b Jwaideh 1987 p 34 notes 1 2 Jwaideh 1987 p 19 note 4 Brinner 2002 p 6 Chalyan Daffner 2013 p 215 note 196 Ibn al Wardi Kharidat al ʿajaʾib Cairo 1939 p 239 a b c d Ibn al Wardi 1835 pp 36 37 Tornberg s Latin translation a b c d e f Yaqut al Hamawi s geography Jwaideh 1987 p 34 a b c d e al Tha labi s Lives of Prophtets Brinner 2002 p 7 Rustomji Nerina 2013 The Garden and the Fire Heaven and Hell in Islamic Culture Columbia University Press p 71 ISBN 9780231140850 Felsen aus grunem Hyacinth Ethe s German translation of Qazwini Ethe 1868 p 298 Streck 1936 p 615 accusative smaragdum viridem Ibn al Wardi 1835 pp 36 37 Ethe 1868 p 298 a b Chalyan Daffner 2013 pp 215 216 and notes 196 107 Ibn al Wardi Kharidat al ʿajaʾib p 16 Lane 1883 p 107 note 1 Lane 1883 pp 106 note 1 Chalyan Daffner 2013 pp 215 216 and note 200 Ibn al Wardi Kharidat al ʿajaʾib p 15 Bibliography primary sources al Kisaʼi Muḥammad ibn ʻAbd Allah 1997 Tales of the Prophets Thackston Wheeler McIntosh trans Great books of the Islamic world p 10 ISBN 9781871031010 al Qazwini Zakariya 1849 Wustenfeld Ferdinand ed Aja ib al makhluqat Kosmographie Die Wunder der Schopfung Vol 1 Gottingen Dieterich in Arabic ʿAja ib al makhluqat wa ghara ib al mawjudat عجائب المخلوقات و غرائب الموجودات plain text redaction in Arabic al Qazwini Zakariya 1868 Die Wunder der Schopfung Nach der Wustenfeldschen Textausgabe mit Benutzung und Beifugung der Reichhaltigen Anmerkungen und erbesserungen des Herrn Prof Dr Fleischer Vol 1 Ethe Hermann trans Leipzig Fues s Verlag in German Thaʻlabi Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad 2002 Brinner William M trans ed ʻAraʻis al majalis fi qiṣaṣ al anbiya or Lives of the prophets Brill ISBN 9789004125896 Ibn al Wardi Abu Hafs Zain al din Umar ibn al Muzaffar 1835 Tornberg Carolus Johannes ed Fragmentum libri Margarita mirabilium codice Upsaliensi in Arabic Reg Acad Typ pp 35 37 translation in Latin Jwaideh Wadie ed 1987 1959 The Introductory Chapters of Yaqut s Muʻjam Al Buldan Brill Archive pp 34 35 ISBN 9004082697 secondary sources Borges Jorge Luis Guerrero Margarita 1967 1957 El Libro de los seres imaginarios in Spanish Opensource pp 67 68 Retrieved 2017 10 18 Chalyan Daffner Kristine 2013 Natural Disasters in Mamluk Egypt 1250 1517 Perceptions Interpretations and Human Responses PDF Ph D Heidelberg University pp 213 252 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kujata amp oldid 1194790215, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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