The Kolka–Karmadon rock-ice slide occurred on the northern slope of the Mount Kazbekmassif in North Ossetia–Alania on 20 September 2002, following a partial collapse of the Kolka Glacier. It started on the north-northeast wall of Mount Jimara, 4,780 m (15,680 ft) above sea level, and seriously affected the valley of Genaldon and Karmadon. The resulting avalanche and mudflow killed more than 120 people,[1] including a film crew of 27 people, among them Russian actor and director Sergei Bodrov Jr.[2] While this type of avalanche is not uncommon, this particular event is considered extraordinary because of several aspects.[3]
Satellite images, taken before and after the avalanche, shows the vast extent of the disaster. Debris and ice filled the Genaldon Valley from the Kolka Glacier Cirque to the Gates of Karmadon, distance of about 18 km (11 mi).
The main deposit settled 17 km (11 mi) from the face of Dzhimarai-Khokh.[3] A 150 m (490 ft) thick chunk of the Kolka Glacier travelled 32 km (20 mi) down the Karmadon Gorge and Koban Valley at over 100 km/h (62 mph). The outflow of mud and debris measured 200 m (660 ft) wide and 10 to 100 m (33 to 328 ft) thick. Two villages along the gorge were under surveillance as flood waters backed up along the choked rivers. It finally came to rest in the village of Nizhniy Karmadon, burying most of the village in ice, snow, and debris. On September 25, a first round of explosives intended to break up the avalanche flow was unsuccessful in reducing flood waters lapping through the village of Gornaya Saniba. The avalanche had two distinct flows.[3]
^Haeberli, Wilfried; Christian Huggel; Andreas Kääb; Sonja Zgraggen-Oswald; Alexander Polkvoj; Igor Galushkin; Igor Zotikov; Nikolay Osokin (2017). "The Kolka-Karmadon rock/ice slide of 20 September 2002: an extraordinary event of historical dimensions in North Ossetia, Russian Caucasus". Journal of Glaciology. 50 (171): 533–546. doi:10.3189/172756504781829710. S2CID 43886998.
^(25 September 2002). Sergei Bodrov: Russia's lost actor. BBC. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
^ abcHuggel, C.; S. Zgraggen-Oswald; W. Haeberli; A. Kääb; A. Polkvoj; I. Galushkin; S. G. Evans (2005). "The 2002 rock/ice avalanche at Kolka/Karmadon, Russian Caucasus: assessment of extraordinary avalanche formation and mobility, and application of QuickBird satellite imagery". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 5 (2): 173–187. Bibcode:2005NHESS...5..173H. doi:10.5194/nhess-5-173-2005. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
External linksedit
(in Russian). Archived from the original on 2006-02-10. Retrieved 2006-03-20.
"Karmadon Disaster Could Have Been Predicted Using Satellite Imagery". 20 February 2006.
Huggel, C.; Oswald, S.; Haeberli, W.; Kaeaeb, A.; Polkvoj, A.; Galushkin, I.; Evans, S. G. (10 February 2004). "Extraordinary processes of the 2002 Kolka/Karmadon rock/ice slide in the Caucasus Mountains, North (Russian Ferdinand), and current state of investigations" (PDF). Geophysical Research Abstracts. 6.
kolka, karmadon, rock, slide, this, article, includes, list, general, references, lacks, sufficient, corresponding, inline, citations, please, help, improve, this, article, introducing, more, precise, citations, march, 2014, learn, when, remove, this, template. This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations March 2014 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Kolka Karmadon rock ice slide occurred on the northern slope of the Mount Kazbek massif in North Ossetia Alania on 20 September 2002 following a partial collapse of the Kolka Glacier It started on the north northeast wall of Mount Jimara 4 780 m 15 680 ft above sea level and seriously affected the valley of Genaldon and Karmadon The resulting avalanche and mudflow killed more than 120 people 1 including a film crew of 27 people among them Russian actor and director Sergei Bodrov Jr 2 While this type of avalanche is not uncommon this particular event is considered extraordinary because of several aspects 3 Satellite images taken before and after the avalanche shows the vast extent of the disaster Debris and ice filled the Genaldon Valley from the Kolka Glacier Cirque to the Gates of Karmadon distance of about 18 km 11 mi Contents 1 Collapse 2 Notable victims 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksCollapse editThe main deposit settled 17 km 11 mi from the face of Dzhimarai Khokh 3 A 150 m 490 ft thick chunk of the Kolka Glacier travelled 32 km 20 mi down the Karmadon Gorge and Koban Valley at over 100 km h 62 mph The outflow of mud and debris measured 200 m 660 ft wide and 10 to 100 m 33 to 328 ft thick Two villages along the gorge were under surveillance as flood waters backed up along the choked rivers It finally came to rest in the village of Nizhniy Karmadon burying most of the village in ice snow and debris On September 25 a first round of explosives intended to break up the avalanche flow was unsuccessful in reducing flood waters lapping through the village of Gornaya Saniba The avalanche had two distinct flows 3 Notable victims editSergei Bodrov Jr Vladimir Kartashov Sergei Petniunas ru See also edit nbsp Earth sciences portalList of avalanchesReferences edit Haeberli Wilfried Christian Huggel Andreas Kaab Sonja Zgraggen Oswald Alexander Polkvoj Igor Galushkin Igor Zotikov Nikolay Osokin 2017 The Kolka Karmadon rock ice slide of 20 September 2002 an extraordinary event of historical dimensions in North Ossetia Russian Caucasus Journal of Glaciology 50 171 533 546 doi 10 3189 172756504781829710 S2CID 43886998 25 September 2002 Sergei Bodrov Russia s lost actor BBC Retrieved 20 November 2016 a b c Huggel C S Zgraggen Oswald W Haeberli A Kaab A Polkvoj I Galushkin S G Evans 2005 The 2002 rock ice avalanche at Kolka Karmadon Russian Caucasus assessment of extraordinary avalanche formation and mobility and application of QuickBird satellite imagery Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 5 2 173 187 Bibcode 2005NHESS 5 173H doi 10 5194 nhess 5 173 2005 Retrieved 20 November 2016 External links editKarmadonskoe ushele in Russian Archived from the original on 2006 02 10 Retrieved 2006 03 20 Karmadon Disaster Could Have Been Predicted Using Satellite Imagery 20 February 2006 Huggel C Oswald S Haeberli W Kaeaeb A Polkvoj A Galushkin I Evans S G 10 February 2004 Extraordinary processes of the 2002 Kolka Karmadon rock ice slide in the Caucasus Mountains North Russian Ferdinand and current state of investigations PDF Geophysical Research Abstracts 6 42 51 23 18 N 44 31 25 00 E 42 8564389 N 44 5236111 E 42 8564389 44 5236111 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kolka Karmadon rock ice slide amp oldid 1188955519, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
