Kokang
Kokang (Burmese: ကိုးကန့်; Chinese: 果敢; pinyin: Guǒgǎn; Wade–Giles: Kuo-kan) is a region in Myanmar. It is located in the northern part of Shan State, with the Salween River to its west, and sharing a border with China's Yunnan Province to the east. Its total land area is around 1,895 square kilometers (732 sq mi).[1] The capital is Laukkai. Kokang is mostly populated by Kokang Chinese, a Han Chinese group living in Myanmar.
Kokang ကိုးကန့် / 果敢 | |
|---|---|
Kokang Map during the 2009 Kokang incident | |
| Highest point | 2,548 m |
| Area | |
| • Total | 1,895 km2 (732 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 1,000 m (3,000 ft) |
| Population (2009) | |
| • Total | 150,000 |
| • Density | 79/km2 (210/sq mi) |
Shan State Special region 1 Kokang | |
|---|---|
Flag | |
Area de facto controlled by Shan State Special region 1 | |
| Country | Myanmar |
| State | Shan State |
| Formation of the MNDAA and SR1–SS | 11 March 1989 |
| MNDAA lost power | August 2009 |
| MNDAA regain power | 5 January 2024 |
| Capital | Laukkai |
| Official languages | |
| Government | |
• Chairman | Peng Daxun |
• Vice Chairman | Li Laobao |
• Secretary-General | Song Kecheng |
| Area | |
• Total | 1,895 km2 (732 sq mi) |
| Highest elevation | 2,548 m (8,360 ft) |
| Population | |
• 2009 estimate | 150,000 |
| Currency | Renminbi |
| Time zone | UTC+6:30 (MMT) |
| Driving side | right |
| Calling code | +86 (0)883 |
Kokang had been historically part of China for several centuries and is still claimed by the Republic of China to this day, but was largely left alone by successive governments due to its remote location. The region formed a de facto buffer zone between Yunnan province and the Shan States.[2] The Yang clan, originally Ming loyalists from Nanjing, consolidated the area into a single polity. In 1840, the Yunnan governor granted the Yang clan the hereditary rights as a vassal of the Qing dynasty.[2] After the British conquest of Upper Burma in 1885, Kokang was initially placed in China under the 1894 Sino-British boundary convention. It was ceded to British Burma in a supplementary agreement signed in February 1897.[3]
From the 1960s to 1989, the area was controlled by the Communist Party of Burma, and after the party's armed wing disbanded in 1989 it became a special region of Myanmar under the control of the Myanmar Nationalities Democratic Alliance Army (MNDAA). Armed conflicts between the MNDAA and the Tatmadaw have resulted in the 2009 Kokang incident and the 2015 Kokang offensive.
Etymology edit
The name Kokang derives from the Burmese ကိုးကန့်, which itself derives from the Shan ၵဝ်ႈ (kāo, "nine") + ၵူၼ်း (kúun, "family") or ၵၢင် (kǎang, "guard").
Demographics edit
In 2009, the population was reported to be around 150,000.[1] Of these, around 100,000 people held Burmese nationality, the remainder being from China. Of the Burmese nationality, 90% are ethnic Han-Chinese.[4]
History edit
Chiefdom of Kokang edit
Yang Xiancai (simplified Chinese: 杨献才; traditional Chinese: 楊獻才; pinyin: Yáng Xiàncái) founded the state Xingdahu (simplified Chinese: 兴达户; traditional Chinese: 興達戶; pinyin: Xīng Dáhù) in 1739 in and around Ta Shwe Htan. The name was changed to Kokang by his successors. In 1840, the Yunnan governor granted the Yang clan the hereditary rights as a Tusi of the Qing dynasty.[2] After the British conquest of Upper Burma in 1885, Kokang was initially placed in China under the 1894 Sino-British boundary convention. It was ceded to British Burma in a supplementary agreement signed in February 1897.[3]
Recent history edit
After the collapse of the Communist Party of Burma in 1989, Peng Jiasheng's Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army (MNDAA) took control of the region. A ceasefire between the group and the Tatmadaw was signed in the same year, the area controlled by MNDAA was assigned as the autonomous "First Special Region" of Shan State (Chinese: 缅甸掸邦第一特区; Burmese: မြန်မာနိုင်ငံ ရှမ်းပြည်နယ်အထူးဒေသ (၁)). However, in 2009, the Tatmadaw asked that the group become a border guard under the army's direction. The MNDAA refused, and the armed forces ousted the group and took over the region.[5]
In 2003, a ban on the opium poppy came into effect.[6]
The 2008 Myanmar Constitution defines Kokang is a self-administered zone. Kongyan Township and Laukkai Township aka Laukkaing Township are grouped together to form Kokang Self-Administered Zone, which replaced the "First Special Region".[7]
2009 Kokang conflict edit
In August 2009, Kokang was the site of a violent conflict, the Kokang incident, between junta forces and various ethnic armies.[8] As a result of the conflict the MNDAA lost control of the area and as many as 30,000 refugees fled to Yunnan province in neighboring China.[9]
2015 Kokang offensive edit
On 17 February 2015 Myanmar president Thein Sein declared a state of emergency and a three-month period of martial law in Kokang in response to fighting between government troops and the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army (MNDAA), a Kokang insurgent group.[10]
2023 Kokang conflict edit
In November 2023, the MNDAA began encircling and attacking Laukkai as part of Operation 1027, a joint effort by the Three Brotherhood Alliance coalition during the renewed civil war following the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état.[11]
The MNDAA successfully encircled and captured Laukkai, the capital of the Kokang Self-Administered Zone, with key victories in Chinshwehaw and other strategic border towns, leading to the surrender of the Tatmadaw's military and Border Guard Forces in Laukkai by December 26, ultimately securing control of the city by December 28.[12]
Rulers of Kokang edit
- Chiefs of Kokang
- De facto rulers
- Sao Edward Yang Kyein Tsai 杨振材: 17 May 1959–2 March 1962
- Lo Hsing Han 罗星汉: 2 March 1962–March 1969
- Pheung Kya-shin aka Peng Jiasheng: March 1969–12 March 1989
- Chairmen of the Shan State First Special Region
- Pheung Kya-shin aka Peng Jiasheng 彭家声: 12 March 1989–27 February 1993
- Yang Mao-liang 杨茂良: 27 February 1993–20 December 1995
- Pheung Kya-shin: 20 December 1995–24 August 2009 (in exile: 24 August 2009–16 February 2022)
- Bai Xuoqian 白所成: 24 August 2009–20 August 2010 (acting)
- Pheung Daxun aka Peng Deren 彭德仁: 5 January 2024–present (in exile: 16 February 2022–5 January 2024)
- Chairmen of the Kokang Self-Administered Zone
- Bai Xuoqian: 20 August 2010–30 March 2016
- Zhao Dechen 赵德强: 30 March 2016–19 February 2021
- Li Zhanfu 李正福 aka U Myint Swe ဦးမြင့်ဆွေ: 19 February 2021–9 November 2023
- Brigadier General Tun Tun Myint ထွန်းထွန်းမြင့်: 9 November 2023–5 January 2024 (acting)
See also edit
References edit
- ^ a b "Myanmar fighters cross into China". Al Jazeera News. 30 August 2009. Retrieved 30 August 2009.
- ^ a b c Lintner, Bertil (1999). Burma in Revolt: Opium and Insurgency since 1948. Silkworm Books. p. 60. ISBN 978-1-63041-184-8.
- ^ a b Kratoska, Paul H. (13 May 2013). Southeast Asian Minorities in the Wartime Japanese Empire. Routledge. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-136-12514-0.
- ^ Li, Xue (20 May 2015). "Can China Untangle the Kokang Knot in Myanmar?". The Diplomat.
- ^ "Myanmar Regional Crime Webs Enjoy Post-Coup Resurgence: The Kokang Story". United States Institute of Peace. Retrieved 2023-09-21.
- ^ Joint Kokang-Wa Humanitarian Needs Assessment Team, Replacing Opium in Kokang and Wa Special Regions (PDF)
- ^ . Amnestyusa.org. Archived from the original on 2011-02-18. Retrieved 2013-11-30.
- ^ Auswärtiges Amt Myanmar Innenpolitik
- ^ 47 Myanmar soldiers reported dead in clashes with Kokang rebels
- ^ Soe Zeya Tun (17 February 2015). "Myanmar declares martial law in troubled Kokang region". Reuters. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
- ^ "After weeks of preparation, MNDAA says it has entered Laukkai". Myanmar Now. 1 December 2023.
- ^ Kyaw Oo (28 December 2023). "Most of Laukkai now under MNDAA control". Myanmar Now.