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Kinjikitile Ngwale

December 17, 2023

Kinjikitile "Bokero" Ngwale (died August 4, 1905) was a Tanzanian spiritual medium and a leader of the 1905–1907 Maji Maji Rebellion against colonial rule in German East Africa (present day Tanzania).

Biography edit

Kinjikitile was a member of the Matumbi people, living in what is now Kilwa District of Lindi Region in Tanzania (then German East Africa, later Tanganyika). The Matumbi practiced religious forms of folk Islam. In 1904, the then relatively unknown Kinjikitile disappeared from his home in Ngarambe. He returned after a few days and said that he had been possessed by a spirit medium called Hongo, believed to take the form of a snake.[1][2][3] Kinjikitile claimed to have communicated with the deity Bokera through the spirit Hongo.[2] He encouraged his followers to overlook tribal differences and unite against the Germans.[4] Kinjitkile's reputation grew rapidly, drawing followers from the 100,000 square kilometers the territory encompassed.[5] He told his followers that their ancestors had commanded him to lead a rebellion against the German colonial empire.[2] This helped start the Maji Maji Rebellion.[2] Kinjikitile gave his people 'holy water' (Swahili: maji) to protect them from German bullets.[2][3] After a group of Matumbi people attacked the home of a local official in July, 1905, Kinjikitile was arrested by German troops.[6]

He was hanged for treason on August 4, 1905.[4][6] His brother continued Kinjikitile's work and the rebellion continued until 1907, with over 100,000[7] or 200-300,000 Africans killed in the German suppression of the revolt.[5] Present-day Tanzanians consider the failed rebellion to have been the first stirring of nationalism, and Kinjikitile "Bokero" Ngwale a proto-national hero.[4]

Legacy in literature edit

Tanzanian playwright Ebrahim Hussein wrote a popular play in Swahili language called Kinjeketile, based on the Maji Maji Rebellion.[8]

References edit

  1. ^ Hoehler-Fatton, Cynthia (1996). Women of Fire and Spirit. Oxford University Press US. p. 73. ISBN 0-19-509790-4.
  2. ^ a b c d e Jestice, Phyllis G. (2004). Holy People of the World: A Cross-Cultural Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 480. ISBN 1-57607-355-6.
  3. ^ a b "The Story of Africa - Religious Resistance". BBC World Service. Retrieved 2008-03-24.
  4. ^ a b c Mwakikagile, Godfrey (2000). Africa and the West. Nova Publishers. p. 70. ISBN 1-56072-840-X.
  5. ^ a b Worlds together, worlds apart (3 ed.). W. W. Norton & Co. 2011. p. 669. ISBN 978-0-393-93492-2.
  6. ^ a b Roupp, Heidi (1997). Teaching World History: A Resource Book. M.E. Sharpe. p. 229. ISBN 1-56324-420-9.
  7. ^ Boahen, A. Adu (1990). Africa Under Colonial Domination, 1880-1935. James Currey Publishers. p. 80. ISBN 0-85255-097-9.
  8. ^ Ricard, Alain (1992). "Ebrahim's Predicament". Research in African Literatures. 23 (1): 175–178. ISSN 0034-5210. JSTOR 3819960.

Further reading edit

December 17, 2023
kinjikitile, ngwale, kinjikitile, bokero, ngwale, died, august, 1905, tanzanian, spiritual, medium, leader, 1905, 1907, maji, maji, rebellion, against, colonial, rule, german, east, africa, present, tanzania, contents, biography, legacy, literature, references. Kinjikitile Bokero Ngwale died August 4 1905 was a Tanzanian spiritual medium and a leader of the 1905 1907 Maji Maji Rebellion against colonial rule in German East Africa present day Tanzania Contents 1 Biography 2 Legacy in literature 3 References 4 Further readingBiography editKinjikitile was a member of the Matumbi people living in what is now Kilwa District of Lindi Region in Tanzania then German East Africa later Tanganyika The Matumbi practiced religious forms of folk Islam In 1904 the then relatively unknown Kinjikitile disappeared from his home in Ngarambe He returned after a few days and said that he had been possessed by a spirit medium called Hongo believed to take the form of a snake 1 2 3 Kinjikitile claimed to have communicated with the deity Bokera through the spirit Hongo 2 He encouraged his followers to overlook tribal differences and unite against the Germans 4 Kinjitkile s reputation grew rapidly drawing followers from the 100 000 square kilometers the territory encompassed 5 He told his followers that their ancestors had commanded him to lead a rebellion against the German colonial empire 2 This helped start the Maji Maji Rebellion 2 Kinjikitile gave his people holy water Swahili maji to protect them from German bullets 2 3 After a group of Matumbi people attacked the home of a local official in July 1905 Kinjikitile was arrested by German troops 6 He was hanged for treason on August 4 1905 4 6 His brother continued Kinjikitile s work and the rebellion continued until 1907 with over 100 000 7 or 200 300 000 Africans killed in the German suppression of the revolt 5 Present day Tanzanians consider the failed rebellion to have been the first stirring of nationalism and Kinjikitile Bokero Ngwale a proto national hero 4 Legacy in literature editTanzanian playwright Ebrahim Hussein wrote a popular play in Swahili language called Kinjeketile based on the Maji Maji Rebellion 8 References edit Hoehler Fatton Cynthia 1996 Women of Fire and Spirit Oxford University Press US p 73 ISBN 0 19 509790 4 a b c d e Jestice Phyllis G 2004 Holy People of the World A Cross Cultural Encyclopedia ABC CLIO p 480 ISBN 1 57607 355 6 a b The Story of Africa Religious Resistance BBC World Service Retrieved 2008 03 24 a b c Mwakikagile Godfrey 2000 Africa and the West Nova Publishers p 70 ISBN 1 56072 840 X a b Worlds together worlds apart 3 ed W W Norton amp Co 2011 p 669 ISBN 978 0 393 93492 2 a b Roupp Heidi 1997 Teaching World History A Resource Book M E Sharpe p 229 ISBN 1 56324 420 9 Boahen A Adu 1990 Africa Under Colonial Domination 1880 1935 James Currey Publishers p 80 ISBN 0 85255 097 9 Ricard Alain 1992 Ebrahim s Predicament Research in African Literatures 23 1 175 178 ISSN 0034 5210 JSTOR 3819960 Further reading editPetraitis Richard Bullets into Water The Sorcerers of Africa REALL Retrieved 2008 03 09 Iliffe John 1979 Modern History of Tanganyika Cambridge University Press pp 168 172 ISBN 0 521 29611 0 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kinjikitile Ngwale amp oldid 1179351169, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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