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Basal body

October 28, 2023

This article is about the basal body of eukaryotic flagellum. For structure at the base of bacterial flagellum, see Flagellum § Bacterial.

A basal body (synonymous with basal granule, kinetosome, and in older cytological literature with blepharoplast) is a protein structure found at the base of a eukaryotic undulipodium (cilium or flagellum). The basal body was named by Theodor Wilhelm Engelmann in 1880.[1][2] It is formed from a centriole and several additional protein structures, and is, essentially, a modified centriole.[3][4] The basal body serves as a nucleation site for the growth of the axoneme microtubules. Centrioles, from which basal bodies are derived, act as anchoring sites for proteins that in turn anchor microtubules, and are known as the microtubule organizing center (MTOC). These microtubules provide structure and facilitate movement of vesicles and organelles within many eukaryotic cells.

Schematic of the eukaryotic flagellum. 1-axoneme, 2-cell membrane, 3-IFT (Intraflagellar transport), 4-Basal body, 5-Cross section of flagellum, 6-Triplets of microtubules of basal body.
Longitudinal section through the flagella area in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. In the cell apex is the basal body that is the anchoring site for a flagellum. Basal bodies originate from and have a substructure similar to that of centrioles, with nine peripheral microtubule triplets (see structure at bottom center of image).

Assembly, structure edit

Cilia and basal bodies form during quiescence or the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Before the cell enters G1 phase, i.e. before the formation of the cilium, the mother centriole serves as a component of the centrosome.

In cells that are destined to have only one primary cilium, the mother centriole differentiates into the basal body upon entry into G1 or quiescence. Thus, the basal body in such a cell is derived from the centriole. The basal body differs from the mother centriole in at least 2 aspects. First, basal bodies have basal feet, which are anchored to cytoplasmic microtubules and are necessary for polarized alignment of the cilium. Second, basal bodies have pinwheel-shaped transition fibers that originate from the appendages of mother centriole.[5]

In multiciliated cells, however, in many cases basal bodies are not made from centrioles but are generated de novo from a special protein structure called the deuterosome.[6]

Function edit

During cell cycle dormancy, basal bodies organize primary cilia and reside at the cell cortex in proximity to plasma membrane. On cell cycle entry, cilia resorb and the basal body migrates to the nucleus where it functions to organize centrosomes. Centrioles, basal bodies, and cilia are important for mitosis, polarity, cell division, protein trafficking, signaling, motility and sensation.[7]

Mutations in proteins that localize to basal bodies are associated with several human ciliary diseases, including Bardet–Biedl syndrome,[8] orofaciodigital syndrome,[9][10] Joubert syndrome,[11] cone-rod dystrophy,[12][13] Meckel syndrome,[14] and nephronophthisis.[15]

Regulation of basal body production and spatial orientation is a function of the nucleotide-binding domain of γ-tubulin.[16]

Plants lack centrioles and only lower plants (such as mosses and ferns) with motile sperm have flagella and basal bodies.[17]

References edit

  1. ^ Engelmann, T. W. (1880). Zur Anatomie und Physiologie der Flimmerzellen. Pflugers Arch. 23, 505–535.
  2. ^ Bloodgood, R. A. (2009). "From Central to Rudimentary to Primary: The History of an Underappreciated Organelle Whose Time Has Come.The Primary Cilium". Primary Cilia. Methods in Cell Biology. Vol. 94. pp. 3–52. doi:10.1016/S0091-679X(08)94001-2. ISBN 9780123750242. PMID 20362083.
  3. ^ Schrøder, Jacob M.; Larsen, Jesper; Komarova, Yulia; Akhmanova, Anna; Thorsteinsson, Rikke I.; Grigoriev, Ilya; Manguso, Robert; Christensen, Søren T.; Pedersen, Stine F.; Geimer, Stefan; Pedersen, Lotte B. (2011). "EB1 and EB3 promote cilia biogenesis by several centrosome-related mechanisms". Journal of Cell Science. 124 (15): 2539–2551. doi:10.1242/jcs.085852. PMC 3138699. PMID 21768326.
  4. ^ Benjamin Lewin (2007). Cells. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 359. ISBN 978-0-7637-3905-8. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
  5. ^ Kim, S.; Dynlacht, B. D. (2013). "Assembling a primary cilium". Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 25 (4): 506–511. doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2013.04.011. PMC 3729615. PMID 23747070.
  6. ^ Klos Dehring, D. A.; Vladar, E. K.; Werner, M. E.; Mitchell, J. W.; Hwang, P.; Mitchell, B. J. (2013). "Deuterosome-mediated centriole biogenesis". Developmental Cell. 27 (1): 103–112. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2013.08.021. PMC 3816757. PMID 24075808.
  7. ^ Pearson, C. G.; Giddings Jr, T. H.; Winey, M. (2009). "Basal body components exhibit differential protein dynamics during nascent basal body assembly". Molecular Biology of the Cell. 20 (3): 904–914. doi:10.1091/mbc.e08-08-0835. PMC 2633379. PMID 19056680.
  8. ^ Ansley, S. J.; Badano, J. L.; Blacque, O. E.; Hill, J.; Hoskins, B. E.; Leitch, C. C.; Kim, J. C.; Ross, A. J.; Eichers, E. R.; Teslovich, T. M.; Mah, A. K.; Johnsen, R. C.; Cavender, J. C.; Lewis, R. A.; Leroux, M. R.; Beales, P. L.; Katsanis, N. (2003). "Basal body dysfunction is a likely cause of pleiotropic Bardet-Biedl syndrome". Nature. 425 (6958): 628–633. Bibcode:2003Natur.425..628A. doi:10.1038/nature02030. PMID 14520415. S2CID 4310157.
  9. ^ Ferrante, M. I.; Zullo, A.; Barra, A.; Bimonte, S.; Messaddeq, N.; Studer, M.; Dollé, P.; Franco, B. (2006). "Oral-facial-digital type I protein is required for primary cilia formation and left-right axis specification". Nature Genetics. 38 (1): 112–117. doi:10.1038/ng1684. PMID 16311594. S2CID 2441702.
  10. ^ Romio, L.; Fry, A. M.; Winyard, P. J.; Malcolm, S.; Woolf, A. S.; Feather, S. A. (2004). "OFD1 is a centrosomal/Basal body protein expressed during mesenchymal-epithelial transition in human nephrogenesis". Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 15 (10): 2556–2568. doi:10.1097/01.ASN.0000140220.46477.5C. PMID 15466260. S2CID 22088755.
  11. ^ Arts, H. H.; Doherty, D.; Van Beersum, S. E.; Parisi, M. A.; Letteboer, S. J.; Gorden, N. T.; Peters, T. A.; Märker, T.; Voesenek, K.; Kartono, A.; Ozyurek, H.; Farin, F. M.; Kroes, H. Y.; Wolfrum, U.; Brunner, H. G.; Cremers, F. P.; Glass, I. A.; Knoers, N. V.; Roepman, R. (2007). "Mutations in the gene encoding the basal body protein RPGRIP1L, a nephrocystin-4 interactor, cause Joubert syndrome". Nature Genetics. 39 (7): 882–888. doi:10.1038/ng2069. PMID 17558407. S2CID 12910768.
  12. ^ Kobayashi, A.; Higashide, T.; Hamasaki, D.; Kubota, S.; Sakuma, H.; An, W.; Fujimaki, T.; McLaren, M. J.; Weleber, R. G.; Inana, G. (2000). "HRG4 (UNC119) mutation found in cone-rod dystrophy causes retinal degeneration in a transgenic model". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 41 (11): 3268–3277. PMID 11006213.
  13. ^ Shu, X.; Fry, A. M.; Tulloch, B.; Manson, F. D.; Crabb, J. W.; Khanna, H.; Faragher, A. J.; Lennon, A.; He, S.; Trojan, P.; Giessl, A.; Wolfrum, U.; Vervoort, R.; Swaroop, A.; Wright, A. F. (2005). "RPGR ORF15 isoform co-localizes with RPGRIP1 at centrioles and basal bodies and interacts with nucleophosmin". Human Molecular Genetics. 14 (9): 1183–1197. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddi129. PMID 15772089.
  14. ^ Kyttälä, M.; Tallila, J.; Salonen, R.; Kopra, O.; Kohlschmidt, N.; Paavola-Sakki, P.; Peltonen, L.; Kestilä, M. (2006). "MKS1, encoding a component of the flagellar apparatus basal body proteome, is mutated in Meckel syndrome". Nature Genetics. 38 (2): 155–157. doi:10.1038/ng1714. PMID 16415886. S2CID 10676530.
  15. ^ Winkelbauer, M. E.; Schafer, J. C.; Haycraft, C. J.; Swoboda, P.; Yoder, B. K. (2005). "The C. Elegans homologs of nephrocystin-1 and nephrocystin-4 are cilia transition zone proteins involved in chemosensory perception". Journal of Cell Science. 118 (Pt 23): 5575–5587. doi:10.1242/jcs.02665. PMID 16291722. S2CID 16717895.
  16. ^ Shang, Y.; Tsao, C. C.; Gorovsky, M. A. (2005). "Mutational analyses reveal a novel function of the nucleotide-binding domain of gamma-tubulin in the regulation of basal body biogenesis". The Journal of Cell Biology. 171 (6): 1035–1044. doi:10.1083/jcb.200508184. PMC 2171320. PMID 16344310.
  17. ^ Philip E. Pack, Ph.D., Cliff's Notes: AP Biology 4th edition.

External links edit

  • Histology image: 21804loa – Histology Learning System at Boston University - "Ultrastructure of the Cell: ciliated epithelium, cilia and basal bodies"

October 28, 2023
basal, body, this, article, about, basal, body, eukaryotic, flagellum, structure, base, bacterial, flagellum, flagellum, bacterial, basal, body, synonymous, with, basal, granule, kinetosome, older, cytological, literature, with, blepharoplast, protein, structu. This article is about the basal body of eukaryotic flagellum For structure at the base of bacterial flagellum see Flagellum Bacterial A basal body synonymous with basal granule kinetosome and in older cytological literature with blepharoplast is a protein structure found at the base of a eukaryotic undulipodium cilium or flagellum The basal body was named by Theodor Wilhelm Engelmann in 1880 1 2 It is formed from a centriole and several additional protein structures and is essentially a modified centriole 3 4 The basal body serves as a nucleation site for the growth of the axoneme microtubules Centrioles from which basal bodies are derived act as anchoring sites for proteins that in turn anchor microtubules and are known as the microtubule organizing center MTOC These microtubules provide structure and facilitate movement of vesicles and organelles within many eukaryotic cells Schematic of the eukaryotic flagellum 1 axoneme 2 cell membrane 3 IFT Intraflagellar transport 4 Basal body 5 Cross section of flagellum 6 Triplets of microtubules of basal body Longitudinal section through the flagella area in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii In the cell apex is the basal body that is the anchoring site for a flagellum Basal bodies originate from and have a substructure similar to that of centrioles with nine peripheral microtubule triplets see structure at bottom center of image Contents 1 Assembly structure 2 Function 3 References 4 External linksAssembly structure editCilia and basal bodies form during quiescence or the G1 phase of the cell cycle Before the cell enters G1 phase i e before the formation of the cilium the mother centriole serves as a component of the centrosome In cells that are destined to have only one primary cilium the mother centriole differentiates into the basal body upon entry into G1 or quiescence Thus the basal body in such a cell is derived from the centriole The basal body differs from the mother centriole in at least 2 aspects First basal bodies have basal feet which are anchored to cytoplasmic microtubules and are necessary for polarized alignment of the cilium Second basal bodies have pinwheel shaped transition fibers that originate from the appendages of mother centriole 5 In multiciliated cells however in many cases basal bodies are not made from centrioles but are generated de novo from a special protein structure called the deuterosome 6 Function editDuring cell cycle dormancy basal bodies organize primary cilia and reside at the cell cortex in proximity to plasma membrane On cell cycle entry cilia resorb and the basal body migrates to the nucleus where it functions to organize centrosomes Centrioles basal bodies and cilia are important for mitosis polarity cell division protein trafficking signaling motility and sensation 7 Mutations in proteins that localize to basal bodies are associated with several human ciliary diseases including Bardet Biedl syndrome 8 orofaciodigital syndrome 9 10 Joubert syndrome 11 cone rod dystrophy 12 13 Meckel syndrome 14 and nephronophthisis 15 Regulation of basal body production and spatial orientation is a function of the nucleotide binding domain of g tubulin 16 Plants lack centrioles and only lower plants such as mosses and ferns with motile sperm have flagella and basal bodies 17 References edit Engelmann T W 1880 Zur Anatomie und Physiologie der Flimmerzellen Pflugers Arch 23 505 535 Bloodgood R A 2009 From Central to Rudimentary to Primary The History of an Underappreciated Organelle Whose Time Has Come The Primary Cilium Primary Cilia Methods in Cell Biology Vol 94 pp 3 52 doi 10 1016 S0091 679X 08 94001 2 ISBN 9780123750242 PMID 20362083 Schroder Jacob M Larsen Jesper Komarova Yulia Akhmanova Anna Thorsteinsson Rikke I Grigoriev Ilya Manguso Robert Christensen Soren T Pedersen Stine F Geimer Stefan Pedersen Lotte B 2011 EB1 and EB3 promote cilia biogenesis by several centrosome related mechanisms Journal of Cell Science 124 15 2539 2551 doi 10 1242 jcs 085852 PMC 3138699 PMID 21768326 Benjamin Lewin 2007 Cells Jones amp Bartlett Learning p 359 ISBN 978 0 7637 3905 8 Retrieved 28 July 2019 Kim S Dynlacht B D 2013 Assembling a primary cilium Current Opinion in Cell Biology 25 4 506 511 doi 10 1016 j ceb 2013 04 011 PMC 3729615 PMID 23747070 Klos Dehring D A Vladar E K Werner M E Mitchell J W Hwang P Mitchell B J 2013 Deuterosome mediated centriole biogenesis Developmental Cell 27 1 103 112 doi 10 1016 j devcel 2013 08 021 PMC 3816757 PMID 24075808 Pearson C G Giddings Jr T H Winey M 2009 Basal body components exhibit differential protein dynamics during nascent basal body assembly Molecular Biology of the Cell 20 3 904 914 doi 10 1091 mbc e08 08 0835 PMC 2633379 PMID 19056680 Ansley S J Badano J L Blacque O E Hill J Hoskins B E Leitch C C Kim J C Ross A J Eichers E R Teslovich T M Mah A K Johnsen R C Cavender J C Lewis R A Leroux M R Beales P L Katsanis N 2003 Basal body dysfunction is a likely cause of pleiotropic Bardet Biedl syndrome Nature 425 6958 628 633 Bibcode 2003Natur 425 628A doi 10 1038 nature02030 PMID 14520415 S2CID 4310157 Ferrante M I Zullo A Barra A Bimonte S Messaddeq N Studer M Dolle P Franco B 2006 Oral facial digital type I protein is required for primary cilia formation and left right axis specification Nature Genetics 38 1 112 117 doi 10 1038 ng1684 PMID 16311594 S2CID 2441702 Romio L Fry A M Winyard P J Malcolm S Woolf A S Feather S A 2004 OFD1 is a centrosomal Basal body protein expressed during mesenchymal epithelial transition in human nephrogenesis Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 15 10 2556 2568 doi 10 1097 01 ASN 0000140220 46477 5C PMID 15466260 S2CID 22088755 Arts H H Doherty D Van Beersum S E Parisi M A Letteboer S J Gorden N T Peters T A Marker T Voesenek K Kartono A Ozyurek H Farin F M Kroes H Y Wolfrum U Brunner H G Cremers F P Glass I A Knoers N V Roepman R 2007 Mutations in the gene encoding the basal body protein RPGRIP1L a nephrocystin 4 interactor cause Joubert syndrome Nature Genetics 39 7 882 888 doi 10 1038 ng2069 PMID 17558407 S2CID 12910768 Kobayashi A Higashide T Hamasaki D Kubota S Sakuma H An W Fujimaki T McLaren M J Weleber R G Inana G 2000 HRG4 UNC119 mutation found in cone rod dystrophy causes retinal degeneration in a transgenic model Investigative Ophthalmology amp Visual Science 41 11 3268 3277 PMID 11006213 Shu X Fry A M Tulloch B Manson F D Crabb J W Khanna H Faragher A J Lennon A He S Trojan P Giessl A Wolfrum U Vervoort R Swaroop A Wright A F 2005 RPGR ORF15 isoform co localizes with RPGRIP1 at centrioles and basal bodies and interacts with nucleophosmin Human Molecular Genetics 14 9 1183 1197 doi 10 1093 hmg ddi129 PMID 15772089 Kyttala M Tallila J Salonen R Kopra O Kohlschmidt N Paavola Sakki P Peltonen L Kestila M 2006 MKS1 encoding a component of the flagellar apparatus basal body proteome is mutated in Meckel syndrome Nature Genetics 38 2 155 157 doi 10 1038 ng1714 PMID 16415886 S2CID 10676530 Winkelbauer M E Schafer J C Haycraft C J Swoboda P Yoder B K 2005 The C Elegans homologs of nephrocystin 1 and nephrocystin 4 are cilia transition zone proteins involved in chemosensory perception Journal of Cell Science 118 Pt 23 5575 5587 doi 10 1242 jcs 02665 PMID 16291722 S2CID 16717895 Shang Y Tsao C C Gorovsky M A 2005 Mutational analyses reveal a novel function of the nucleotide binding domain of gamma tubulin in the regulation of basal body biogenesis The Journal of Cell Biology 171 6 1035 1044 doi 10 1083 jcb 200508184 PMC 2171320 PMID 16344310 Philip E Pack Ph D Cliff s Notes AP Biology 4th edition External links editHistology image 21804loa Histology Learning System at Boston University Ultrastructure of the Cell ciliated epithelium cilia and basal bodies Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Basal body amp oldid 1171848034, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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