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Kinder, Küche, Kirche

January 08, 2023

Kinder, Küche, Kirche (German pronunciation: [ˈkɪndɐ ˈkʏçə ˈkɪʁçə]), or the 3 Ks, is a German slogan translated as "children, kitchen, church" used under the German Empire to describe a woman's role in society. It now has a mostly derogatory connotation, describing what is seen as an antiquated female role model in contemporary Western society.[1][2] The phrase is vaguely equivalent to the American "barefoot and pregnant",[3] the British Victorian era "A woman's place is in the home"[citation needed] or the phrase "Good Wife, Wise Mother" from Meiji Japan.[4][5]

The origins

The origins of the phrase are normally attributed to either the last German Emperor Wilhelm II, or to his first wife, Empress Augusta Victoria. She is likely to have adopted it from one of several similar German "sayings by number". The most suggestive of these is listed in the second volume of German proverbs Glossary: A Treasury for the German People published in 1870 by Karl Friedrich Wilhelm Wander: "Four K's are requisite of a pious woman, namely, that she keeps regard for church, chamber, kitchen, children."[6] Wander refers for the origins of this saying to a 16th-century commentary on Sirach by Johannes Mathesius.[7] He also lists another similar phrase: "A good housewife has to take care of five K: chamber, kids, kitchen, cellar, clothes," which appeared first in the 1810 collection of German proverbs.[8] by Johann Michael Sailer. In 1844 "The newspaper for the German Nobility" published this latter saying in its traditional last page "feature" short statements.[9]

The phrase started to appear in its current form in writing in the early 1890s. "After Germany, where women apparently take no interest in public affairs, and seem to obey to the letter the young emperor's injunction 'Let women devote themselves to the three K's, – die Küche, die Kirche, die Kinder ' (kitchen, church, and children), the active interest and influence of English women on all great questions were refreshing." wrote Marie C. Remick in A Woman's Travel-notes on England in 1892.[10] The phrase then was used multiple times throughout the 1890s in liberal writing and speeches.

In August 1899 the influential British liberal Westminster Gazette elaborated on the story, mentioning, as well, the fourth "K". A story titled "The American Lady and the Kaiser. The Empress's four K's"[11] describes an audience given by the Kaiser to two American suffragettes. After hearing them out, the Kaiser replies: "I agree with my wife. And do you know what she says? She says that women have no business interfering with anything outside the four K's. The four K's are – Kinder, Küche, Kirche, and Kleider: Children, Kitchen, Church, and Clothing".[12]

Kaiser's 4 K's is encountered again in Charlotte Perkins Gilman's 1911 book The man-made world.[13] The "3 K's" variation has remained by far more popular and well known.

Third Reich

The Third Reich made women and mothers a priority in their political rhetoric. Many women supported the National Socialist Party because it urged returning to the family values of the past when women were encouraged to stay at home and concern themselves with taking care of the household.[14] Barbara Kosta argues that, to some, the modern woman of the Weimar Republic was viewed as an insult to previous conceptions of Germanic motherhood, and womanhood in general.[15]

When Adolf Hitler was appointed Chancellor in 1933, he introduced a Law for the Encouragement of Marriage, which entitled newly married couples to a loan of 1000 marks (around 9 months' average wages at that time). On their first child, they could keep 250 marks. On their second, they could keep another 250. They reclaimed all of the loan by their fourth child.

In a September 1934 speech to the National Socialist Women's Organization, Hitler argued that for the German woman her "world is her husband, her family, her children, and her home",[16] a policy which was reinforced by the stress on "Kinder" and "Küche" in propaganda, and the bestowing of the Cross of Honor of the German Mother on women bearing four or more babies.

During this period, women were discriminated against in employment and forced out or bribed with numerous social benefits. Medicine, the law and civil service were occupations reserved for men alone.[17]

In one of his essays, T. S. Eliot reproduces and then comments upon a column in the Evening Standard of May 10, 1939 headed "'Back to the Kitchen' Creed Denounced":

Miss Bower of the Ministry of Transport, who moved that the association should take steps to obtain the removal of the ban (i.e. against married women Civil Servants) said it was wise to abolish an institution which embodied one of the main tenets of the Nazi creed – the relegation of women to the sphere of the kitchen, the children and the church. The report, by its abbreviation, may do less than justice to Miss Bower, but I do not think that I am unfair to the report, in finding the implication that what is Nazi is wrong, and need not be discussed on its own merits. Incidentally, the term "relegation of women" prejudices the issue. Might one suggest that the kitchen, the children and the church could be considered to have a claim upon the attention of married women? or that no normal married woman would prefer to be a wage-earner if she could help it? What is miserable is a system that makes the dual wage necessary.[18]

During World War II in Germany, women eventually were put back in the factories because of the growing losses in the armed forces and the desperate lack of equipment on the front lines.

Post-World War II

The phrase continued to be used in feminist and anti-feminist writing in the English-speaking world in the 1950s and 1960s. So, notably, the first version of the classic feminist paper by Naomi Weisstein "Psychology Constructs the Female"[19] was titled "Kinder, Küche, Kirche as Scientific Law: Psychology Constructs the Female".

See also

References

  1. ^ Mast-Kirschning, Ulrike (3 August 2004). "Kinder, Küche, Kirche: Nein danke!" (in German). Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
  2. ^ "Kinder, Küche, Kirche" (in German). Süddeutsche Zeitung. 6 January 2010. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
  3. ^ Saddik, Annette J. (26 January 2015). Tennessee Williams and the Theatre of Excess: The Strange, the Crazed, the Queer. Cambridge University Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-316-24068-7. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
  4. ^ Holloway, Susan D. (2010). Women and Family in Contemporary Japan. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-521-18037-5.
  5. ^ Sechiyama, K. (2013). Patriarchy in East Asia. p. 67. ISBN 978-90-04-23060-6.
  6. ^ Wander, Karl Friedrich Wilhelm (1870). Deutsches sprichwörter-lexikon: bd. Gott bis Lehren [German Proverb Glossary: volume Gott – Lehren]. Vier K gehören zu einem frommen Weib, nemlich, dass sie Achtung gebe auff die Kirche, Kammer, Kuche, Kinder.
  7. ^ Wander, Karl Friedrich Wilhelm (1867). Deutsches Sprichwörterlexikon: Ein Hausschatz für das deutsche Volk. A bis Gothen, Volume 1 [Glossary of German Proverbs : A Treasury for the German People. A to Gothen].
  8. ^ Sailer, Johann Michael (1810). Die weisheit auf der gasse: oder Sinn und geist deutscher sprichwörter [The wisdom of the streets; or, meaning and spirit of German proverbs]. M. Veith und M. Rieger. p. 100. Eine gute Hausfrau hat fünf K zu besorgen: Kammer, Kinder, Küche, Keller, Kleider.
  9. ^ Zeitung für den deutschen Adel [Newspaper for German Nobility]. 1844.
  10. ^ Sunderland, Jabez Thomas; Herford, Brooke; Mott, Frederick B (1892). The Unitarian, a monthly magazine of liberal christianity.
  11. ^ The American Lady and the Kaiser. The Empress's four K's, in: Westminster Gazette, 17. 8. 1899, S. 6.
  12. ^ Paletschek, Sylvia, Kinder – Küche – Kirche
  13. ^ Gilman, Charlotte Perkins (1911). Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The man-made world; or, Our Androcentirc Culture. New York, Charton Co., 1911. Charlton. Kinder, .
  14. ^ Gordeeva, Tatyana. "German Women and 3 K's". Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  15. ^ Silva, Marie (May 2018). "The Rise and Faill of the Weimar Woman". Southern Oregon University. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  16. ^ Doramus, Max, The Complete Hitler. A Digital Desktop Reference to His Speeches & Proclamations, 1932-1945 (Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 1990), 532
  17. ^ Spartacus Educational 2006-05-10 at the Wayback Machine
  18. ^ Eliot, Thomas Stearns (1960). T. S. Eliot, Christianity and Culture. ISBN 978-0156177351.
  19. ^ . Archived from the original on 2011-09-27.

January 08, 2023
kinder, küche, kirche, german, pronunciation, ˈkɪndɐ, ˈkʏçə, ˈkɪʁçə, german, slogan, translated, children, kitchen, church, used, under, german, empire, describe, woman, role, society, mostly, derogatory, connotation, describing, what, seen, antiquated, female. Kinder Kuche Kirche German pronunciation ˈkɪndɐ ˈkʏce ˈkɪʁce or the 3 Ks is a German slogan translated as children kitchen church used under the German Empire to describe a woman s role in society It now has a mostly derogatory connotation describing what is seen as an antiquated female role model in contemporary Western society 1 2 The phrase is vaguely equivalent to the American barefoot and pregnant 3 the British Victorian era A woman s place is in the home citation needed or the phrase Good Wife Wise Mother from Meiji Japan 4 5 Contents 1 The origins 2 Third Reich 3 Post World War II 4 See also 5 ReferencesThe origins EditThe origins of the phrase are normally attributed to either the last German Emperor Wilhelm II or to his first wife Empress Augusta Victoria She is likely to have adopted it from one of several similar German sayings by number The most suggestive of these is listed in the second volume of German proverbs Glossary A Treasury for the German People published in 1870 by Karl Friedrich Wilhelm Wander Four K s are requisite of a pious woman namely that she keeps regard for church chamber kitchen children 6 Wander refers for the origins of this saying to a 16th century commentary on Sirach by Johannes Mathesius 7 He also lists another similar phrase A good housewife has to take care of five K chamber kids kitchen cellar clothes which appeared first in the 1810 collection of German proverbs 8 by Johann Michael Sailer In 1844 The newspaper for the German Nobility published this latter saying in its traditional last page feature short statements 9 The phrase started to appear in its current form in writing in the early 1890s After Germany where women apparently take no interest in public affairs and seem to obey to the letter the young emperor s injunction Let women devote themselves to the three K s die Kuche die Kirche die Kinder kitchen church and children the active interest and influence of English women on all great questions were refreshing wrote Marie C Remick in A Woman s Travel notes on England in 1892 10 The phrase then was used multiple times throughout the 1890s in liberal writing and speeches In August 1899 the influential British liberal Westminster Gazette elaborated on the story mentioning as well the fourth K A story titled The American Lady and the Kaiser The Empress s four K s 11 describes an audience given by the Kaiser to two American suffragettes After hearing them out the Kaiser replies I agree with my wife And do you know what she says She says that women have no business interfering with anything outside the four K s The four K s are Kinder Kuche Kirche and Kleider Children Kitchen Church and Clothing 12 Kaiser s 4 K s is encountered again in Charlotte Perkins Gilman s 1911 book The man made world 13 The 3 K s variation has remained by far more popular and well known Third Reich EditThe Third Reich made women and mothers a priority in their political rhetoric Many women supported the National Socialist Party because it urged returning to the family values of the past when women were encouraged to stay at home and concern themselves with taking care of the household 14 Barbara Kosta argues that to some the modern woman of the Weimar Republic was viewed as an insult to previous conceptions of Germanic motherhood and womanhood in general 15 When Adolf Hitler was appointed Chancellor in 1933 he introduced a Law for the Encouragement of Marriage which entitled newly married couples to a loan of 1000 marks around 9 months average wages at that time On their first child they could keep 250 marks On their second they could keep another 250 They reclaimed all of the loan by their fourth child In a September 1934 speech to the National Socialist Women s Organization Hitler argued that for the German woman her world is her husband her family her children and her home 16 a policy which was reinforced by the stress on Kinder and Kuche in propaganda and the bestowing of the Cross of Honor of the German Mother on women bearing four or more babies During this period women were discriminated against in employment and forced out or bribed with numerous social benefits Medicine the law and civil service were occupations reserved for men alone 17 In one of his essays T S Eliot reproduces and then comments upon a column in the Evening Standard of May 10 1939 headed Back to the Kitchen Creed Denounced Miss Bower of the Ministry of Transport who moved that the association should take steps to obtain the removal of the ban i e against married women Civil Servants said it was wise to abolish an institution which embodied one of the main tenets of the Nazi creed the relegation of women to the sphere of the kitchen the children and the church The report by its abbreviation may do less than justice to Miss Bower but I do not think that I am unfair to the report in finding the implication that what is Nazi is wrong and need not be discussed on its own merits Incidentally the term relegation of women prejudices the issue Might one suggest that the kitchen the children and the church could be considered to have a claim upon the attention of married women or that no normal married woman would prefer to be a wage earner if she could help it What is miserable is a system that makes the dual wage necessary 18 During World War II in Germany women eventually were put back in the factories because of the growing losses in the armed forces and the desperate lack of equipment on the front lines Post World War II EditThe phrase continued to be used in feminist and anti feminist writing in the English speaking world in the 1950s and 1960s So notably the first version of the classic feminist paper by Naomi Weisstein Psychology Constructs the Female 19 was titled Kinder Kuche Kirche as Scientific Law Psychology Constructs the Female See also EditCult of Domesticity Good Wife Wise Mother Antifeminism Patriarchy Traditional authority PaleoconservatismReferences Edit Mast Kirschning Ulrike 3 August 2004 Kinder Kuche Kirche Nein danke in German Deutsche Welle Retrieved 21 January 2018 Kinder Kuche Kirche in German Suddeutsche Zeitung 6 January 2010 Retrieved 21 January 2018 Saddik Annette J 26 January 2015 Tennessee Williams and the Theatre of Excess The Strange the Crazed the Queer Cambridge University Press p 36 ISBN 978 1 316 24068 7 Retrieved 3 May 2020 Holloway Susan D 2010 Women and Family in Contemporary Japan p 10 ISBN 978 0 521 18037 5 Sechiyama K 2013 Patriarchy in East Asia p 67 ISBN 978 90 04 23060 6 Wander Karl Friedrich Wilhelm 1870 Deutsches sprichworter lexikon bd Gott bis Lehren German Proverb Glossary volume Gott Lehren Vier K gehoren zu einem frommen Weib nemlich dass sie Achtung gebe auff die Kirche Kammer Kuche Kinder Wander Karl Friedrich Wilhelm 1867 Deutsches Sprichworterlexikon Ein Hausschatz fur das deutsche Volk A bis Gothen Volume 1 Glossary of German Proverbs A Treasury for the German People A to Gothen Sailer Johann Michael 1810 Die weisheit auf der gasse oder Sinn und geist deutscher sprichworter The wisdom of the streets or meaning and spirit of German proverbs M Veith und M Rieger p 100 Eine gute Hausfrau hat funf K zu besorgen Kammer Kinder Kuche Keller Kleider Zeitung fur den deutschen Adel Newspaper for German Nobility 1844 Sunderland Jabez Thomas Herford Brooke Mott Frederick B 1892 The Unitarian a monthly magazine of liberal christianity The American Lady and the Kaiser The Empress s four K s in Westminster Gazette 17 8 1899 S 6 Paletschek Sylvia Kinder Kuche Kirche Gilman Charlotte Perkins 1911 Charlotte Perkins Gilman The man made world or Our Androcentirc Culture New York Charton Co 1911 Charlton Kinder Gordeeva Tatyana German Women and 3 K s Retrieved 9 September 2020 Silva Marie May 2018 The Rise and Faill of the Weimar Woman Southern Oregon University Retrieved 9 September 2020 Doramus Max The Complete Hitler A Digital Desktop Reference to His Speeches amp Proclamations 1932 1945 Bolchazy Carducci Publishers 1990 532 Spartacus Educational Archived 2006 05 10 at the Wayback Machine Eliot Thomas Stearns 1960 T S Eliot Christianity and Culture ISBN 978 0156177351 N Weisstein Psychology Constructs the Female Archived from the original on 2011 09 27 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kinder Kuche Kirche amp oldid 1124195927, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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