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Kinaidokolpitai

January 01, 1970

The Kinaidokolpitai were a people inhabiting the Hejaz in western Arabia in the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD, according to Greek and Latin authors. They are known from a small number of independent sources. Their capital was Zambram, but none of the named settlements in their territory can be identified with certainty. Their name is possibly related to that of Kinda, Kinana, Kalb, Kilab or some combination of two of these tribes. For a time they were raiders and pirates preying on the incense trade until defeated by the Kingdom of Aksum, which imposed tribute on them.

Map of Arabia based on Jacopo d'Angelo's translation of Ptolemy (1478). The Cinaedocolpitae are located in the northwest.

Name edit

The name is sometimes anglicized Kinaidokolpites. The earliest attested Latinization is Cinaedocolpitae.[1] The name is usually spelled Kinaidokolpitai (Κιναιδοκολπίται) with an initial kappa in Greek, but in one instance it is spelled Chinedakolpitai (Χινεδακολπιται) with an initial chi. This is relevant to any consideration of a Semitic rather than Greek origin, since it suggests that the Semitic etymon could begin with either kaph or qoph.[2]

If read literally in Greek, the name is composed of κίναιδος (homosexual, pervert) and κολπίτης (those living on a gulf).[3][4] Glen Bowersock interprets this as an obscenity (if Greek),[4] but Hélène Cuvigny and Christian Robin consider it to have a more positive connotation associated with erotic dancers (to which κίναιδος could also refer).[3]

The first part of the name may relate to the later Arab tribe of Kinda, deliberately rendered in Greek in a pejorative form. Carlo Conti Rossini interpreted it as "Kinda living on the shore of the gulf". Hermann von Wissmann saw it as combining the names of the Kināna and Kalb tribes. Mikhail Bukharin, taking the first element as Kinda, thinks the second part could be either the Kalb or more likely the Kilāb.[2] Laurence Kirwan identifies them with the Kināna.[5]

Location edit

In the Geography of Ptolemy from about 150, the Kinaidokolpitai are described as inhabiting the Arabian coast of the Red Sea. Their territory began after Iambia (probably Yanbu) and the tribe of Arsai (probably the Irasha, a clan of the Bali). It encompassed, from north to south: the villages of Kopar[a] and Arga (Agar);[b] the city of Zambram,[c] their capital (basileion); the village of Kentos (Kentosi, Kantosi);[d] and the city of Thebai.[e] The southern limit of their land was the river Baitios, probably the wādī Bayḑ or Baysh, beyond which lived the Kassanitai.[f] These are probably the Ghassānids before they migrated north.[13] This places their southern limit in the northern ʿAsīr roughly opposite the Farasan Islands.[5] Ptolemy also places an unnamed mountain in the territory of the Kinaidokolpitai. It has been identified with the Jabal Shār in Midian (north of Yanbu).[9]

The Kinaidokolpitai next appear as one of the peoples subdued by the king of Aksum[g] according to the Adulis throne inscription, which dates from some time between the mid-2nd and early 3rd century.[15] It is possibly contemporary with or even a little earlier than Ptolemy. There are two slightly different ways of translating this inscription:[16]

Regarding the location of the Kinaidokolpitai, the inscriptions says only that it lay between former Nabataean port of Leuke Kome[h] and the land of Saba, as did that of Arabitai. These latter people are not otherwise attested[i] and their name seems to be a doublet of Arabes (Arabs), although some scholars have identified them with the Kassanitai of Ptolemy.[16] Von Wissman thought the Kinaidokolpitai were the coast-dwellers and the Arabitai the Bedouin of the interior.[20] Cosmas Indicopleustes, who copied the now lost inscription in 548 or 549, glosses Arabitai and Kinaidokolpitai as "the inhabitants of Arabia Felix",[21] which is uninformative.[4]

History edit

 
Map of Arabia based on Jacopo d'Angelo's translation of Ptolemy (1467). The name is spelled Cinodocolpite.

In the Collection of Chronologies, written in 235, presents the Kinaidokolpitai as colonists from Midian. The author has probably identified them with the Kenites of the Bible (Septuagint Kinaioi), an identification he may have found strengthened by the spellings in Josephus (Kenetidai and Keneaidai).[1] Nevertheless, the lands of the Kinaidokolpitai may at some point have extended northwest into former Nabataean lands.[9]

The earliest reference to the Kinaidokolpitai is an ostrakon found at Maximianon in Egypt and dated to 118[2] or perhaps closer 150.[22] It records that two soldiers of the garrison, probably cavalrymen, were sent out on the 20th of the month Tobi "with a diploma (official missive) concerning the Chinedakolpitai".[22]

The implication of the Adulis throne inscription is that in the middle of the 2nd century or early in the 3rd, the Kinaidokolpitai were raiding the incense route, both its sea-lanes and overland roads, that connected South Arabia and the Horn of Africa with the Roman Empire. The main Aksumite port of Adulis, where the throne inscription was found, was located on the incense route.[23]

The Kinaidokolpitai are listed in Stephanus of Byzantium's Ethnika (5th century). All his information is derived from other written sources, such as Ptolemy and Marcian of Heracleia (who wrote at an unknown date). He gives the capital of the Kinaidokolpitai as Zadrame and quotes Marcian placing the Kinaidokolpitai alongside the Zadramites. His testimony cannot be taken as evidence for the continued existence of the Kinaidokolpitai in his time.[24]

Notes edit

  1. ^ Unidentified, perhaps the port of Coboea mentioned by Pliny the Elder or the modern village of al-Jār in Saudi Arabia.[6]
  2. ^ Unidentified, perhaps the ancient port of Rabigh or ʿIrq al-Ghurāb at the entrance to the port of Jeddah. It is not likely to correspond to the interior toponym al-ʿArg (al-ʿIrq).[7]
  3. ^ Certain manuscripts give the spelling Zabram or Zambra, older editions of the Geography sometimes Zaaram. It is probably to be identified with Ẓahrān, name of both a wādī between Jeddah and Mecca and a village.[8] Qaryat al-Faw has been identified as the capital of Kinda.[9]
  4. ^ Unidentified, perhaps the village of Qaryat Kinda near Jeddah or al-Qunfudha.[10]
  5. ^ Two Greek spellings are found in the manuscripts for this place: Θεβαι and Θηβαι. It is probably the same place as the Tabis mentioned by Stephanus of Byzantium and probably also related to the name of the Debai, a tribe mentioned by Strabo and Agatharchides. It has been identified with Dhahabān or Ṣabyā. It may be the place called Ṭabya or Ṭayba by al-Hamdani.[11]
  6. ^ These are probably the people called Casani (Pliny), Gasandoi (Diodorus) or Kasandreis (Photios) in other sources. Their name has also been linked to that of the wādī of Jazān or to a place called Kisān in the ʿAsīr.[12]
  7. ^ His name is unknown, possibly he is Sembrouthes or Gadarat.[14]
  8. ^ The location of Leuke Kome is not known with certainty, it may have been near Yanbu[5] but is more usually placed at the mouth of the Gulf of Aqaba.[19]
  9. ^ It is found in reference to the people living along the river Arabis in India, but this usage is obviously unrelated.[19]

References edit

  1. ^ a b Cuvigny & Robin 1996, pp. 706–707.
  2. ^ a b c Bukharin 2009, pp. 68–70.
  3. ^ a b Cuvigny & Robin 1996, p. 701.
  4. ^ a b c Bowersock 2013, pp. 56–57.
  5. ^ a b c Kirwan 1972, p. 174.
  6. ^ Cuvigny & Robin 1996, pp. 701–702.
  7. ^ Cuvigny & Robin 1996, p. 702.
  8. ^ Cuvigny & Robin 1996, pp. 702–703.
  9. ^ a b c Bowersock 1996, p. 563.
  10. ^ Cuvigny & Robin 1996, p. 703.
  11. ^ Cuvigny & Robin 1996, pp. 703–704.
  12. ^ Cuvigny & Robin 1996, pp. 704–706.
  13. ^ Cuvigny & Robin 1996, pp. 701–706.
  14. ^ Bowersock 2013, pp. 58–59.
  15. ^ Bowersock 2013, pp. 54–55.
  16. ^ a b Cuvigny & Robin 1996, pp. 708–711.
  17. ^ Bowersock 2013, p. 47.
  18. ^ McCrindle 1897, p. 64.
  19. ^ a b Cuvigny & Robin 1996, p. 709.
  20. ^ von Wissmann 1960, p. 884.
  21. ^ McCrindle 1897, pp. 66–67.
  22. ^ a b Cuvigny & Robin 1996, pp. 698–699.
  23. ^ Kirwan 1972, pp. 175–176.
  24. ^ Cuvigny & Robin 1996, pp. 707–708.

Bibliography edit

  • Bowersock, Glen W. (1996). "Exploration in North-West Arabia after Jaussen-Savignac". Topoi. Orient-Occident. 6 (2): 553–563.
  • Bowersock, Glen W. (2013). The Throne of Adulis: Red Sea Wars on the Eve of Islam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-973932-5.
  • Bukharin, Mikhail D. (2009). "Towards the Earliest History of Kinda" (PDF). Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy. 20 (1): 64–80.[dead link]
  • Claudius Ptolemy (1991) [1937]. The Geography. Translated by Edward Luther Stevenson. Dover.
  • Cuvigny, Hélène; Robin, Christian (1996). "Des Kinaidokolpites dans un ostracon grec du désert oriental (Égypte)". Topoi. Orient-Occident. 6 (2): 697–720.
  • Hatke, George (2013). Aksum and Nubia: Warfare, Commerce, and Political Fictions in Ancient Northeast Africa. New York University Press. JSTOR j.ctt9qgh3z.
  • Kirwan, L. P. (1972). "The Christian Topography and the Kingdom of Axum". The Geographical Journal. 138 (2): 166–177. JSTOR 1795960.
  • McCrindle, J. W., ed. (1897). The Christian Topography of Cosmas, an Egyptian Monk: Translated from the Greek, and Edited with Notes and Introduction. Hakluyt Society.
  • von Wissmann, Hermann (1960). "Badw, II. The History of the Origin of Nomadism in its Geographical Aspect, (c) Bedouin Nomadism in Arabia". In Gibb, H. A. R.; Kramers, J. H.; Lévi-Provençal, E.; Schacht, J.; Lewis, B. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume I: A–B. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 880–887. OCLC 495469456.

January 01, 1970
kinaidokolpitai, were, people, inhabiting, hejaz, western, arabia, centuries, according, greek, latin, authors, they, known, from, small, number, independent, sources, their, capital, zambram, none, named, settlements, their, territory, identified, with, certa. The Kinaidokolpitai were a people inhabiting the Hejaz in western Arabia in the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD according to Greek and Latin authors They are known from a small number of independent sources Their capital was Zambram but none of the named settlements in their territory can be identified with certainty Their name is possibly related to that of Kinda Kinana Kalb Kilab or some combination of two of these tribes For a time they were raiders and pirates preying on the incense trade until defeated by the Kingdom of Aksum which imposed tribute on them Map of Arabia based on Jacopo d Angelo s translation of Ptolemy 1478 The Cinaedocolpitae are located in the northwest Contents 1 Name 2 Location 3 History 4 Notes 5 References 6 BibliographyName editThe name is sometimes anglicized Kinaidokolpites The earliest attested Latinization is Cinaedocolpitae 1 The name is usually spelled Kinaidokolpitai Kinaidokolpitai with an initial kappa in Greek but in one instance it is spelled Chinedakolpitai Xinedakolpitai with an initial chi This is relevant to any consideration of a Semitic rather than Greek origin since it suggests that the Semitic etymon could begin with either kaph or qoph 2 If read literally in Greek the name is composed of kinaidos homosexual pervert and kolpiths those living on a gulf 3 4 Glen Bowersock interprets this as an obscenity if Greek 4 but Helene Cuvigny and Christian Robin consider it to have a more positive connotation associated with erotic dancers to which kinaidos could also refer 3 The first part of the name may relate to the later Arab tribe of Kinda deliberately rendered in Greek in a pejorative form Carlo Conti Rossini interpreted it as Kinda living on the shore of the gulf Hermann von Wissmann saw it as combining the names of the Kinana and Kalb tribes Mikhail Bukharin taking the first element as Kinda thinks the second part could be either the Kalb or more likely the Kilab 2 Laurence Kirwan identifies them with the Kinana 5 Location editIn the Geography of Ptolemy from about 150 the Kinaidokolpitai are described as inhabiting the Arabian coast of the Red Sea Their territory began after Iambia probably Yanbu and the tribe of Arsai probably the Irasha a clan of the Bali It encompassed from north to south the villages of Kopar a and Arga Agar b the city of Zambram c their capital basileion the village of Kentos Kentosi Kantosi d and the city of Thebai e The southern limit of their land was the river Baitios probably the wadi Bayḑ or Baysh beyond which lived the Kassanitai f These are probably the Ghassanids before they migrated north 13 This places their southern limit in the northern ʿAsir roughly opposite the Farasan Islands 5 Ptolemy also places an unnamed mountain in the territory of the Kinaidokolpitai It has been identified with the Jabal Shar in Midian north of Yanbu 9 The Kinaidokolpitai next appear as one of the peoples subdued by the king of Aksum g according to the Adulis throne inscription which dates from some time between the mid 2nd and early 3rd century 15 It is possibly contemporary with or even a little earlier than Ptolemy There are two slightly different ways of translating this inscription 16 I sent both a fleet and an army of infantry against the Arabitai and the Kinaidocolpitai who dwell across the Red Sea and I brought their kings under my rule I commanded them to pay tax on their land and to travel in peace by land and sea I made war from Leuke Kome to the lands of the Sabaeans 17 And I sent a fleet and land forces against the Arabitae and Cinaedocolpitae who dwelt on the other side of the Red Sea and having reduced the sovereigns of both I imposed on them a land tribute and charged them to make travelling safe both by sea and by land I thus subdued the whole coast from Leuce Come to the country of the Sabaeans 18 Regarding the location of the Kinaidokolpitai the inscriptions says only that it lay between former Nabataean port of Leuke Kome h and the land of Saba as did that of Arabitai These latter people are not otherwise attested i and their name seems to be a doublet of Arabes Arabs although some scholars have identified them with the Kassanitai of Ptolemy 16 Von Wissman thought the Kinaidokolpitai were the coast dwellers and the Arabitai the Bedouin of the interior 20 Cosmas Indicopleustes who copied the now lost inscription in 548 or 549 glosses Arabitai and Kinaidokolpitai as the inhabitants of Arabia Felix 21 which is uninformative 4 History edit nbsp Map of Arabia based on Jacopo d Angelo s translation of Ptolemy 1467 The name is spelled Cinodocolpite In the Collection of Chronologies written in 235 presents the Kinaidokolpitai as colonists from Midian The author has probably identified them with the Kenites of the Bible Septuagint Kinaioi an identification he may have found strengthened by the spellings in Josephus Kenetidai and Keneaidai 1 Nevertheless the lands of the Kinaidokolpitai may at some point have extended northwest into former Nabataean lands 9 The earliest reference to the Kinaidokolpitai is an ostrakon found at Maximianon in Egypt and dated to 118 2 or perhaps closer 150 22 It records that two soldiers of the garrison probably cavalrymen were sent out on the 20th of the month Tobi with a diploma official missive concerning the Chinedakolpitai 22 The implication of the Adulis throne inscription is that in the middle of the 2nd century or early in the 3rd the Kinaidokolpitai were raiding the incense route both its sea lanes and overland roads that connected South Arabia and the Horn of Africa with the Roman Empire The main Aksumite port of Adulis where the throne inscription was found was located on the incense route 23 The Kinaidokolpitai are listed in Stephanus of Byzantium s Ethnika 5th century All his information is derived from other written sources such as Ptolemy and Marcian of Heracleia who wrote at an unknown date He gives the capital of the Kinaidokolpitai as Zadrame and quotes Marcian placing the Kinaidokolpitai alongside the Zadramites His testimony cannot be taken as evidence for the continued existence of the Kinaidokolpitai in his time 24 Notes edit Unidentified perhaps the port of Coboea mentioned by Pliny the Elder or the modern village of al Jar in Saudi Arabia 6 Unidentified perhaps the ancient port of Rabigh or ʿIrq al Ghurab at the entrance to the port of Jeddah It is not likely to correspond to the interior toponym al ʿArg al ʿIrq 7 Certain manuscripts give the spelling Zabram or Zambra older editions of the Geography sometimes Zaaram It is probably to be identified with Ẓahran name of both a wadi between Jeddah and Mecca and a village 8 Qaryat al Faw has been identified as the capital of Kinda 9 Unidentified perhaps the village of Qaryat Kinda near Jeddah or al Qunfudha 10 Two Greek spellings are found in the manuscripts for this place 8ebai and 8hbai It is probably the same place as the Tabis mentioned by Stephanus of Byzantium and probably also related to the name of the Debai a tribe mentioned by Strabo and Agatharchides It has been identified with Dhahaban or Ṣabya It may be the place called Ṭabya or Ṭayba by al Hamdani 11 These are probably the people called Casani Pliny Gasandoi Diodorus or Kasandreis Photios in other sources Their name has also been linked to that of the wadi of Jazan or to a place called Kisan in the ʿAsir 12 His name is unknown possibly he is Sembrouthes or Gadarat 14 The location of Leuke Kome is not known with certainty it may have been near Yanbu 5 but is more usually placed at the mouth of the Gulf of Aqaba 19 It is found in reference to the people living along the river Arabis in India but this usage is obviously unrelated 19 References edit a b Cuvigny amp Robin 1996 pp 706 707 a b c Bukharin 2009 pp 68 70 a b Cuvigny amp Robin 1996 p 701 a b c Bowersock 2013 pp 56 57 a b c Kirwan 1972 p 174 Cuvigny amp Robin 1996 pp 701 702 Cuvigny amp Robin 1996 p 702 Cuvigny amp Robin 1996 pp 702 703 a b c Bowersock 1996 p 563 Cuvigny amp Robin 1996 p 703 Cuvigny amp Robin 1996 pp 703 704 Cuvigny amp Robin 1996 pp 704 706 Cuvigny amp Robin 1996 pp 701 706 Bowersock 2013 pp 58 59 Bowersock 2013 pp 54 55 a b Cuvigny amp Robin 1996 pp 708 711 Bowersock 2013 p 47 McCrindle 1897 p 64 a b Cuvigny amp Robin 1996 p 709 von Wissmann 1960 p 884 McCrindle 1897 pp 66 67 a b Cuvigny amp Robin 1996 pp 698 699 Kirwan 1972 pp 175 176 Cuvigny amp Robin 1996 pp 707 708 Bibliography editBowersock Glen W 1996 Exploration in North West Arabia after Jaussen Savignac Topoi Orient Occident 6 2 553 563 Bowersock Glen W 2013 The Throne of Adulis Red Sea Wars on the Eve of Islam Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 973932 5 Bukharin Mikhail D 2009 Towards the Earliest History of Kinda PDF Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 20 1 64 80 dead link Claudius Ptolemy 1991 1937 The Geography Translated by Edward Luther Stevenson Dover Cuvigny Helene Robin Christian 1996 Des Kinaidokolpites dans un ostracon grec du desert oriental Egypte Topoi Orient Occident 6 2 697 720 Hatke George 2013 Aksum and Nubia Warfare Commerce and Political Fictions in Ancient Northeast Africa New York University Press JSTOR j ctt9qgh3z Kirwan L P 1972 The Christian Topography and the Kingdom of Axum The Geographical Journal 138 2 166 177 JSTOR 1795960 McCrindle J W ed 1897 The Christian Topography of Cosmas an Egyptian Monk Translated from the Greek and Edited with Notes and Introduction Hakluyt Society von Wissmann Hermann 1960 Badw II The History of the Origin of Nomadism in its Geographical Aspect c Bedouin Nomadism in Arabia In Gibb H A R Kramers J H Levi Provencal E Schacht J Lewis B amp Pellat Ch eds The Encyclopaedia of Islam Second Edition Volume I A B Leiden E J Brill pp 880 887 OCLC 495469456 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kinaidokolpitai amp oldid 1187932272, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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