The Kho-Bwa languages, also known as Kamengic, are a small family of languages spoken in Arunachal Pradesh, northeast India. The name Kho-Bwa was originally proposed by George van Driem (2001). It is based on the reconstructed words *kho ("water") and *bwa ("fire"). Blench (2011) suggests the name Kamengic, from the Kameng area of Arunachal Pradesh. Alternatively, Anderson (2014)[1] refers to Kho-Bwa as Northeast Kamengic.
Both Van Driem and Blench group the Sherdukpen (or Mey), Lishpa (or Khispi), Chug (Duhumbi) and Sartang languages together. These form a language cluster and are clearly related. The Sulung (or Puroik) and Khowa (or Bugun) languages are included in the family by Van Driem (2001) but provisionally treated as language isolates, with no demonstrated genetic relationshipt to Kamengic, by Blench (2023).[2]
These languages have traditionally been placed in the Tibeto-Burman group by the Linguistic Survey of India, but the justification of this is open to question.[citation needed] The languages have certainly been strongly influenced by the neighboring Sino-Tibetan languages, but this does not necessarily imply genetic unity and may possibly be a purely areal effect.[3]
The entire language family has about 15,000 speakers (including Puroik) or about 10,000 speakers (excluding Puroik), according to estimates made during the 2000s.
Word lists and sociolinguistic surveys of Kho-Bwa languages have also been conducted by Abraham, et al. (2018).
Ismail Lieberherr and Timotheus Adrianus Bodt. (2017) Sub-grouping Kho-Bwa based on shared core vocabulary. Himalayan Linguistics 16(2). 26-63. Paper (CLDF Dataset on Zenodo doi:10.5281/zenodo.2553234)
Binny Abraham, Kara Sako, Elina Kinny, Isapdaile Zeliang (2018). Sociolinguistic Research among Selected Groups in Western Arunachal Pradesh: Highlighting Monpa. SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2018-009. (CLDF Dataset on Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.3537601)
Bodt, T. and J.-M. List (2019). Testing the predictive strength of the comparative method: An ongoing experiment on unattested words in Western Kho-Bwa languages. Papers in Historical Phonology 4.1. 22-44. doi:10.2218/pihph.4.2019.3037 (CLDF Dataset on Zenodo doi:10.5281/zenodo.3537604)
Bodt, Timotheus A.; List, Johann-Mattis (2021). "Reflex prediction: A case study of Western Kho-Bwa". Diachronica. doi:10.1075/dia.20009.bod.
References
^Anderson, Gregory D.S. 2014. On the classification of the Hruso (Aka) language. Paper presented at the 20th Himalayan Languages Symposium, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
^What is the evidence that the isolate languages of Arunachal Pradesh are genuinely Trans-Himalayan?
^ Blench (2011): "Certainly, the phonology and morphology of Arunachali languages looks superficially like Tibeto-Burman, which explains their placing in the Linguistic Survey of India. Unfortunately, this is rather where matters have remained [... this paper] proposes we should take seriously the underlying presumption probably implied in Konow's statement in Linguistic Survey of India. Volume III, 1, Tibeto-Burman family, Calcutta (1909:572)], that these languages may not be Sino-Tibetan but simply have been influenced by it; that they are language isolates."
^Lieberherr, Ismael; Bodt, Timotheus Adrianus. 2017. Sub-grouping Kho-Bwa based on shared core vocabulary. In Himalayan Linguistics, 16(2).
^Tiago Tresoldi, Christoph Rzymski, Robert Forkel, Simon J. Greenhill, Johann-Mattis List, Russell D. Gray (2022). "Managing Historical Linguistic Data for Computational Phylogenetics and Computer-Assisted Language Comparison". The Open Handbook of Linguistic Data Management. The MIT Press. pp. 345–354. doi:10.7551/mitpress/12200.003.0033. ISBN9780262366076.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
^Blench, Roger. 2015. The Mey languages and their classification. Presentation given at the University of Sydney, 21 August 2015.
George van Driem (2001) Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region. Brill.
Blench, Roger. 2011.
Lieberherr, Ismael; Bodt, Timotheus Adrianus. 2017. Sub-grouping Kho-Bwa based on shared core vocabulary. In Himalayan Linguistics, 16(2).
Abraham, Binny, Kara Sako, Elina Kinny, Isapdaile Zeliang. 2018. Sociolinguistic Research among Selected Groups in Western Arunachal Pradesh: Highlighting Monpa. SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2018-009.
February 09, 2023
languages, also, known, kamengic, small, family, languages, spoken, arunachal, pradesh, northeast, india, name, originally, proposed, george, driem, 2001, based, reconstructed, words, water, fire, blench, 2011, suggests, name, kamengic, from, kameng, area, aru. The Kho Bwa languages also known as Kamengic are a small family of languages spoken in Arunachal Pradesh northeast India The name Kho Bwa was originally proposed by George van Driem 2001 It is based on the reconstructed words kho water and bwa fire Blench 2011 suggests the name Kamengic from the Kameng area of Arunachal Pradesh Alternatively Anderson 2014 1 refers to Kho Bwa as Northeast Kamengic Kho BwaKamengicBugunishGeographicdistributionArunachal PradeshLinguistic classificationSino Tibetan Kho BwaSubdivisionsSherdukpen Sartang Chug Duhumbi Lish Khispi Puroik BugunGlottologkhob1235Both Van Driem and Blench group the Sherdukpen or Mey Lishpa or Khispi Chug Duhumbi and Sartang languages together These form a language cluster and are clearly related The Sulung or Puroik and Khowa or Bugun languages are included in the family by Van Driem 2001 but provisionally treated as language isolates with no demonstrated genetic relationshipt to Kamengic by Blench 2023 2 These languages have traditionally been placed in the Tibeto Burman group by the Linguistic Survey of India but the justification of this is open to question citation needed The languages have certainly been strongly influenced by the neighboring Sino Tibetan languages but this does not necessarily imply genetic unity and may possibly be a purely areal effect 3 The entire language family has about 15 000 speakers including Puroik or about 10 000 speakers excluding Puroik according to estimates made during the 2000s Word lists and sociolinguistic surveys of Kho Bwa languages have also been conducted by Abraham et al 2018 Contents 1 Classification 1 1 Lieberherr amp Bodt 2017 1 2 Tresoldi et al 2022 2 Vocabulary 3 See also 4 Further reading 5 ReferencesClassification EditThe internal structure of the Kho Bwa group of languages is as follows citation needed Puroik Bugun Khowa Western Kho Bwa Mey Sartang Sherdukpen Mey Ngnok divided into two varieties Shergaon Rupa Sartang Bootpa But Monpa But Pa Matchopa 50 60 lexical similarity with Mey Chug Lish Lish Lish Chug Chug Monpa Chugpa Monpa close to LishLieberherr amp Bodt 2017 Edit Lieberherr amp Bodt 2017 4 consider Puroik to be a Kho Bwa language and classify the Kho Bwa languages as follows Kho BwaPuroik Bugun Western Kho Bwa Sherdukpen Sartang Chug Duhumbi Lish Khispi Tresoldi et al 2022 Edit Based on computational phylogenetic analyses from Tresoldi et al 2022 the phylogenetic tree of Kho Bwa is roughly as follows 5 Western Duhumbi Khispi Chug Lish Duhumbi Chug Khispi Lish Mey Sartang Shergaon Rupa Jerigaon Khoina Rahung Khoitam Bugun A Bulu Rawa Kojo Rojo Sario Saria Lasumpatte Chayangtajo B Namphri Kaspi Wangho Dikhyang Singchaung BichomVocabulary EditThe following table of Kho Bwa basic vocabulary items is from Blench 2015 6 Gloss Mey Shergaon Mey Rupa Sartang Jergaon Sartang Rahung Lish Khispi Chug Duhumbi one hǎn han hen han hin hintwo ɲǐt ɲik nik ne ɲes niʃthree uŋ uŋ uŋ uun ʔum omfour pʰʃi bsi si psi pʰehi psifive kʰu kʰu kʰu kʰu kʰa kʰasix ʧuk kit ʧik ʨey ʧʰuʔ ʧykseven ʃit sit sik sǐ se ʃis hiseight saʤat sarʤat sarge sarʤɛ saɾgeʔ saɾgeʔnine tʰkʰi dʰikʰi tʰkʰi tɛ kʰɯ ṱʰikʰu ṱʰikʰuten sɔ so sa sɔ ʃan ʃanhead kʰruk kʰruk kʰrǔk kʰruʔ kʰoloʔ kʰloʔnose nupʰuŋ nefuŋ nfuŋ apʰuŋ hempoŋ heŋpʰoŋeye khibi kivi kabi kʰaʔby kʰumu kʰumear kʰtuŋ gtʰiŋ gtʰiŋ kteiŋ kʰutʰuŋ kʰutʰuŋtongue lapho lapon le loi loitooth nuthuŋ tokʧe misiŋ nitʰiŋ ʃiŋtuŋ hintuŋarm ik ik ik ik hu hutleg la lapon lɛ lɛ lei laibelly ʃriŋ sliŋ sriŋ sriŋ hiɲiŋ hiliŋbone skik skik ahik skik ʃukuʃ ʃukuʃblood ha ha a hɛ ha hoi hoiface doŋpu bo mi ze i doʔ doŋpatooth ntuŋ tokʧe misiŋ pte iŋ ʃiŋtuŋ hintuŋstomach ala karbu ʧak phriŋ hiɲiŋ hiliŋmouth ʧaw neʧaw so ʨʨǒ hoʧok kʰoʧurain ʧuuma nimi nʧʰu ʧuʧuba namu namuSee also EditKho Bwa comparative vocabulary lists Wiktionary Further reading EditIsmail Lieberherr and Timotheus Adrianus Bodt 2017 Sub grouping Kho Bwa based on shared core vocabulary Himalayan Linguistics 16 2 26 63 Paper CLDF Dataset on Zenodo doi 10 5281 zenodo 2553234 Binny Abraham Kara Sako Elina Kinny Isapdaile Zeliang 2018 Sociolinguistic Research among Selected Groups in Western Arunachal Pradesh Highlighting Monpa SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2018 009 CLDF Dataset on Zenodo doi 10 5281 zenodo 3537601 Bodt T and J M List 2019 Testing the predictive strength of the comparative method An ongoing experiment on unattested words in Western Kho Bwa languages Papers in Historical Phonology 4 1 22 44 doi 10 2218 pihph 4 2019 3037 CLDF Dataset on Zenodo doi 10 5281 zenodo 3537604 Bodt Timotheus A List Johann Mattis 2021 Reflex prediction A case study of Western Kho Bwa Diachronica doi 10 1075 dia 20009 bod References Edit Anderson Gregory D S 2014 On the classification of the Hruso Aka language Paper presented at the 20th Himalayan Languages Symposium Nanyang Technological University Singapore What is the evidence that the isolate languages of Arunachal Pradesh are genuinely Trans Himalayan Blench 2011 Certainly the phonology and morphology of Arunachali languages looks superficially like Tibeto Burman which explains their placing in the Linguistic Survey of India Unfortunately this is rather where matters have remained this paper proposes we should take seriously the underlying presumption probably implied in Konow s statement in Linguistic Survey of India Volume III 1 Tibeto Burman family Calcutta 1909 572 that these languages may not be Sino Tibetan but simply have been influenced by it that they are language isolates Lieberherr Ismael Bodt Timotheus Adrianus 2017 Sub grouping Kho Bwa based on shared core vocabulary In Himalayan Linguistics 16 2 Tiago Tresoldi Christoph Rzymski Robert Forkel Simon J Greenhill Johann Mattis List Russell D Gray 2022 Managing Historical Linguistic Data for Computational Phylogenetics and Computer Assisted Language Comparison The Open Handbook of Linguistic Data Management The MIT Press pp 345 354 doi 10 7551 mitpress 12200 003 0033 ISBN 9780262366076 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint uses authors parameter link Blench Roger 2015 The Mey languages and their classification Presentation given at the University of Sydney 21 August 2015 George van Driem 2001 Languages of the Himalayas An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region Brill Blench Roger 2011 De classifying Arunachal languages Reconsidering the evidence Lieberherr Ismael Bodt Timotheus Adrianus 2017 Sub grouping Kho Bwa based on shared core vocabulary In Himalayan Linguistics 16 2 Abraham Binny Kara Sako Elina Kinny Isapdaile Zeliang 2018 Sociolinguistic Research among Selected Groups in Western Arunachal Pradesh Highlighting Monpa SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2018 009 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kho Bwa languages amp oldid 1137745903, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
