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The Kalâa of the Aït Abbas or Kalâa of the Beni Abbes (Berber: ⵇⴰⵍⵄⴰ ⵍⴰⵉⵜ ⵄⴰⴱⴰⵙ [Qalεa nāt εabbas]; Arabic: قلعة بني عباس), sometimes spelled Qal'a or Guelaa, was a citadel and the capital of the kingdom of Ait Abbas, which was founded in the sixteenth century in the Bibans and almost totally destroyed during the revolt of Cheikh Mokrani in 1871.
The Kalâa of Aït Abbas is an important village of Kabylia in Algeria. As evidenced by the many ruins, it was an ancient fortress and capital of the local kingdom from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century. It is part of the current Algerian commune of Ighil Ali (wilaya of Béjaïa). The site is located 11 km (6.8 mi) southeast of Ighil Ali, 7 km (4.3 mi) north of Teniet En Nasr, about 30 km (19 mi) northwest of Bordj Bou Arreridj and about 60 km (37 mi) southwest of Bejaia.[1]
The Kalâa, following the heart-shaped relief, is built on a rocky plateau with an area of 400 ha (990 acres)[2] in the Biban range, at nearly 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) above sea level.
As the name ‘’Kalâa’’ indicates, it is a citadel, protected by the cliffs that almost completely surround it, and also by its ramparts. The only automobile access ends at the entrance to the village. A rampart remains there that protected the ancient city, which, according to the Islamic encyclopedia, had a population of 80,000 in ancient times.[2]
It was built in the same manner as the Beni Hammad Fort: strategic position, difficult access, guarded gates and surrounding wall.[4]
The site of the Kalâa was a Hammadid fort housing a military contingent to control the strategic Iron Gate pass through the Bibans as well as the valley of the Soummam River and a stretch of the ‘’triq sultan’’.[4]
Only ruins remain of the Hammadid fort, at a place named Akhriv Ouziri (ruins of Ziri). The Hammadid parade ground is located in front of the mosque and is now known as Loudha Lhali.
The foundry (1366-1871): French explorers and army officers noted large-caliber artillery pieces found at Kalâa between 1848 and 1865. Charles Féraud (translator officer) wrote in the ‘’Revue Africaine [fr]’’ of the power of these cannons, given their volume and weight.
19th centuryedit
According to Charles Farine, who visited the Kalâa in the 19th century, the city was divided into four quarters corresponding to four factions : the Ouled Hamadouch, the Ouled Yahya Ben Daoud, the Ouled Aïssa and the Ouled Chouarickh. The last quarter was already completely in ruins in the 19th century, from internal fighting within the city, and only three remained. At the time of his visit, the casbah (a separate military complex) built by Sultan Ahmed in the 16th century was also in ruins. The three quarters of the Kalâa were separated by walls because of the rivalries and armed conflicts between quarters. Each quarter had its own djemâa and amin (administrator).
The city held a special status. The Aït Abbas tribe did not belong to any of the soff (factions) that made it up; on the other it still furnished the city with fighters. Aït Abbas was considered more urban in its ways than other more rural villages in Kabylia.[5]
Bibliographyedit
Youssef Benoudjit, La Kalaa des Béni Abbès : au xvie siècle (The Kalâa of the Béni Abbès in the 16th century), Alger, Dahlab, 1997, 350 p. (ISBN9961611322)
Mahfoud Kaddache [fr], Et l'Algérie se libéra (And Algeria Freed Itself), Alger, Paris-Méditerranée, 2003, 235 p. (ISBN2842721799)
Morizot, Jean (1985). Les Kabyles: Propos d'un témoin [The Kabyles: Tale of a Witness]. Publications du CHEAM. Paris: Centre des hautes études sur l'Afrique et l'Asie modernes. ISBN2-903-18212-4.
Farine, Charles (1865). À travers la Kabylie. Paris: Ducrocq.
Referencesedit
^Djamel Alilat, Découverte d'un canon du 16e siècle : Béjaïa, Qalaâ des Beni Abbès, El Watan, 21 April 2006.
^Les espagnols et les ottomans y ont été tenus en échec : Le royaume indépendant de la Qalaâ n'Ath Abbès fête son 500e anniversaire (Here the Spanish and the Ottomans were held in check: the independent kingdom of n’Ath Abbès celebrates its 500th anniversary) El Watan 08/05/2010.
^ abTriq Essoltane, mille ans après… : Carnet de route, de la qalaâ des Beni Hammad à Béjaïa (Tariq Essoltane, a thousand years later... Road notebook: from the qalaâ of Beni Hammad to Béjaïa), El Watan, 02/09/2007.
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You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Arabic October 2017 Click show for important translation instructions Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Arabic Wikipedia article at ar قلعة بني عباس see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated ar قلعة بني عباس to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations October 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Kalaa of the Ait Abbas or Kalaa of the Beni Abbes Berber ⵇⴰⵍⵄⴰ ⵍⴰⵉⵜ ⵄⴰⴱⴰⵙ Qalea nat eabbas Arabic قلعة بني عباس sometimes spelled Qal a or Guelaa was a citadel and the capital of the kingdom of Ait Abbas which was founded in the sixteenth century in the Bibans and almost totally destroyed during the revolt of Cheikh Mokrani in 1871 Contents 1 Location 2 History 2 1 19th century 3 Bibliography 4 References 5 SourcesLocation edit nbsp Site of the Kalaa of Beni AbbesThe Kalaa of Ait Abbas is an important village of Kabylia in Algeria As evidenced by the many ruins it was an ancient fortress and capital of the local kingdom from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century It is part of the current Algerian commune of Ighil Ali wilaya of Bejaia The site is located 11 km 6 8 mi southeast of Ighil Ali 7 km 4 3 mi north of Teniet En Nasr about 30 km 19 mi northwest of Bordj Bou Arreridj and about 60 km 37 mi southwest of Bejaia 1 The Kalaa following the heart shaped relief is built on a rocky plateau with an area of 400 ha 990 acres 2 in the Biban range at nearly 1 000 metres 3 300 ft above sea level History editThe Kalaa of the Beni Abbes was the cradle and the heart of the powerful independent Berber Kingdom of Ait Abbas 3 As the name Kalaa indicates it is a citadel protected by the cliffs that almost completely surround it and also by its ramparts The only automobile access ends at the entrance to the village A rampart remains there that protected the ancient city which according to the Islamic encyclopedia had a population of 80 000 in ancient times 2 It was built in the same manner as the Beni Hammad Fort strategic position difficult access guarded gates and surrounding wall 4 The site of the Kalaa was a Hammadid fort housing a military contingent to control the strategic Iron Gate pass through the Bibans as well as the valley of the Soummam River and a stretch of the triq sultan 4 Only ruins remain of the Hammadid fort at a place named Akhriv Ouziri ruins of Ziri The Hammadid parade ground is located in front of the mosque and is now known as Loudha Lhali The foundry 1366 1871 French explorers and army officers noted large caliber artillery pieces found at Kalaa between 1848 and 1865 Charles Feraud translator officer wrote in the Revue Africaine fr of the power of these cannons given their volume and weight 19th century edit According to Charles Farine who visited the Kalaa in the 19th century the city was divided into four quarters corresponding to four factions the Ouled Hamadouch the Ouled Yahya Ben Daoud the Ouled Aissa and the Ouled Chouarickh The last quarter was already completely in ruins in the 19th century from internal fighting within the city and only three remained At the time of his visit the casbah a separate military complex built by Sultan Ahmed in the 16th century was also in ruins The three quarters of the Kalaa were separated by walls because of the rivalries and armed conflicts between quarters Each quarter had its own djemaa and amin administrator The city held a special status The Ait Abbas tribe did not belong to any of the soff factions that made it up on the other it still furnished the city with fighters Ait Abbas was considered more urban in its ways than other more rural villages in Kabylia 5 Bibliography editYoussef Benoudjit La Kalaa des Beni Abbes au xvie siecle The Kalaa of the Beni Abbes in the 16th century Alger Dahlab 1997 350 p ISBN 9961611322 Mahfoud Kaddache fr Et l Algerie se libera And Algeria Freed Itself Alger Paris Mediterranee 2003 235 p ISBN 2842721799 Morizot Jean 1985 Les Kabyles Propos d un temoin The Kabyles Tale of a Witness Publications du CHEAM Paris Centre des hautes etudes sur l Afrique et l Asie modernes ISBN 2 903 18212 4 Farine Charles 1865 A travers la Kabylie Paris Ducrocq References edit Djamel Alilat Decouverte d un canon du 16e siecle Bejaia Qalaa des Beni Abbes El Watan 21 April 2006 a b Morizot 1985 p 57 Les espagnols et les ottomans y ont ete tenus en echec Le royaume independant de la Qalaa n Ath Abbes fete son 500e anniversaire Here the Spanish and the Ottomans were held in check the independent kingdom of n Ath Abbes celebrates its 500th anniversary El Watan 08 05 2010 a b Triq Essoltane mille ans apres Carnet de route de la qalaa des Beni Hammad a Bejaia Tariq Essoltane a thousand years later Road notebook from the qalaa of Beni Hammad to Bejaia El Watan 02 09 2007 Farine 1865 pp 215 217Sources editCharles Farine A travers la Kabylie Across Kabylia Paris Ducrocq 1865 419 p كتاب النسب للإمام العشماوي كتاب سلسلة الأصول لعبدالله بن حشلاف نبذة عن تاريخ قلعة بني عباس الجمعية الثقافية نادي المقراني Presentation on la Kalaa of the Beni Abbes Algeria archive Bibliotheque nationale de France dead link a b et c Djamel Alilat Commemoration de la mort de El Mokrani archive Liberte 30 April 2006 Le Temps d Algerie 11 May 2009 p 17 a b and c Djamel Alilat Decouverte d un canon du xvie siecle Bejaia Qalaa des Beni Abbes El Watan 21 April 2006 a et b Morizot 1985 p 57 36 17 42 N 4 34 48 E 36 295 N 4 580 E 36 295 4 580 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kalaa of Ait Abbas amp oldid 1175990454, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
