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Rosenwald Fund

May 08, 2024

The Rosenwald Fund (also known as the Rosenwald Foundation, the Julius Rosenwald Fund, and the Julius Rosenwald Foundation) was established in 1917 by Julius Rosenwald and his family for "the well-being of mankind." Rosenwald became part-owner of Sears, Roebuck and Company in 1895, serving as its president from 1908 to 1922, and chairman of its board of directors until his death in 1932.

History edit

Unlike other endowed foundations, which were designed to fund themselves in perpetuity, the Rosenwald Fund was designed to expend all of its funds for philanthropic purposes before a predetermined "sunset date." It donated over $70 million to public schools, colleges and universities, museums, Jewish charities, and African American institutions before funds were completely depleted in 1948.

The rural school building program for African-American children was one of the largest programs administered by the Rosenwald Fund. Over $4.4 million in matching funds stimulated construction of more than 5,000 one-room schools (and larger ones), as well as shops and teachers' homes, mostly in the South, where public schools were segregated and black schools had been chronically underfunded. This was particularly so after disenfranchisement of most blacks from the political system in southern states at the turn of the 20th century. The Fund required white school boards to agree to operate such schools and to arrange for matching funds, in addition to requiring black communities to raise funds or donate property and labor to construct the schools. These schools, constructed to models designed by architects of Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute (now known as Tuskegee University), became known as "Rosenwald Schools." In some communities, surviving structures have been preserved and recognized as landmarks for their historical character and social significance. The National Trust for Historic Preservation has classified them as National Treasures.

The Rosenwald Fund also made fellowship grants directly to African-American artists, writers, researchers and intellectuals between 1928 and 1948. Civil rights leader Julian Bond, whose father received a Rosenwald fellowship, has called the list of grantees a "Who's Who of black America in the 1930s and 1940s."[1] Hundreds of grants were disbursed to artists, writers and other cultural figures, many of whom became prominent or already were, including photographers Gordon Parks, Elizabeth Catlett, Marion Palfi,[2] poets Claude McKay, Dr. Charles Drew, Augusta Savage, anthropologist and dancer Katherine Dunham, singer Marian Anderson, silversmith Winifred Mason,[3] writers Ralph Ellison, W.E.B. Du Bois, James Weldon Johnson, psychologists Kenneth and Mamie Clark, dermatologist Theodore K. Lawless,[4] and poets Langston Hughes and Rita Dove.[5][6] Fellowships of around $1,000 to $2,000 were given out yearly to applicants and were usually designed to be open-ended; the Foundation requested but did not require grantees to report back on what they accomplished with the support.

In 1929, the Rosenwald Fund funded a syphilis treatment pilot program in five Southern states. The Rosenwald project emphasized locating people with syphilis and treating them, during a time when syphilis was widespread in poor African-American communities.[7] The Fund ended its involvement in 1932, due to lack of matching state funds (the Fund required jurisdictions to contribute to efforts to increase collaboration on solving problems). After the Fund ceased its involvement, the federal government decided to take over the funding and changed its mission to being a non-therapeutic study. The infamous Tuskegee syphilis study began later that year, tracking the progress of untreated disease, and took advantage of poor participants by not informing them fully of its constraints. Even after penicillin became recognized as approved treatment for this disease, researchers did not treat the study participants.[7]

Notable fellowship recipients edit

This is a selected list of notable Rosenwald Fund Fellowship recipients from the years the fund's fellowship program was active, 1928-1948.[5]


1928

1929

1930

1931

1932

1933

1934

1935

1936

1937

1938

1939

1940

1941

1942

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Adams, Maurianne (2000). Strangers & Neighbors: Relations Between Blacks & Jews in the United States. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-5584-9236-3.
  2. ^ "Prison Public Memory Project".
  3. ^ "The Campaign To Create a Julius Rosenwald& Rosenwald Schools National Historical Park Historic Context Inventory & Analysis" (PDF). Julius Rosenwald & Rosenwald Schools National Historical Park Campaign. 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
  4. ^ Black Apollo of Science: The Life of Ernest Everett Just, Kenneth R. Manning, 1985.
  5. ^ a b Schulman, Daniel (2009). A Force for Change: African American Art and the Julius Rosenwald Fund. Evanston: Northwestern University Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-8101-2588-9.
  6. ^ Kenneth Turan, "Review 'Rosenwald' reveals a philanthropist with a mission", Los Angeles Times, 27 August 2015, accessed 2 November 2015
  7. ^ a b Jones, James H. (1993). Bad Blood: The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment. New York: The Free Press. pp. 52–90. ISBN 0-02-916676-4.
  8. ^ "The Phoenix Index 04 May 1940, page 4". Newspapers.com.

Further reading edit

  • Ascoli, Peter M. Julius Rosenwald: The Man Who Built Sears, Roebuck and Advanced the Cause of Black Education in the American South (Indiana University Press, 2006), the major biography. online
  • Burton, Charles Wesley and Laura Dancy Burton, The North Star: Julius Rosenwald's Impact Upon Black America (2008)
  • Deutsch, Stephanie. You Need a Schoolhouse: Booker T. Washington, Julius Rosenwald, and the Building of Schools for the Segregated South (Northwestern University Press, 2011). online
  • Diner, Hasia R. Julius Rosenwald: Repairing the World. (Yale University Press, 2017). online
  • Embree, Edwin R., and Julia Waxman. Investment in People: The Story of the Julius Rosenwald Fund (Harper and Brothers, 1949).
  • Hoffschwelle, Mary S. Preserving Rosenwald Schools (National Trust for Historic Preservation, 2003).
  • Hoffschwelle, Mary S. The Rosenwald Schools of the American South (University Press of Florida, 2006).
  • Lindermuth, Karen Elaine. "Early twentieth century American capitalist philanthropy: Julius Rosenwald" (PhD dissertation,  California State University, Dominguez Hills; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing,  2002. 1409066).
  • Mays, Russell O. "Julius Rosenwald: Building Partnerships for American Education." Professional Educator 28.2 (2006): 1-8. online
  • Perkins, Alfred. Edwin Rogers Embree: The Julius Rosenwald Fund, Foundation Philanthropy, and American Race Relations (Indiana UP, 2011) excerpt and text search
  • STITELY, THOMAS BEANE.   "BRIDGING THE GAP: A HISTORY OF THE ROSENWALD FUND IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL NEGRO SCHOOLS IN TENNESSEE 1912-1932." (PhD dissertation, Peabody College for Teachers of Vanderbilt University) ProQuest Dissertations Publishing,  1975. 7522292).
  • Werner, Morris R. Julius Rosenwald: The Life of a Practical Humanitarian (Harper and Brothers, 1939).
  • Wilcox, Ralph S. "Rosenwald Schools," Encyclopedia of Arkansas (2023) online

External links edit

  • "Historic Black Schools Restored as Landmarks", New York Times, Jan. 15, 2010

May 08, 2024
rosenwald, fund, also, known, rosenwald, foundation, julius, julius, rosenwald, foundation, established, 1917, julius, rosenwald, family, well, being, mankind, rosenwald, became, part, owner, sears, roebuck, company, 1895, serving, president, from, 1908, 1922,. The Rosenwald Fund also known as the Rosenwald Foundation the Julius Rosenwald Fund and the Julius Rosenwald Foundation was established in 1917 by Julius Rosenwald and his family for the well being of mankind Rosenwald became part owner of Sears Roebuck and Company in 1895 serving as its president from 1908 to 1922 and chairman of its board of directors until his death in 1932 Contents 1 History 2 Notable fellowship recipients 2 1 1928 2 2 1929 2 3 1930 2 4 1931 2 5 1932 2 6 1933 2 7 1934 2 8 1935 2 9 1936 2 10 1937 2 11 1938 2 12 1939 2 13 1940 2 14 1941 2 15 1942 2 16 1943 2 17 1944 2 18 1945 2 19 1946 2 20 1947 2 21 1948 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External linksHistory editUnlike other endowed foundations which were designed to fund themselves in perpetuity the Rosenwald Fund was designed to expend all of its funds for philanthropic purposes before a predetermined sunset date It donated over 70 million to public schools colleges and universities museums Jewish charities and African American institutions before funds were completely depleted in 1948 The rural school building program for African American children was one of the largest programs administered by the Rosenwald Fund Over 4 4 million in matching funds stimulated construction of more than 5 000 one room schools and larger ones as well as shops and teachers homes mostly in the South where public schools were segregated and black schools had been chronically underfunded This was particularly so after disenfranchisement of most blacks from the political system in southern states at the turn of the 20th century The Fund required white school boards to agree to operate such schools and to arrange for matching funds in addition to requiring black communities to raise funds or donate property and labor to construct the schools These schools constructed to models designed by architects of Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute now known as Tuskegee University became known as Rosenwald Schools In some communities surviving structures have been preserved and recognized as landmarks for their historical character and social significance The National Trust for Historic Preservation has classified them as National Treasures The Rosenwald Fund also made fellowship grants directly to African American artists writers researchers and intellectuals between 1928 and 1948 Civil rights leader Julian Bond whose father received a Rosenwald fellowship has called the list of grantees a Who s Who of black America in the 1930s and 1940s 1 Hundreds of grants were disbursed to artists writers and other cultural figures many of whom became prominent or already were including photographers Gordon Parks Elizabeth Catlett Marion Palfi 2 poets Claude McKay Dr Charles Drew Augusta Savage anthropologist and dancer Katherine Dunham singer Marian Anderson silversmith Winifred Mason 3 writers Ralph Ellison W E B Du Bois James Weldon Johnson psychologists Kenneth and Mamie Clark dermatologist Theodore K Lawless 4 and poets Langston Hughes and Rita Dove 5 6 Fellowships of around 1 000 to 2 000 were given out yearly to applicants and were usually designed to be open ended the Foundation requested but did not require grantees to report back on what they accomplished with the support In 1929 the Rosenwald Fund funded a syphilis treatment pilot program in five Southern states The Rosenwald project emphasized locating people with syphilis and treating them during a time when syphilis was widespread in poor African American communities 7 The Fund ended its involvement in 1932 due to lack of matching state funds the Fund required jurisdictions to contribute to efforts to increase collaboration on solving problems After the Fund ceased its involvement the federal government decided to take over the funding and changed its mission to being a non therapeutic study The infamous Tuskegee syphilis study began later that year tracking the progress of untreated disease and took advantage of poor participants by not informing them fully of its constraints Even after penicillin became recognized as approved treatment for this disease researchers did not treat the study participants 7 Notable fellowship recipients editThis is a selected list of notable Rosenwald Fund Fellowship recipients from the years the fund s fellowship program was active 1928 1948 5 1928 James Weldon Johnson writer and activist returning fellow 1930 1931 1929 Frances Davis nurse and activist Abram Lincoln Harris economist returning fellow 1939 1945 Willis J King Methodist bishop college president and sociologist Flemmie Pansy Kittrell nutritionist Ruby Stutts Lyells librarian Augusta Savage sculptor 1929 1931 fellowship Julian Steele social worker politician and activist 1929 1930 fellowship Clarence Cameron White composer and violinist 1929 1931 fellowship 1930 Franz Alexander psychoanalyst 1930 1932 fellowship Marian Anderson opera singer Richmond Barthe sculptor William E Blatz developmental psychologist William Stanley Braithwaite writer Paul Cornely physician public health pioneer and activist Ethel McGhee Davis social worker and university dean Mollie E Dunlap librarian and bibliographer 1930 1931 fellowship Ruby Elzy opera singer 1930 1931 fellowship Simon Haley agricultural scientist Charles S Johnson sociologist and university president Dorothy B Porter librarian bibliographer and curator 1930 1931 fellowship returning fellow 1944 Carleton Washburne education reformer Monroe Work sociologist and archivist 1931 Horace Mann Bond historian social scientist and college administrator 1931 1932 fellowship Ralph Bunche political scientist and diplomat Alan Busby agricultural scientist Mercer Cook diplomat writer and translator returning fellow 1937 Mabel Byrd economist and civil rights activist John Dollard psychologist and social scientist Charles R Drew surgeon and medical researcher Louis Israel Dublin statistician W E B Du Bois sociologist historian writer civil rights activist returning fellow 1933 1934 Ruth Anna Fisher historian and archivist Roscoe Conkling Giles surgeon and physician Langston Hughes poet activist novelist and playwright returning fellow 1941 Henry A Hunt education reformer Raphael Lanier diplomat Camille Nickerson pianist composer and musicologist William Edouard Scott painter John W Work III composer and musicologist 1931 1932 fellowship 1932 Wallace A Battle education reformer and university founder Ambrose Caliver education reformer Allison Davis anthropologist returning fellow 1939 1940 Ellsworth Faris sociologist 1933 Margaret Bonds composer and pianist John P Davis journalist lawyer and activist 1934 Lorenzo Greene historian returning fellow 1940 Percy Lavon Julian research chemist and pharmaceutical innovator 1934 1935 fellowship Kelly Miller mathematician sociologist and writer 1935 St Clair Drake sociologist and anthropologist 1935 1937 fellowship returning fellow 1946 Katherine Dunham dancer and choreographer 1935 1936 fellowship Zora Neale Hurston writer anthropologist and filmmaker Claude McKay writer and poet returning fellow 1943 1936 Josephine Wilkins civil rights activist 1937 Lewis White Beck philosopher Benjamin A Botkin folklorist and writer Harmon White Caldwell lawyer and university president John Tyler Caldwell political scientist and university president 1937 1938 fellowship Horace R Cayton Jr sociologist and writer William Schieffelin Claytor mathematician 1937 1938 fellowship Frank Marshall Davis writer and labor activist Aaron Douglas painter John Hope Franklin historian 1937 1938 fellowship Margaret Jarman Hagood sociologist and demographer Clinton Everett Knox diplomat 1937 1938 fellowship James Raymond Lawson physicist and university president 1937 1938 fellowship Ralph E McGill journalist and newspaper publisher Benjamin Arthur Quarles historian returning fellow 1945 Bonita H Valien sociologist and writer returning fellow 1939 Preston Valien sociologist and writer returning fellow 1939 1938 Arna W Bontemps poet writer and librarian returning fellow 1942 John Aubrey Davis Sr political scientist and civil rights activist 1938 1940 fellowship Shirley Graham Du Bois writer composer and activist 1938 1939 fellowship Rufus Carrollton Harris lawyer and university president George Duke Humphrey educator and university president Lewis Wade Jones sociologist Fred B Kniffen geographer and anthropologist Ruth Smith Lloyd anatomist 1938 1939 fellowship James LuValle chemist and Olympic athlete 1938 1939 fellowship Ira De Augustine Reid sociologist Charles Shannon artist Frank M Snowden Jr historian classicist and diplomat Howard Swanson composer 1938 1939 fellowship Joseph T Taylor sociologist and university dean 1939 May Justus writer educator and civil rights activist John Whitefield Kendrick economist Lawrence D Reddick historian returning fellow 1945 Lillian Smith writer 1939 1940 fellowship Hugh H Smythe sociologist writer and diplomat 1939 1940 fellowship William Grant Still composer 1939 1940 fellowship Melvin E Thompson politician and governor of Georgia Lorenzo Dow Turner sociolinguist returning fellow 1940 and 1945 1940 Charles Alston artist 1940 1941 fellowship William Attaway writer Paul P Boswell physician and politician Selma Burke sculptor Robert L Carter lawyer civil rights activist and US District Court judge Kenneth B Clark social psychologist Mamie P Clark social psychologist 1940 1942 fellowship Marion Vera Cuthbert writer and college dean Charles Twitchell Davis literary critic 1940 1941 fellowship Edwin Adams Davis historian James A Ford archaeologist Henry Aaron Hill chemist 1940 1941 fellowship Jacob Lawrence painter 1940 1942 fellowship Ulysses Lee academic 8 William J Trent Jr economist and civil rights activist James A Washington Jr civil rights lawyer university dean and D C Superior Court Judge Mark Hanna Watkins linguist and anthropologist Eric Williams historian and first Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago returning fellow in 1942 C Vann Woodward historian 1941 Cleo W Blackburn social scientist and college president David Blackwell mathematician Herman Branson physicist chemist and college president William Montague Cobb physician and anthropologist Helen Octavia Dickens physician and writer John Henry Faulk storyteller and radio host 1941 1942 fellowship Cornelius Golightly teacher civil rights activist and education administrator Adelaide M Cromwell sociologist historian and preservationist returning fellow 1944 Thomas C Lea III artist writer and historian Mabel Murphy Smythe Haith economist civil rights activist and diplomat Samuel Z Westerfield Jr economist and diplomat Bell Wiley historian Gordon Randolph Willey archaeologist and anthropologist Margaret Just Butcher literary scholar writer and civil rights activist 1941 1942 fellowship 1942 Thomas Bell writer Sterling Allen Brown folklorist poet and literary critic Joseph Delaney artist Owen Dodson poet novelist and playwright Wade Ellis mathematician William Fontaine philosopher Margaret Morgan Lawrence psychiatrist and writer Arthur S Link historian returning fellow 1944 Herman H Long social scientist and college president Jesse W Markham economist Gordon Parks photographer musician writer and film director Clarence F Stephens mathematician Charles Henry Thompson psychologist writer and civil rights legal theorist Charles Henry Townes physicist Charles White artist 1942 1943 fellowship J Ernest Wilkins Jr nuclear scientist mechanical engineer and mathematician 1943 Julien Binford painter Mildred Blount fashion designer Marcus Bruce Christian poet writer and folklorist Woody Guthrie singer songwriter Roi Ottley journalist Thomas Sancton novelist and journalist returning fellow 1945 1947 Hudson Strode writer Julius H Taylor physicist Hale Woodruff artist 1943 1944 fellowship 1944 Margaret Bush Wilson lawyer and activist Esther Cooper Jackson civil rights activist and social worker E Franklin Frazier sociologist and writer Robert Gwathmey artist Chester Himes writer Rayford Logan historian Pauli Murray lawyer activist writer and Episcopal priest Margaret Walker poet and writer 1945 Conrad Albrizio painter 1945 1946 fellowship Janet Collins dancer and choreographer Woody Crumbo artist musician and dancer Dean Dixon conductor 1945 1946 fellowship Ralph Ellison novelist and literary critic Elizabeth Hardwick novelist and literary critic Winifred Mason jeweler Charles Sebree painter and playwright Kenneth Spencer opera singer and actor Alma Stone Williams pianist and music teacher 1946 Evelyn Boyd mathematician Nat Caldwell journalist Elizabeth Catlett artist 1946 1947 fellowship Clifton O Dummett dentist and dental historian Mark Fax composer and musicologist Natalie Leota Hinderas pianist composer and musicologist returning fellow 1948 John Tate Lanning historian Walter McAfee astronomer Willard Motley writer Dave Masato Okada sociologist Marion Palfi photographer Rose Piper painter and textile designer 1947 William Artis sculptor Byron Burford painter Edward Burrows historian and civil rights activist Martin Dibner writer Grace Towns Hamilton politician and social justice advocate Robert E Hayden writer and U S Poet Laureate Blyden Jackson writer and literary critic Ulysses Kay composer 1947 1948 fellowship Thomas Hal Phillips novelist actor and screenwriter John Rhoden sculptor George C Stoney documentary filmmaker Alonzo Smythe Yerby physician and public health official 1948 James Baldwin novelist playwright poet and activist Roscoe C Brown Jr Tuskegee Airman television and radio host and college president William James Cousins sociologist L Tanya Griffin fashion designer Elizabeth L Sturz poet and social worker Samuel L Myers economist and university president Marion Perkins sculptor Liston Pope pastor theologian and university dean Pearl Primus dancer choreographer and anthropologist Oscar W Ritchie sociologist Haywood Rivers artist and gallerist Samuel Reid Spencer Jr college presidentSee also editRosenwald Schools Rosenwald film Julian Mack Henry H Rogers Booker T WashingtonReferences edit Adams Maurianne 2000 Strangers amp Neighbors Relations Between Blacks amp Jews in the United States Amherst University of Massachusetts Press p 5 ISBN 978 1 5584 9236 3 Prison Public Memory Project The Campaign To Create a Julius Rosenwald amp Rosenwald Schools National Historical Park Historic Context Inventory amp Analysis PDF Julius Rosenwald amp Rosenwald Schools National Historical Park Campaign 2018 Retrieved 1 March 2021 Black Apollo of Science The Life of Ernest Everett Just Kenneth R Manning 1985 a b Schulman Daniel 2009 A Force for Change African American Art and the Julius Rosenwald Fund Evanston Northwestern University Press p 11 ISBN 978 0 8101 2588 9 Kenneth Turan Review Rosenwald reveals a philanthropist with a mission Los Angeles Times 27 August 2015 accessed 2 November 2015 a b Jones James H 1993 Bad Blood The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment New York The Free Press pp 52 90 ISBN 0 02 916676 4 The Phoenix Index 04 May 1940 page 4 Newspapers com Further reading editAscoli Peter M Julius Rosenwald The Man Who Built Sears Roebuck and Advanced the Cause of Black Education in the American South Indiana University Press 2006 the major biography online Burton Charles Wesley and Laura Dancy Burton The North Star Julius Rosenwald s Impact Upon Black America 2008 Deutsch Stephanie You Need a Schoolhouse Booker T Washington Julius Rosenwald and the Building of Schools for the Segregated South Northwestern University Press 2011 online Diner Hasia R Julius Rosenwald Repairing the World Yale University Press 2017 online Embree Edwin R and Julia Waxman Investment in People The Story of the Julius Rosenwald Fund Harper and Brothers 1949 Hoffschwelle Mary S Preserving Rosenwald Schools National Trust for Historic Preservation 2003 Hoffschwelle Mary S The Rosenwald Schools of the American South University Press of Florida 2006 Lindermuth Karen Elaine Early twentieth century American capitalist philanthropy Julius Rosenwald PhD dissertation California State University Dominguez Hills ProQuest Dissertations Publishing 2002 1409066 Mays Russell O Julius Rosenwald Building Partnerships for American Education Professional Educator 28 2 2006 1 8 online Perkins Alfred Edwin Rogers Embree The Julius Rosenwald Fund Foundation Philanthropy and American Race Relations Indiana UP 2011 excerpt and text search STITELY THOMAS BEANE BRIDGING THE GAP A HISTORY OF THE ROSENWALD FUND IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL NEGRO SCHOOLS IN TENNESSEE 1912 1932 PhD dissertation Peabody College for Teachers of Vanderbilt University ProQuest Dissertations Publishing 1975 7522292 Werner Morris R Julius Rosenwald The Life of a Practical Humanitarian Harper and Brothers 1939 Wilcox Ralph S Rosenwald Schools Encyclopedia of Arkansas 2023 onlineExternal links edit Historic Black Schools Restored as Landmarks New York Times Jan 15 2010 Diane Granat Saving the Rosenwald Schools Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Rosenwald Fund amp oldid 1182131349, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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