John Cockerill (industrialist)
John Cockerill (3 August 1790 – 9 June 1840) was an English-born industrialist who became a prominent businessman in Belgium. Born at Haslingden, Lancashire, England, he was brought by his father (British entrepreneur William Cockerill) to the Liège region, where he continued the family tradition of building wool-processing machinery. He founded an ironworks named John Cockerill & Cie. (English: John Cockerill & Company).
John Cockerill | |
|---|---|
| Born | 3 August 1790 Haslingden, Lancs, England |
| Died | 9 June 1840 (aged 49) |
| Citizenship | British, later Belgian |
| Occupation | Industrialist |
Life and career edit
At the age of twelve, John Cockerill was brought to Verviers (subsequently part of Belgium) by his father William Cockerill, who was successful as a machine builder there. In 1807, aged 17, he and his brother Charles James Cockerill took over the management of a factory in Liege.[1] Their father retired in 1813, leaving the management of his business to his sons.[2]
In September 1813, he married Jeanne Frédérique Pastor, the same day her sister Caroline married Charles James Cockerill.[3]
After the victory over Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, the Prussian Minister of Finance, Peter Beuth, invited the Cockerill brothers to set up a woollens factory in Berlin.[1][4][5]
In 1814, the brothers bought the former palace of the Prince Bishops of Liege at Seraing.[6] The chateau became the plant headquarters and the ground behind it the factory site[7] (founded 1817); it was to become a vertically integrated iron foundry and machine manufacturing factory. William I of the Netherlands was joint owner of the plant.[1] A machine manufacturing plant was added in 1819, and in 1826 (begun 1823[8]) a coke fired blast furnace.[9] By 1840, the plant had sixteen steam engines producing total power 900 hp (670 kW) in continual work and employed 3000 persons.[2]
In 1823, his brother Charles James retired,[9] having been bought out by John in 1822.[10] After the Belgian Revolution of 1830, the new Kingdom of Belgium claimed the property of William I,[8] and in 1835, John Cockerill made himself the sole owner of the works.[1] He also was a founder of the Banque de Belgique,[8] in 1835.[11]
During John Cockerill's lifetime, the factories produced not only spinning engines and steel, but steam engines (including air-blowers, traction engines, and engines for ships);[12] in 1835, Belgium's first steam locomotive Le Belge was made.[13][14] He also had interests in collieries and mines, as well as factories producing cloth, linen and paper.[2]
In 1838/9, military tensions between Belgium and the Netherlands caused a rush on the banks for hard currency; as a result of the crisis, John Cockerill's company became bankrupt.[15] With debts of 26 million francs on assets of 15 million, he travelled to St. Petersburg to make arrangements with Nicholas I of Russia, with the hope of raising funds.[16] On his return, he contracted typhoid and died in Warsaw on 19 June 1840, leaving no heirs.[1]
Legacy edit
On his death, he had a reputation as a humanitarian employer and as the founder of the Belgian manufacturing industry.[8] His body was returned to Seraing in 1867, and a memorial was unveiled there in 1871.[1]
His company became the Société pour l'Exploitation des Etablissements John Cockerill (1842) and later Societe Anonyme Cockerill-Ougree (1955).[12] The steel-making activities of the firm continued through various mergers, eventually becoming part of Cockerill-Sambre in 1981; the Cockerill name was retained until a 1998 merger with Usinor. Some mechanical engineering activities continued as Cockerill Maintenance & Ingénierie, which was split off as a separate company in the late 20th century.
A monument to him and the industrial workers of Belgium stands in the centre of the Place du Luxembourg/Luxemburgplein in Brussels. On 1 February 2024, this monument was vandalised during a farmers' protest that took place in front of the European Parliament.[17][18]
Honours edit
- Knight of the Order of Leopold.[19]
References edit
- ^ a b c d e f Stephen, Leslie, ed. (1887). . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 11. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 200.
- ^ a b c Chamber's Edinburgh Journal, Vol.8
- ^ Dr. Albert Blank. . abrecht-blank.de (in German). John COCKERILL. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 2 September 2010.
- ^ Agatha Ramm (1981). Germany, 1789-1919: a political history. Taylor & Francis. pp. 152–3. ISBN 9780416339901.
- ^ Charles Poor Kindleberger (1996). World economic primacy: 1500-1990. Oxford University Press US. p. 153. ISBN 9780198025931.
- ^ Industria: architecture industrielle en Belgique, pp.28-31
- ^ A handbook for travellers on the continent: being a guide to Holland, Belgium, Prussia, northern Germany, and the Rhine from Holland to Switzerland. John Murray. 1860. SERAING, p.172.
- ^ a b c d A dictionary, geographical, statistical, and historical, of the various countries, places, and principal natural objects in the world, p.159
- ^ a b Ian Hill Nish (1998). The Iwakura mission in America and Europe: a new assessment. Routledge. pp. 103–5. ISBN 9781873410844.
- ^ Rondo E. Cameron (1993). A concise economic history of the world: from Paleolithic times to the present. Oxford University Press US. p. 233.
- ^ Peter N. Stearns; William Leonard Langer (2001). The Encyclopedia of world history: ancient, medieval, and modern, chronologically arranged. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 1835 Bank of Belgium, p.451.
- ^ a b Société Anonyme John Cockerill, Albert Gieseler
- ^ "La Construction des LOCOMOTIVES à VAPEUR en Belgique". tassignon.be (in French).
- ^ . users.skynet.be (in French). Archived from the original on 13 October 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2010.
- ^ Erik Buyst; Ivo Maes. "Central banking in 19th-century Belgium: was the NBB a lender of last resort?" (PDF). economix.u-paris10.fr. 3.1. The crisis of 1838: the government comes to the rescue, pp.8-10.[permanent dead link]
- ^ The new American cyclopædia, Vol.5 , p.420
- ^ Smith, Benedict; Samuel, Henry; Barnes, Joe (1 February 2024). "Farmers protest live: Angry farmers tear down statue of British industrialist outside EU parliament". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
- ^ Times, The Brussels. "Farmers topple statue from John Cockerill monument in Place du Luxembourg". www.brusselstimes.com. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
- ^ RD of 23.10.1836
Sources edit
- Robert Chambers; William Chambers (1840). "The Cockerills". Chambers's Edinburgh Journal. 8. W. Orr: 165–166.
- Similar biography also at either:
- Nursey, Perry Fairfax (1839). "The Cockerills of Liege". Iron: An Illustrated Weekly Journal for Iron and Steel Manufacturers, Metallurgists, Mine Proprietors, Engineers, Shipbuilders, Scientists, Capitalists... 31: 335–336.
- "The Cockerills of Liege". The Mechanics' Magazine, Museum, Register, Journal and Gazette. 31: 335–336. 6 April – 28 September 1839.
- Adriaan Linters (1986). Industria: architecture industrielle en Belgique (in French, Dutch, and English). Mauad Editora Ltda. ISBN 9782870092842.
- Albert Gieseler. "Société Anonyme John Cockerill". abert-gieseler.de (in German).
- John Ramsay M'Culloch (1866). A dictionary, geographical, statistical, and historical, of the various countries, places, and principal natural objects in the world. Liege, pp.158-159.
- John P. McKay (1970). "9. A Pioneering Inventor: The John Cockerill Company in Southern Russia 1185-1905". Pioneers for profit; foreign entrepreneurship and Russian industrialization, 1885-1913. University of Chicago Press. pp. 297–317. ISBN 9780226559926.
- George Ripley; Charles Anderson Dana (1869). The new American cyclopædia: a popular dictionary of general knowledge. Vol. 5. D. Appleton. COCKERILL John, p.420.
Further reading edit
External links edit
- "Die Region Lüttich". industriemuseen-emr.de (in German).
- "John Cockerill (1790-1840)". erih.net. European Route of Industrial Heritage.
- (in English) Hidden Monuments: John Cockerill Monument in the European District.
- (in English) Hidden Monuments: John Cockerill Monument in Seraing.