Jane Blalock v. Ladies Professional Golf Association
Jane Blalock v. Ladies Professional Golf Association was an ongoing lawsuit that took place between 1972 and 1975, following a professional golf incident in 1972. A month after winning the Dinah Shore Colgate Winner's Circle in 1972, American golfer Jane Blalock was allegedly observed replacing her marker incorrectly at the Bluegrass Invitational during the 1972 LPGA Tour.[2] Blalock was fined and suspended by the LPGA Tour executive board. The suspension led to a fair degree of press coverage, with Blalock filing an antitrust countersuit in United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia shortly afterwards.[3]
| Jane Blalock v. Ladies Professional Golf Association | |
|---|---|
| Court | United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia |
| Full case name | Barbara Jane Blalock, Plaintiff, v. Ladies Professional Golf Association et al., Defendants. |
| Decided | 1975 |
| Citation(s) | 359 F.Supp. 1260[1] |
| Court membership | |
| Judge(s) sitting | U.S. District Court Judge Charles A. Moye Jr. |
| Case opinions | |
| Decision by | Charles A. Moye Jr. |
In June 1973, federal judge Charles A. Moye Jr. ruled that "LGPA players cannot police their own members," and that Blalock's suspension "was ill-founded."[4] A court awarded Blalock damages the following year.[5] The LPGA subsequently announced plans to appeal.[6] The ongoing lawsuit led to the LPGA searching for its first commissioner, and after Ray Volpe was appointed to the role in July 1975,[7] a month later the LPGA dropped its appeal and settled all claims on the Blalock case.[8]
Background edit
Jane Blalock was born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire on September 19, 1945.[9] She began golfing at age 13, and won the New Hampshire Amateur five straight times beginning in 1965, plus the New England Amateur in 1968. Blalock attended Rollins College in Florida, graduating in 1967 with a degree in history. Prior to her playing the LPGA Tour, Blalock worked as a high school history teacher.[10]
The first time Blalock played on the LPGA Tour was as an amateur at the 1964 Lady Carling Eastern Open. She finished T33.
Still an amateur, Blalock finished 5th at the 1969 Burdine's Invitational.[9]
Blalock turned pro later in 1969 and went on to earn LPGA Tour Rookie of the Year honors.[11][12] In 1970, Blalock notched her first professional victory at the Lady Carling Open.[13] On April 16, 1972, Blalock won the inaugural version of the Dinah Shore Colgate Winner's Circle,[14] an event which would later be considered a women's major golf championship. One month later she won the Suzuki Golf Internationale, beating Kathy Whitworth.[15]
History of the conflict edit
Disqualification (1972) edit
After reaching the status of "top money winner on this year's [LPGA] tour," Blalock was competing in the Bluegrass Invitational in Louisville, Kentucky by mid May 1972. After the second round the LPGA executive board called Blalock in to tell her she was disqualified from the tournament, contending that she signed an incorrect scorecard and also levying a $500 fine.[16] Although Blalock's scorecards had been signed and attested by fellow competitors, Tourney director Gene Mcauliff stated that Blalock "did not mark her ball properly on the 17th green and then failed to take a two-stroke penalty as required for that infraction."[2]
All five members of the executive committee, Linda Craft, Sharon Miller, Judy Rankin, Cynthia Sullivan, and Penny Zavichas, were themselves active players.[17] After Blalock's initial interaction with the committee at the Bluegrass Invitational, 27 LPGA players signed an affidavit demanding "that more severe action be taken against Jane Blalock,"[18] specifically arguing that probation, a fine, and disqualification from the Bluegrass tournament were not enough punishment.[3]
Hearings and suspension (1972) edit
| "[The LPGA committee] told Blalock she had been observed incorrectly marking her ball on several occasions. Blalock had never before been accused of violating the rules. Despite denying the charges, she was disqualified from the tournament. Before her next event, on the advice of a friend, Blalock apologized, saying, 'If all these things you say are true, I guess I've dug my own grave and I'll just have to live with it.' LPGA president [Cynthia Sullivan] interpreted Blalock's comments as an admission of guilt. When that view was reported to the players, 29 of them signed a petition calling for the LPGA to suspend Blalock for the rest of the '72 season, which it did a few days later." |
| — Jaime Diaz for Sports Illustrated (2011)[17] |
On May 20, 1972[4] the LPGA executive board suspended Blalock for one year "for actions inconsistent with the code of ethics of the organization."[19] The suspension came shortly after the announcement that Blalock wouldn't be allowed to compete in the Lady Carling Open. The tour also put a hold on her money earnings from the tour, at the time around $50,000.[20]
In defending their reasons for the suspension, the board stated in a press release that "the action was taken after Miss Blalock met with the executive committee on three occasions in the last 10 days. She admitted actions on the golf course which are contrary to the rules of the game."[19] According to Sports Illustrated, the board also claimed that Blalock had "been under suspicion for over a year, that there [had] been repeated violations, that witnesses in the gallery at Louisville had observed her replacing the ball to the side of her marker on the green[21] and that Janie tearfully admitted to her guilt. Miss Blalock was denying everything."[16] LPGA executive director Bud Erickson also stated that he had requested Blalock to feign a back injury in an effort to avoid bad publicity, but she refused.[18]
Initial antitrust lawsuit (1972) edit
On June 1, 1972, Blalock filed a $5 million antitrust lawsuit against the LPGA's suspension[22] on advice of her attorneys,[19] with the intent of "[leaving] it to the court whether she had been suspended wrongly."[16] Blalock's lawyers moved for her be allowed to continue playing while the suit was resolved.[22] As part of their argument, Blalock's lawyers denied she had ever admitted guilt to the LPGA,[3] stating that the described admissions had been a misinterpretation of her words.[17] Furthermore, based on the sequence of events, attorney Eugene Partain "alleged that the suspension and petitions were likely the result of other players attempting to remove a significant competitor, and that the act of suspending Blalock from playing in any significant tournaments was a violation of federal antitrust laws by the LPGA."[3]
Around June 19, Blalock met with the LGPA in U.S. District Court in Atlanta over the lawsuit.[16] Later that month U.S. District Court Judge Charles A. Moye Jr. granted the motion for Blalock to continue competing in the LPGA Tour until the lawsuit was resolved,[23] in effect creating a temporary restraining order against the suspension. Moye also ruled that any tour money Blalock earned during the case would be placed in a court trust. The LPGA reacted to Moye's rulings by announcing they would file an appeal suit.[21]
Colleagues' initial reactions (1972) edit
News of the suspension and alleged rules violation drew significant press coverage, as well as mixed reactions from Blalock's colleagues. Though he said he had never seen her move a ball against the rules himself, her former instructor Bob Toski stated that "She has a compulsion to win. I think she needs psychiatric help" and "the other players tell me this has been going on for a while." In contrast, Blalock's caddie from the Suzuki tournament contacted her with an offer to testify in her support.[16] Men's professional golfer Dave Hill, who himself filed an antitrust suit in 1971 against the PGA Tour,[24] sent Blalock a note of encouragement. In his golf memoir Teed Off, published in 1977, Hill wrote that he didn't know how Blalock continued to play well under the pressure she was enduring. The fact that Blalock did play well made Hill think she was innocent unless she was a victim of some illness.[25]
Golfer Sandra Palmer had also publicly defended Blalock as of July 8, 1972, after she and Blalock tied for lead at the George Washington Golf Classic. Stated Palmer to the press, "I've never seen her do anything [illegal], nor do I think probably that very many of the players have. I think supposedly that out of all these players who accused, only one or two have played with her." Palmer explained she didn't understand why bystanders hadn't reported the alleged infractions when they occurred, also pointing out that other players had always signed Blalock's scorecards without reporting any incidents. Stated Palmer, "if you see an infraction of the rules... you don't wait until three years later to report something. Once you've signed that card, you're as guilty as the person who committed the violation."[26]
Probation of Sandra Palmer (1972) edit
The Sarasota Journal reported on June 28, 1972, that Sandra Palmer had been "warned" by the LPGA over her statements of support for Blalock, with the LPGA explaining to Palmer that "you're entitled to your own opinion, but when it hurts our members, we feel you owe the organization an apology."[27] Bud Erickson, executive director of the LPGA, later clarified that Palmer was also ordered "not to make any further statements of support for Miss Blalock."[28] The warning occurred as the tour arrived at the Lady Pepsi Golf Tournament, where Blalock had previously won two championships.[27] On August 2, 1972, Palmer was put on one year's probation by the LPGA executive committee for voicing her support of Blalock.[28] Blalock went on to win two more times in 1972, at the Dallas Civitan Open[29] and the Lady Errol Classic.[30]
Rulings and settlements (1973–75) edit
After filing the original antitrust suit, Blalock amended the suit to include only damages from not being able to compete in the Lady Carling Tournament in 1972 for $4,500.[6]
| "In [the early 1970s] the LPGA was run by the players themselves. There was no office for the organization and no nonplaying director of the LPGA. Blalock, who denied she ever cheated and said she was the victim of older, jealous players as she began to make a mark on the tour, sued in Federal Court in Atlanta to retain her playing rights and won. The court declared that players had no right to deprive a fellow competitor from an equal chance at the prize money they all were trying to earn." |
| — Gordon White for The New York Times (1987)[31] |
In June 1973, Judge Charles Moye Jr. ruled that "LGPA players cannot police their own members." The ruling declared that Blalock's suspension "was ill-founded," with all remaining litigation to be focused on damages.[4] In September 1973, The Telegraph reported that as a result of the court ruling in Blalock's favor, the LPGA and their new president Carol Mann were looking to appoint a commissioner to "[enable] the association to penalize, suspend and fine members who violate rules and regulations."[32]
In August 1974, a court awarded Blalock the full $4,500 she had asked for in damages,[5] with the LPGA again announcing plans to appeal.[6] Afterwards, in March 1975, Judge Charles Moye again ruled in Blalock's favor, awarding her $13,500 in damages and ordering the LPGA to pay her legal fees of $95,303. The LPGA again announced it would appeal the ruling in its entirety.[5] Ray Volpe was appointed the first LPGA Commissioner on July 8, 1975,[7] and a month later the LPGA announced it had dropped its appeal and settled "all claims and counter claims growing from a dispute between it and golfer Jane Blalock."[8]
Aftermath edit
Blalock refused to condemn her critics, including her former mentor Bob Toski, after her lawsuit was settled. She said to a reporter in 1978 "I should not judge others as they have judged me. Life is too short and there is too much sadness. So I can't clutter my mind with all that other stuff. It makes it hard to concentrate."[20] Toski left the Senior PGA Tour in 1986 after he became involved in a controversy over how he was marking his ball.[33] Toski returned in April 1986[34] and played several more years on the Tour.[35]
Blalock continued playing on the LPGA Tour through 1987. When she was through playing, Blalock had 27 Tour wins to her credit.[36] She was the first female golfer to earn over $100,000 in four consecutive years[31] and the seventh overall to reach the one million dollar mark in career earnings.[37] Between 1969 and 1980, Blalock made the cut in 299 consecutive tournaments, an all-time LPGA Tour record.[9]
In 1976, Blalock testified for the LPGA Tour in a suit against a sponsor trying to start a Women's Masters Tournament.[38] Blalock wrote a column for the Miami Herald in 1981 complaining about the association's overuse of sex appeal in promoting the tour.[39]
With 27 LPGA Tour wins, Blalock almost qualified for the World Golf Hall of Fame under the standards in use as of 2011. However, she never won a major championship in her career nor was she ever LPGA Player of the Year or winner of the LPGA Vare Trophy.[40] Blalock would have to be voted in by the Veterans Committee.[17] As of 2018, all eligible golfers with 20 or more wins on the LPGA Tour are in the World Golf Hall of Fame except Blalock. Several golfers who primarily played the LPGA Tour, Hollis Stacy who was inducted in 2012,[41] Judy Rankin and Donna Caponi have fewer career wins than Blalock but have been selected by the Veterans Committee. Blalock said in 2001 "It's almost a relief that I don't qualify. What if every year my name came up and every year I didn't make it? I'd be thinking, 'is what happened the reason?'"[17]
In July 2014, she was voted into the Legends Hall of Fame.[42]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ 359 F.Supp. 1260
- ^ a b Weston, Bob (May 22, 1972). "Drought over for Kathy Cornelius". Beaver County Times. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
- ^ a b c d "LPGA affidavits accuse Jane Blalock of cheating". Herald-Journal. June 15, 1972. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
- ^ a b c "Court rules in favor of Blalock". Toledo Blade. June 22, 1973. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
- ^ a b c "Jane Blalock a winner in court". Beaver County Times. March 27, 1975. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
- ^ a b c "Court rules for golfer". Spokane Daily Chronicle. August 28, 1974. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
- ^ a b "Volpe appointed LPGA Commissioner". Times-Union. July 9, 1975. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
- ^ a b "Blalock vs. LPGA settled". The Evening Independent. August 5, 1975. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
- ^ a b c Kelley, Brent (July 4, 2015). . About.com. Archived from the original on May 16, 2008. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
- ^ "Jane Blalock Golf Winner". Lodi News-Sentinel. August 10, 1970. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
- ^ "About". JaneBlalockLPGA.com. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
- ^ . LPGA. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved April 21, 2016.
- ^ "Jane Blalock captures Lady Carling golf". The Morning Record. August 10, 1970. Retrieved April 21, 2016.
- ^ "Miss Blalock wins, Receives $20,000". The Milwaukee Journal. April 16, 1972. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
- ^ "Blalock takes Suzuki". The Sumter Daily Item. May 15, 1972. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
- ^ a b c d e McDermott, Barry (June 19, 1972). "Keeping A Close Eye On The Ball". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
- ^ a b c d e Diaz, Jamie (January 29, 2011). "Fame or Shame? LPGA must decide on Blalock". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
- ^ a b "LPGA needs flamboyancy". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. The Washington Post. May 13, 1973. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
- ^ a b c "Jane Blalock suspended from LPGA". Schenectady Gazette. June 2, 1972. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
- ^ a b Hanson, Greg (February 20, 1978). "Blalock; Scars of the past healed and forgotten". The Evening Independent. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
- ^ a b "LPGA Lashes Out - Ruling in favor of Jane Blalock". The Telegraph. June 29, 1972. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
- ^ a b "Blalock files LPGA lawsuit". Park City Daily News. Associated Press. June 1, 1972. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
- ^ "Court order for Blalock". The Phoenix. Associated Press. June 3, 1972. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
- ^ "Dave Hill files $1 million damage suit". Daytona Beach Morning Journal. May 29, 1971. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
- ^ Hill, Dave; Seitz, Nick (1977). Teed Off. Prentice-Hall. p. 39.
- ^ Bernstein, Ralph (July 8, 1972). "Sandra Palmer sides with Jane Blalock in latter's battle with LPGA Officials". Gettysburg Times. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
- ^ a b "Sandra Palmer warned". Sarasota Journal. June 28, 1972. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
- ^ a b "Sandra Palmer put on probation". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. August 3, 1972. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
- ^ Jane Blalock wins Dallas golf playoff
- ^ "Jane Blalock wins Lady Errol". Retrieved March 24, 2016.[dead link]
- ^ a b White, Gordon (April 5, 1987). "Golf; Blalock looks forward to retirement in 1988". The New York Times. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
- ^ "LPGA seeks Commissioner". The Telegraph. September 5, 1973. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
- ^ Toski withdraws from Senior Tour
- ^ 28 Teams To Compete In Legends of Golf
- ^ "Bob Toski – Results – Career". PGA Tour. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
- ^ 2008 LPGA Media Guide. LPGA Tour. 1977. pp. 52 and 363.
- ^ "Blalock reaches milestone". Observer-Reporter. July 18, 1983. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
- ^ "Veteran Blalock still watchdog of LPGA". The Calgary Herald. June 26, 1985. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
- ^ "Sex appeal in Golf! Jane Blalock says it isn't needed now". The Madison Courier. The Associated Press. February 10, 1981. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
- ^ . World Golf Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on May 21, 2013. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
- ^ Hollis Stacy selected for Hall of Fame
- ^ "Lopez, Blalock To Be Inducted Into Legends Hall of Fame". LPGA. July 31, 2014. Retrieved March 30, 2016.
External links edit
- Jane Blalock at The Legends Tour