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Jahriyya revolt

December 18, 2023

In the Jahriyya revolt (Chinese: 蘇四十三起義) of 1781 sectarian violence between two suborders of the Naqshbandi Sufis, the Jahriyya Sufi Muslims and their rivals, the Khafiyya Sufi Muslims, led to Qing intervention to stop the fighting between the two, which in turn led to a Jahriyya Sufi Muslim rebellion which the Qing dynasty of China crushed with the help of the Khufiyya (Khafiyya) Sufi Muslims.[11][12]

Jahriyya revolt (1781) or Salar revolt[1]
Date1781[2][3][4][5][6]
Location
Qinghai, Gansu
Result Qing victory
Belligerents
Qing Empire, Khafiya (Khufiyya) Sufi Muslims Rebel Jahriyya Sufi Muslims
Commanders and leaders
Heshen, Agui, Fuk'anggan, Li Shiyao Ma Mingxin, Su Sishisan[7]
Strength
Loyalist Khufiyya Sufi Muslim and Gedimu Muslim Hui troops, Han Green Standard Army, Tibetans, Manchu Mongol and Han Eight Banners. Rebel Jahriyya Sufi Muslim Hui, Rebel Jahriyya Sufi Muslim Salars,[8] Santa people, Han Chinese rebels,[9]: 21  3,000 from Xunhua[10]

Due to street fighting and lawsuits between the Jahriyya and Khufiyya Sufi orders, Ma Mingxin was arrested to stop the sectarian violence between the Sufis.[13] The Jahriyya then tried to violently jailbreak Ma Mingxin which led to his execution and the crushing of the Jahriyya rebels. The Qing used Xinjiang as a place to put deported Jahriyya rebels.[14]

The Khufiyya Sufis and Gedimu joined together against the Jahriyya Sufis whom they fiercely opposed and differed from in practices.[9]: 19–20  Salar Jahriyyas were among those deported to Xinjiang.[15] Some Han Chinese joined and fought alongside the Jahriyya Salar Muslim rebels in their revolt.[9]: 21  Muslim loyalists fought for the Qing.[16]

Jahriyya followers were also deported to Guizhou and Yunnan.[17] The Jahriyya were labelled as the "New Teaching".[18]

Corruption and embezzlement by officials was suggested as a contributing factor to the violence.[19]

The Dungan Revolt (1895–96) broke out in the same place as the Jahriyya revolt for very similar reasons, sectarian violence[20] and lawsuits between two Naqshbandi Sufi orders which the Qing tried to resolve.[21]

Ma Mingxin's descendant was Ma Yuanzhang.[22]

In addition to sending Han exiles convicted of crimes to Xinjiang to be slaves of Banner garrisons there, the Qing also practiced reverse exile, exiling Inner Asian (Mongol, Russian and Muslim criminals from Mongolia and Inner Asia) to China proper where they would serve as slaves in Han Banner garrisons in Guangzhou. Russian, Oirats and Muslims (Oros. Ulet. Hoise jergi weilengge niyalma) such as Yakov and Dmitri were exiled to the Han banner garrison in Guangzhou.[23] In the 1780s after the Muslim rebellion in Gansu started by Zhang Wenqing 張文慶 was defeated, Muslims like Ma Jinlu 馬進祿 were exiled to the Han Banner garrison in Guangzhou to become slaves to Han Banner officers.[24] The Qing code regulating Mongols in Mongolia sentenced Mongol criminals to exile and to become slaves to Han bannermen in Han Banner garrisons in China proper.[25]

References edit

  1. ^ Michael Dillon (1999). China's Muslim Hui Community: Migration, Settlement and Sects. Psychology Press. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-7007-1026-3.
  2. ^ Matthew S. Erie (September 2016). China and Islam. Cambridge University Press. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-107-05337-3.
  3. ^ Glauco D'Agostino (2013-10-14). La lunga marcia dell'Islam politico. Gangemi Editore Spa. p. 46. ISBN 978-88-492-7725-8.
  4. ^ Chinese Republican Studies Newsletter. Center for Asian Studies, University of Illinois. 1975. p. 227.
  5. ^ Dru C. Gladney (1 January 1991). Muslim Chinese: Ethnic Nationalism in the People's Republic. Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-674-59495-1.
  6. ^ Jonathan N. Lipman (1 July 2011). Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China. University of Washington Press. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-295-80055-4.
  7. ^ Jonathan N. Lipman (1 July 2011). Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China. University of Washington Press. p. 102. ISBN 978-0-295-80055-4.
  8. ^ Jonathan N. Lipman (1 July 2011). Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China. University of Washington Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-295-80055-4.
  9. ^ a b c Arienne M. Dwyer (2007). Salar. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-04091-4.
  10. ^ Joint Committee on Chinese Studies (U.S.) (1987). Papers from the Conference on Chinese Local Elites and Patterns of Dominance, Banff, August 20-24, 1987. p. 41.
  11. ^ Jonathan N. Lipman; Jonathan Neaman Lipman; Stevan Harrell (1990). Violence in China: Essays in Culture and Counterculture. SUNY Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-7914-0113-2.
  12. ^ Lipman, Jonathan N. (1984). "Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu". Modern China. 10 (3): 285–316. doi:10.1177/009770048401000302. JSTOR 189017. S2CID 143843569.
  13. ^ Jonathan N. Lipman (1 July 2011). Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China. University of Washington Press. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-295-80055-4.
  14. ^ Michael Dillon (16 December 2013). China's Muslim Hui Community: Migration, Settlement and Sects. Taylor & Francis. p. 123. ISBN 978-1-136-80940-8.
  15. ^ Arienne M. Dwyer (2007). Salar. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 21. ISBN 978-3-447-04091-4.
  16. ^ Jonathan N. Lipman (1 July 2011). Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China. University of Washington Press. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-295-80055-4.
  17. ^ Karen G. Turner; James V. Feinerman; R. Kent Guy (1 May 2015). The Limits of the Rule of Law in China. University of Washington Press. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-295-80389-0.
  18. ^ Jonathan N. Lipman (1 July 2011). Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China. University of Washington Press. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-295-80055-4.
  19. ^ Jonathan N. Lipman (1 July 2011). Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China. University of Washington Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-295-80055-4.
  20. ^ Lipman, Jonathan N. (1984). "Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu". Modern China. 10 (3): 285–316. doi:10.1177/009770048401000302. JSTOR 189017. S2CID 143843569.
  21. ^ Lipman, Jonathan N. (1984). "Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu". Modern China. 10 (3): 285–316. doi:10.1177/009770048401000302. JSTOR 189017. S2CID 143843569.
  22. ^ Jonathan N. Lipman (1 July 2011). Familiar Strangers: A History of Muslims in Northwest China. University of Washington Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-295-80055-4.
  23. ^ Yongwei, MWLFZZ, FHA 03-0188-2740-032, QL 43.3.30 (April 26, 1778).
  24. ^ Šande 善德 , MWLFZZ, FHA 03-0193-3238-046, QL 54.5.6 (May 30, 1789) and Šande , MWLFZZ, FHA 03-0193-3248-028, QL 54.6.30 (August 20, 1789).
  25. ^ 1789 Mongol Code (Ch. 蒙履 Menggu lüli , Mo. Mongγol čaγaǰin-u bičig ), (Ch. 南省，給駐防爲 , Mo. emün-e-tü muji-dur čölegüljü sergeyilen sakiγči quyaγ-ud-tur boγul bolγ-a ). Mongol Code 蒙例 (Beijing: Lifan yuan, 1789; reprinted Taipei: Chengwen chubanshe, 1968), p. 124. Batsukhin Bayarsaikhan, Mongol Code (Mongγol čaγaǰin - u bičig), Monumenta Mongolia IV (Ulaanbaatar: Centre for Mongol Studies, National University of Mongolia, 2004), p. 142.

See also edit

    

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December 18, 2023
jahriyya, revolt, chinese, 蘇四十三起義, 1781, sectarian, violence, between, suborders, naqshbandi, sufis, jahriyya, sufi, muslims, their, rivals, khafiyya, sufi, muslims, qing, intervention, stop, fighting, between, which, turn, jahriyya, sufi, muslim, rebellion, w. In the Jahriyya revolt Chinese 蘇四十三起義 of 1781 sectarian violence between two suborders of the Naqshbandi Sufis the Jahriyya Sufi Muslims and their rivals the Khafiyya Sufi Muslims led to Qing intervention to stop the fighting between the two which in turn led to a Jahriyya Sufi Muslim rebellion which the Qing dynasty of China crushed with the help of the Khufiyya Khafiyya Sufi Muslims 11 12 Jahriyya revolt 1781 or Salar revolt 1 Date1781 2 3 4 5 6 LocationQinghai GansuResultQing victoryBelligerentsQing Empire Khafiya Khufiyya Sufi MuslimsRebel Jahriyya Sufi MuslimsCommanders and leadersHeshen Agui Fuk anggan Li ShiyaoMa Mingxin Su Sishisan 7 StrengthLoyalist Khufiyya Sufi Muslim and Gedimu Muslim Hui troops Han Green Standard Army Tibetans Manchu Mongol and Han Eight Banners Rebel Jahriyya Sufi Muslim Hui Rebel Jahriyya Sufi Muslim Salars 8 Santa people Han Chinese rebels 9 21 3 000 from Xunhua 10 Due to street fighting and lawsuits between the Jahriyya and Khufiyya Sufi orders Ma Mingxin was arrested to stop the sectarian violence between the Sufis 13 The Jahriyya then tried to violently jailbreak Ma Mingxin which led to his execution and the crushing of the Jahriyya rebels The Qing used Xinjiang as a place to put deported Jahriyya rebels 14 The Khufiyya Sufis and Gedimu joined together against the Jahriyya Sufis whom they fiercely opposed and differed from in practices 9 19 20 Salar Jahriyyas were among those deported to Xinjiang 15 Some Han Chinese joined and fought alongside the Jahriyya Salar Muslim rebels in their revolt 9 21 Muslim loyalists fought for the Qing 16 Jahriyya followers were also deported to Guizhou and Yunnan 17 The Jahriyya were labelled as the New Teaching 18 Corruption and embezzlement by officials was suggested as a contributing factor to the violence 19 The Dungan Revolt 1895 96 broke out in the same place as the Jahriyya revolt for very similar reasons sectarian violence 20 and lawsuits between two Naqshbandi Sufi orders which the Qing tried to resolve 21 Ma Mingxin s descendant was Ma Yuanzhang 22 In addition to sending Han exiles convicted of crimes to Xinjiang to be slaves of Banner garrisons there the Qing also practiced reverse exile exiling Inner Asian Mongol Russian and Muslim criminals from Mongolia and Inner Asia to China proper where they would serve as slaves in Han Banner garrisons in Guangzhou Russian Oirats and Muslims Oros Ulet Hoise jergi weilengge niyalma such as Yakov and Dmitri were exiled to the Han banner garrison in Guangzhou 23 In the 1780s after the Muslim rebellion in Gansu started by Zhang Wenqing 張文慶 was defeated Muslims like Ma Jinlu 馬進祿 were exiled to the Han Banner garrison in Guangzhou to become slaves to Han Banner officers 24 The Qing code regulating Mongols in Mongolia sentenced Mongol criminals to exile and to become slaves to Han bannermen in Han Banner garrisons in China proper 25 References edit Michael Dillon 1999 China s Muslim Hui Community Migration Settlement and Sects Psychology Press p 122 ISBN 978 0 7007 1026 3 Matthew S Erie September 2016 China and Islam Cambridge University Press p 52 ISBN 978 1 107 05337 3 Glauco D Agostino 2013 10 14 La lunga marcia dell Islam politico Gangemi Editore Spa p 46 ISBN 978 88 492 7725 8 Chinese Republican Studies Newsletter Center for Asian Studies University of Illinois 1975 p 227 Dru C Gladney 1 January 1991 Muslim Chinese Ethnic Nationalism in the People s Republic Council on East Asian Studies Harvard University p 50 ISBN 978 0 674 59495 1 Jonathan N Lipman 1 July 2011 Familiar Strangers A History of Muslims in Northwest China University of Washington Press p 101 ISBN 978 0 295 80055 4 Jonathan N Lipman 1 July 2011 Familiar Strangers A History of Muslims in Northwest China University of Washington Press p 102 ISBN 978 0 295 80055 4 Jonathan N Lipman 1 July 2011 Familiar Strangers A History of Muslims in Northwest China University of Washington Press p 108 ISBN 978 0 295 80055 4 a b c Arienne M Dwyer 2007 Salar Otto Harrassowitz Verlag ISBN 978 3 447 04091 4 Joint Committee on Chinese Studies U S 1987 Papers from the Conference on Chinese Local Elites and Patterns of Dominance Banff August 20 24 1987 p 41 Jonathan N Lipman Jonathan Neaman Lipman Stevan Harrell 1990 Violence in China Essays in Culture and Counterculture SUNY Press p 76 ISBN 978 0 7914 0113 2 Lipman Jonathan N 1984 Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu Modern China 10 3 285 316 doi 10 1177 009770048401000302 JSTOR 189017 S2CID 143843569 Jonathan N Lipman 1 July 2011 Familiar Strangers A History of Muslims in Northwest China University of Washington Press p 107 ISBN 978 0 295 80055 4 Michael Dillon 16 December 2013 China s Muslim Hui Community Migration Settlement and Sects Taylor amp Francis p 123 ISBN 978 1 136 80940 8 Arienne M Dwyer 2007 Salar Otto Harrassowitz Verlag p 21 ISBN 978 3 447 04091 4 Jonathan N Lipman 1 July 2011 Familiar Strangers A History of Muslims in Northwest China University of Washington Press p 130 ISBN 978 0 295 80055 4 Karen G Turner James V Feinerman R Kent Guy 1 May 2015 The Limits of the Rule of Law in China University of Washington Press p 123 ISBN 978 0 295 80389 0 Jonathan N Lipman 1 July 2011 Familiar Strangers A History of Muslims in Northwest China University of Washington Press p 178 ISBN 978 0 295 80055 4 Jonathan N Lipman 1 July 2011 Familiar Strangers A History of Muslims in Northwest China University of Washington Press p 96 ISBN 978 0 295 80055 4 Lipman Jonathan N 1984 Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu Modern China 10 3 285 316 doi 10 1177 009770048401000302 JSTOR 189017 S2CID 143843569 Lipman Jonathan N 1984 Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu Modern China 10 3 285 316 doi 10 1177 009770048401000302 JSTOR 189017 S2CID 143843569 Jonathan N Lipman 1 July 2011 Familiar Strangers A History of Muslims in Northwest China University of Washington Press p 179 ISBN 978 0 295 80055 4 Yongwei MWLFZZ FHA 03 0188 2740 032 QL 43 3 30 April 26 1778 Sande 善德 MWLFZZ FHA 03 0193 3238 046 QL 54 5 6 May 30 1789 and Sande MWLFZZ FHA 03 0193 3248 028 QL 54 6 30 August 20 1789 1789 Mongol Code Ch 蒙 履 Menggu luli Mo Monggol cagaǰin u bicig Ch 南省 給駐防 爲 Mo emun e tu muji dur colegulju sergeyilen sakigci quyag ud tur bogul bolg a Mongol Code 蒙 例 Beijing Lifan yuan 1789 reprinted Taipei Chengwen chubanshe 1968 p 124 Batsukhin Bayarsaikhan Mongol Code Monggol cagaǰin u bicig Monumenta Mongolia IV Ulaanbaatar Centre for Mongol Studies National University of Mongolia 2004 p 142 See also editMuslim groups in China Dungan revolt Dungan Revolt 1895 96 List of rebellions in China Islam in China History of Islam in China Islam during the Qing Dynasty Ma Yuanzhang nbsp nbsp This article related to the history of China is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Jahriyya revolt amp oldid 1130843998, 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