The Jaffa riots of April 1936, refers to a spate of violent attacks on Jews that began on 19 April 1936 in Jaffa. A total of 14 Jews and 2 Arabs were killed during the riots. The event is often described as marking the start of the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine.
The British Mandatory authorities[1] and other contemporary sources dated the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine to 15 April,[2][3][4][5] the date of the Anabta shooting in which Arab followers of Izz ad-Din al-Qassam set up a roadblock on the Nablus to Tulkarm road, stopping about 20 vehicles to demand cash and weapons; separating out 3 Jews from other occupants of the vehicles. The Arabs then shot the 3 Jewish men; only 1 survived.[6][7] The two killed Jewish drivers were Israel (or Yisrael) Khazan, who was killed instantly, and Zvi Dannenberg, who died five days later.[8][9] The following day members of Irgun shot and killed two Arab workers sleeping in a hut near Petah Tikva.[10] On 17 April, the funeral for Khazan was held in Tel Aviv, attracting a crowd of thousands, some of whom beat Arab passersby and vandalized property.[11]
Riotsedit
On 19 April, rumors spread in the Arab community that "many Arabs had been killed by Jews", and Arabs began to attack Jews in the streets of Jaffa.[6][12] An Arab mob marched on the Jewish-owned Anglo-Palestine Bank. Members of the Palestine Police Force guarding the bank defended themselves by firing into the mob, killing two of the rioters. This incited the mob to "fury" and Jews began to be killed in the streets.[6]
Manuela Williams describes this as the "peak" event in a series of violent attacks leading up to the declaration of a general strike by the Arab Higher Committee.[13]
According to Aryeh Avneri, citing the History of the Haganah, the rioting broke out first among the migrant Haurani dockworkers in Jaffa Port.[14] A mob of Arab men rampaged through the mixed Muslim, Christian and Jewish streets of Jaffa, killing and beating Jews and wrecking Jewish homes and businesses.[15][16][17][18]
11 people were reported dead in the first day's rioting. These included 2 Arabs "shot by British police in self-defense," and 9 Jews, with dozens of others wounded, "most of the Jewish injured bore knife wounds.[6] The rioting went on for a total of 3 days, it was finally suppressed by British security forces.[4]
Impactedit
Refugeesedit
The continuing threat of violence combined with the destruction of Jewish property and arson attacks that destroyed Jewish homes forced 12,000 Jews to flee Jaffa as refugees. 9,500 were housed by the Tel Aviv municipality, imposing a heavy financial burden on the city. Seventy-five temporary shelters were created in schools, synagogues, government and industrial buildings.[4] During May and June the Haganah was able to stabilize the security situation to the point where about 4,000 of the refugees were able to return to their homes.[4] Others found housing privately, so that by July only 4,800 remained in public refugee camps; 3,200 of these were utterly destitute.[4] By November, Jewish charities had placed even the destitute refugees in housing, and the refugee camps were closed.[4]
Annexation of Jaffa to Tel Avivedit
One impact of the riot was the start of a political demand that the Jewish neighborhoods of Jaffa be separated from Jaffa and incorporated into Tel Aviv.[19]
Literary referencesedit
Chapter 11 of Leon Uris's criticized and once bestselling 1984 novel, The Haj, is entitled Jaffa - April 19, 1936.[20][21] In The Blood of His Servants,Malcolm MacPherson writes of 19 April as the day when the Arab revolt on Palestine began, and a "campaign of armed attacks" started.[22][page needed] In his 1968 work , Days of Fire, Shmuel Katz, a senior member of the Irgun, wrote of arriving in Tel Aviv from Jerusalem on 19 April to find the town in turmoil with reports of stabbing in nearby Jaffa.[23]
^Anglim, Simon (2015). Orde Wingate and the British Army, 1922-1944. Routledge. p. 63. ISBN978-1317324287.
^Bauer, Yehuda. "The Arab Revolt of 1936," New Outlook, Vol.9 No. 6 (81), 1966, p. 49.
^Hillel Cohen, Army of Shadows: Palestinian Collaboration with Zionism, 1917–1948, University of California Press, 2008, p. 95.
^ abcdefMarginal Populations and Urban Identity in Time of Emergency: The Case of the 1936 Refugees in Tal Aviv," Arnon Golan, Journal of Modern Jewish Studies, Vol. 9 , Iss. 2, 2010.
^Segev, Tom (2001-10-01). One Palestine, Complete: Jews and Arabs Under the British Mandate. Macmillan. p. 366. ISBN9780805065879.
^ abcd"9 Jews, 2 Arabs Dead, 54 Hurt In Jaffa Riots: Moslems Slain by British Police, Foes Knifed in Batlle (sic) Following Killing of a Jew by Bandits," New York Herald Tribune, 20 April 1936, p. 1.
^'Nablus Bandits Seen as Izz ed Din's followers', Palestine Post, Friday, 17 April 1936.
^"Highwaymen's Second Victim Dead", Palestine Post, 21 April 1936.
^'Turk Killed by Hold-up Men', Palestine Post, 16 April 1936.
^Gilbert, Martin (1998), Israel: A History Black Swan, p. 80.
^Bar-On, Mordechai (2004). A Never-ending Conflict: A Guide to Israeli Military History, Greenwood, p. 23.
^Schlör, Joachim (1999). Tel Aviv: From Dream to City. Reaktion Books. p. 203.
^Williams, Manuela (2006). Mussolini's Propaganda Abroad: Subversion in the Mediterranean and the Middle East, 1935-1940. Routledge. p. 60. ISBN113424441X.
^Avneri, Aryeh (1982). The Claim of Dispossession: Jewish Land-Settlement and the Arabs, 1878-1948. Transaction Publishers. p. 32. ISBN1412836212.
^Viton, Albert (3 June 1936). . The Nation. Archived from the original on 15 December 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
^Rose, Norman. "The Debate on Partition, 1937-38: The Anglo-Zionist Aspect: I. The Proposal", Middle Eastern Studies 6, no. 3 (1970): 297-318. [1].
^Townshed, Charles (7 July 1989). "The First Intifada: Rebellion in Palestine 1936-39". History Today. 39 (7). Retrieved 25 August 2016. [In] neighbouring Jaffa two days later dozens of Jews were attacked in the streets. Nine were beaten, stoned or stabbed to death.
^"2 More Jews Die of Riot Wounds; 10 Wounded in New Jaffa Attacks". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 21 April 1936. Retrieved 25 August 2016.
^ Tamir Goren (2016) "The Jews of Jaffa at the Time of the Arab Revolt: the emergence of the demand for annexation," Journal of Modern Jewish Studies, 15:2, 267-281, DOI: 10.1080/14725886.2015.1090113.
^Ted Swedenberg, Popular Memory and the Palestinian National Past, in Jay O'Brien, Golden Ages, Dark Ages: Imagining the Past in Anthropology and History, University of California Press, 1991, p. 161.
^McPherson, Malcolm (1984). The Blood of His Servants. Times Books.
^Katz, Shmuel (1968). Days of Fire. Doubleday. p. 4.
January 01, 1970
jaffa, riots, april, 1936, confused, with, jaffa, riots, jaffa, riots, april, 1936, refers, spate, violent, attacks, jews, that, began, april, 1936, jaffa, total, jews, arabs, were, killed, during, riots, event, often, described, marking, start, 1936, 1939, ar. Not to be confused with Jaffa riots The Jaffa riots of April 1936 refers to a spate of violent attacks on Jews that began on 19 April 1936 in Jaffa A total of 14 Jews and 2 Arabs were killed during the riots The event is often described as marking the start of the 1936 1939 Arab revolt in Palestine 1936 Jaffa riotsPart of the 1936 1939 Arab revolt in PalestinePolice dispersing a crowdLocationJaffa Mandatory PalestineCoordinates32 03 08 N 34 45 11 E 32 05222 N 34 75306 E 32 05222 34 75306Date19 21 April 1936Attack typeRiotDeaths9 Jews 2 ArabsPerpetratorsPalestinian Arabs Contents 1 Background 2 Riots 3 Impact 3 1 Refugees 3 2 Annexation of Jaffa to Tel Aviv 4 Literary references 5 See also 6 ReferencesBackground editThe British Mandatory authorities 1 and other contemporary sources dated the 1936 1939 Arab revolt in Palestine to 15 April 2 3 4 5 the date of the Anabta shooting in which Arab followers of Izz ad Din al Qassam set up a roadblock on the Nablus to Tulkarm road stopping about 20 vehicles to demand cash and weapons separating out 3 Jews from other occupants of the vehicles The Arabs then shot the 3 Jewish men only 1 survived 6 7 The two killed Jewish drivers were Israel or Yisrael Khazan who was killed instantly and Zvi Dannenberg who died five days later 8 9 The following day members of Irgun shot and killed two Arab workers sleeping in a hut near Petah Tikva 10 On 17 April the funeral for Khazan was held in Tel Aviv attracting a crowd of thousands some of whom beat Arab passersby and vandalized property 11 Riots editOn 19 April rumors spread in the Arab community that many Arabs had been killed by Jews and Arabs began to attack Jews in the streets of Jaffa 6 12 An Arab mob marched on the Jewish owned Anglo Palestine Bank Members of the Palestine Police Force guarding the bank defended themselves by firing into the mob killing two of the rioters This incited the mob to fury and Jews began to be killed in the streets 6 Manuela Williams describes this as the peak event in a series of violent attacks leading up to the declaration of a general strike by the Arab Higher Committee 13 According to Aryeh Avneri citing the History of the Haganah the rioting broke out first among the migrant Haurani dockworkers in Jaffa Port 14 A mob of Arab men rampaged through the mixed Muslim Christian and Jewish streets of Jaffa killing and beating Jews and wrecking Jewish homes and businesses 15 16 17 18 11 people were reported dead in the first day s rioting These included 2 Arabs shot by British police in self defense and 9 Jews with dozens of others wounded most of the Jewish injured bore knife wounds 6 The rioting went on for a total of 3 days it was finally suppressed by British security forces 4 Impact editRefugees edit The continuing threat of violence combined with the destruction of Jewish property and arson attacks that destroyed Jewish homes forced 12 000 Jews to flee Jaffa as refugees 9 500 were housed by the Tel Aviv municipality imposing a heavy financial burden on the city Seventy five temporary shelters were created in schools synagogues government and industrial buildings 4 During May and June the Haganah was able to stabilize the security situation to the point where about 4 000 of the refugees were able to return to their homes 4 Others found housing privately so that by July only 4 800 remained in public refugee camps 3 200 of these were utterly destitute 4 By November Jewish charities had placed even the destitute refugees in housing and the refugee camps were closed 4 Annexation of Jaffa to Tel Aviv edit One impact of the riot was the start of a political demand that the Jewish neighborhoods of Jaffa be separated from Jaffa and incorporated into Tel Aviv 19 Literary references editChapter 11 of Leon Uris s criticized and once bestselling 1984 novel The Haj is entitled Jaffa April 19 1936 20 21 In The Blood of His Servants Malcolm MacPherson writes of 19 April as the day when the Arab revolt on Palestine began and a campaign of armed attacks started 22 page needed In his 1968 work Days of Fire Shmuel Katz a senior member of the Irgun wrote of arriving in Tel Aviv from Jerusalem on 19 April to find the town in turmoil with reports of stabbing in nearby Jaffa 23 See also edit1938 Tiberias massacre 1921 Jaffa riotsReferences edit Anglim Simon 2015 Orde Wingate and the British Army 1922 1944 Routledge p 63 ISBN 978 1317324287 Bauer Yehuda The Arab Revolt of 1936 New Outlook Vol 9 No 6 81 1966 p 49 Hillel Cohen Army of Shadows Palestinian Collaboration with Zionism 1917 1948 University of California Press 2008 p 95 a b c d e f Marginal Populations and Urban Identity in Time of Emergency The Case of the 1936 Refugees in Tal Aviv Arnon Golan Journal of Modern Jewish Studies Vol 9 Iss 2 2010 Segev Tom 2001 10 01 One Palestine Complete Jews and Arabs Under the British Mandate Macmillan p 366 ISBN 9780805065879 a b c d 9 Jews 2 Arabs Dead 54 Hurt In Jaffa Riots Moslems Slain by British Police Foes Knifed in Batlle sic Following Killing of a Jew by Bandits New York Herald Tribune 20 April 1936 p 1 Nablus Bandits Seen as Izz ed Din s followers Palestine Post Friday 17 April 1936 Highwaymen s Second Victim Dead Palestine Post 21 April 1936 Turk Killed by Hold up Men Palestine Post 16 April 1936 Gilbert Martin 1998 Israel A History Black Swan p 80 Bar On Mordechai 2004 A Never ending Conflict A Guide to Israeli Military History Greenwood p 23 Schlor Joachim 1999 Tel Aviv From Dream to City Reaktion Books p 203 Williams Manuela 2006 Mussolini s Propaganda Abroad Subversion in the Mediterranean and the Middle East 1935 1940 Routledge p 60 ISBN 113424441X Avneri Aryeh 1982 The Claim of Dispossession Jewish Land Settlement and the Arabs 1878 1948 Transaction Publishers p 32 ISBN 1412836212 Viton Albert 3 June 1936 Why Arabs Kill Jews The Nation Archived from the original on 15 December 2019 Retrieved 24 August 2016 Rose Norman The Debate on Partition 1937 38 The Anglo Zionist Aspect I The Proposal Middle Eastern Studies 6 no 3 1970 297 318 1 Townshed Charles 7 July 1989 The First Intifada Rebellion in Palestine 1936 39 History Today 39 7 Retrieved 25 August 2016 In neighbouring Jaffa two days later dozens of Jews were attacked in the streets Nine were beaten stoned or stabbed to death 2 More Jews Die of Riot Wounds 10 Wounded in New Jaffa Attacks Jewish Telegraphic Agency 21 April 1936 Retrieved 25 August 2016 Tamir Goren 2016 The Jews of Jaffa at the Time of the Arab Revolt the emergence of the demand for annexation Journal of Modern Jewish Studies 15 2 267 281 DOI 10 1080 14725886 2015 1090113 Leon Uris The Haj1984 Ted Swedenberg Popular Memory and the Palestinian National Past in Jay O Brien Golden Ages Dark Ages Imagining the Past in Anthropology and History University of California Press 1991 p 161 McPherson Malcolm 1984 The Blood of His Servants Times Books Katz Shmuel 1968 Days of Fire Doubleday p 4 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Jaffa riots April 1936 amp oldid 1223661559, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
