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Jōyō kanji

May 14, 2023

The jōyō kanji (常用漢字, Japanese pronunciation: [dʑoːjoːkaꜜɲdʑi], lit. "regular-use kanji") is the guide to kanji characters and their readings, announced officially by the Japanese Ministry of Education. Current jōyō kanji are those on a list of 2,136 characters issued in 2010. It is a slightly modified version of the tōyō kanji, which was the initial list of secondary school-level kanji standardized after World War II. The list is not a comprehensive list of all characters and readings in regular use; rather, it is intended as a literacy baseline for those who have completed compulsory education, as well as a list of permitted characters and readings for use in official government documents. Due to the requirement that official government documents make use of only jōyō kanji and their readings, several rare characters are also included due to their use in the Constitution of Japan, which was being written at the same time the original 1,850-character tōyō kanji list was compiled.

The 2,136 kanji in the jōyō kanji consist of:

  • 1,026 kanji taught in primary school (Grade 1-6) (the kyōiku kanji)
  • 1,110 additional kanji taught in secondary school (Grade 7-12)

Changes from the tōyō kanji

In 1981, the jōyō kanji replaced the tōyō kanji as the standardized list of common kanji. The differences between the two consisted of 95 additional characters, and the simplification of 燈 as 灯.

The 95 additional characters are as follows:

猿 凹 渦 靴 稼 拐 垣 殻 潟 喝 褐 缶 頑 挟 矯 襟 隅 渓 蛍 嫌 洪 溝 昆 崎 皿 桟 傘 肢 遮 蛇 酌 汁 塾 尚 宵 縄 壌 唇 甚 据 杉 斉 逝 仙 栓 挿 曹 槽 藻 駄 濯 棚 挑 眺 釣 塚 漬 亭 偵 泥 搭 棟 洞 凸 屯 把 覇 漠 肌 鉢 披 扉 猫 頻 瓶 雰 塀 泡 俸 褒 朴 僕 堀 磨 抹 岬 妄 厄 癒 悠 羅 竜 戻 枠

History

  • 1923: The Ministry of Education specified 1,962 kanji and 154 simplified characters.
  • 1931: The former jōyō kanji was revised and 1,858 characters were specified.
  • 1942: 1,134 characters as standard jōyō kanji and 1,320 characters as sub-jōyō kanji were specified.
  • 1946: The 1,850 characters of tōyō kanji were adopted by law "as those most essential for common use and everyday communication".[1] This list included 881 'basic requirement' kanji for elementary school.
  • 1981: The 1,945 characters of jōyō kanji were adopted, replacing the list of tōyō kanji.[2]
  • 2010: The list was revised on 30 November to include an additional 196 characters and remove 5 characters (勺, 銑, 脹, 錘, and 匁), for a total of 2,136. The amendment also made changes to the readings of kanji present in the previous jōyō kanji list. Twenty-eight kanji gained new readings, three kanji lost obscure readings and the kun'yomi of 側 was changed from kawa (かわ) to gawa (がわ).[3] The 196 additional characters are:[3][4]
媛 怨 鬱 唄 淫 咽 茨 彙 椅 萎 畏 嵐 宛 顎 曖 挨 韓 鎌 葛 骸 蓋 崖 諧 潰 瓦 牙 苛 俺 臆 岡 旺 艶 稽 憬 詣 熊 窟 串 惧 錦 僅 巾 嗅 臼 畿 亀 伎 玩 挫 沙 痕 頃 駒 傲 乞 喉 梗 虎 股 舷 鍵 拳 桁 隙 呪 腫 嫉 𠮟/叱 鹿 餌 摯 恣 斬 拶 刹 柵 埼 塞 采 戚 脊 醒 凄 裾 須 腎 芯 尻 拭 憧 蹴 羞 袖 汰 遜 捉 踪 痩 曽 爽 遡 狙 膳 箋 詮 腺 煎 羨 鶴 爪 椎 捗 嘲 貼 酎 緻 綻 旦 誰 戴 堆 唾 鍋 謎 梨 奈 那 丼 貪 頓 栃 瞳 藤 賭 妬 塡[填] 溺 諦 阜 訃 肘 膝 眉 斑 阪 汎 氾 箸 剝[剥] 罵 捻 虹 匂 喩 闇 弥 冶 麺 冥 蜜 枕 昧 勃 頰[頬] 貌 蜂 蔑 璧 餅 蔽 脇 麓 籠 弄 呂 瑠 瞭 侶 慄 璃 藍 辣 拉 沃 瘍 妖 湧 柿 哺 楷 睦 釜 錮 賂 毀 勾
Note: Characters in bold are used in the names of prefectures. Jōyō kanji followed by a character in brackets are not included in JIS X 0208; the character in brackets is the unofficial print variant JIS X 0208 does have. JIS X 0208 also lacks 𠮟, but does include the official variant 叱. The jōyō kanji 茨, 韓, 牙, and 栃 also have official variants.[5]

The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology instructed teachers to start teaching the new characters in fiscal 2012, so that junior high school students would be able to read them and high school students would be able to write them. High schools and universities started using the characters in their entrance exams in the 2015 academic year.[6]

See also

References

  1. ^ A Guide to Reading & Writing Japanese, Charles E. Tuttle Co., 1961 Edition
  2. ^ "In 1981 the jōyō kanji list superseded the old tōyō kanji list — the list of Chinese characters which was announced in November 1946 and designated for daily use." -Japan Times editorial, "Revising the list of kanji" 2009-02-16 at the Wayback Machine, Nov. 16, 2008, retrieved 27 May 2009.
  3. ^ a b "改定常用漢字表、30日に内閣告示 閣議で正式決定" [The amended list of jōyō kanji receives cabinet notice on 30th: to be officially confirmed in cabinet meeting.] (in Japanese). Nihon Keizai Shimbun. 24 November 2010. from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  4. ^ [Nine kanji such as "柿" added, "鷹" is not selected in the new jōyō kanji amendment] (in Japanese). Asahi Shimbun. 23 October 2009. Archived from the original on 14 February 2010. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
  5. ^ https://www.bunka.go.jp/kokugo_nihongo/sisaku/joho/joho/kijun/naikaku/pdf/joyokanjihyo_20101130.pdf, p. 6.
  6. ^ http://www.japantoday.com/category/national/view/govt-to-announce-new-list-of-kanji-for-common-use-at-end-of-month[permanent dead link]

External links

  • List of Jōyō Kanji (Japanese Agency for Cultural Affairs)
  • Online jōyō kanji database

May 14, 2023
jōyō, kanji, jōyō, kanji, 常用漢字, japanese, pronunciation, dʑoːjoːkaꜜɲdʑi, regular, kanji, guide, kanji, characters, their, readings, announced, officially, japanese, ministry, education, current, jōyō, kanji, those, list, characters, issued, 2010, slightly, mod. The jōyō kanji 常用漢字 Japanese pronunciation dʑoːjoːkaꜜɲdʑi lit regular use kanji is the guide to kanji characters and their readings announced officially by the Japanese Ministry of Education Current jōyō kanji are those on a list of 2 136 characters issued in 2010 It is a slightly modified version of the tōyō kanji which was the initial list of secondary school level kanji standardized after World War II The list is not a comprehensive list of all characters and readings in regular use rather it is intended as a literacy baseline for those who have completed compulsory education as well as a list of permitted characters and readings for use in official government documents Due to the requirement that official government documents make use of only jōyō kanji and their readings several rare characters are also included due to their use in the Constitution of Japan which was being written at the same time the original 1 850 character tōyō kanji list was compiled The 2 136 kanji in the jōyō kanji consist of 1 026 kanji taught in primary school Grade 1 6 the kyōiku kanji 1 110 additional kanji taught in secondary school Grade 7 12 Contents 1 Changes from the tōyō kanji 2 History 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksChanges from the tōyō kanji EditIn 1981 the jōyō kanji replaced the tōyō kanji as the standardized list of common kanji The differences between the two consisted of 95 additional characters and the simplification of 燈 as 灯 The 95 additional characters are as follows 猿 凹 渦 靴 稼 拐 垣 殻 潟 喝 褐 缶 頑 挟 矯 襟 隅 渓 蛍 嫌 洪 溝 昆 崎 皿 桟 傘 肢 遮 蛇 酌 汁 塾 尚 宵 縄 壌 唇 甚 据 杉 斉 逝 仙 栓 挿 曹 槽 藻 駄 濯 棚 挑 眺 釣 塚 漬 亭 偵 泥 搭 棟 洞 凸 屯 把 覇 漠 肌 鉢 披 扉 猫 頻 瓶 雰 塀 泡 俸 褒 朴 僕 堀 磨 抹 岬 妄 厄 癒 悠 羅 竜 戻 枠History Edit1923 The Ministry of Education specified 1 962 kanji and 154 simplified characters 1931 The former jōyō kanji was revised and 1 858 characters were specified 1942 1 134 characters as standard jōyō kanji and 1 320 characters as sub jōyō kanji were specified 1946 The 1 850 characters of tōyō kanji were adopted by law as those most essential for common use and everyday communication 1 This list included 881 basic requirement kanji for elementary school 1981 The 1 945 characters of jōyō kanji were adopted replacing the list of tōyō kanji 2 2010 The list was revised on 30 November to include an additional 196 characters and remove 5 characters 勺 銑 脹 錘 and 匁 for a total of 2 136 The amendment also made changes to the readings of kanji present in the previous jōyō kanji list Twenty eight kanji gained new readings three kanji lost obscure readings and the kun yomi of 側 was changed from kawa かわ to gawa がわ 3 The 196 additional characters are 3 4 媛 怨 鬱 唄 淫 咽 茨 彙 椅 萎 畏 嵐 宛 顎 曖 挨 韓 鎌 葛 骸 蓋 崖 諧 潰 瓦 牙 苛 俺 臆 岡 旺 艶 稽 憬 詣 熊 窟 串 惧 錦 僅 巾 嗅 臼 畿 亀 伎 玩 挫 沙 痕 頃 駒 傲 乞 喉 梗 虎 股 舷 鍵 拳 桁 隙 呪 腫 嫉 𠮟 叱 鹿 餌 摯 恣 斬 拶 刹 柵 埼 塞 采 戚 脊 醒 凄 裾 須 腎 芯 尻 拭 憧 蹴 羞 袖 汰 遜 捉 踪 痩 曽 爽 遡 狙 膳 箋 詮 腺 煎 羨 鶴 爪 椎 捗 嘲 貼 酎 緻 綻 旦 誰 戴 堆 唾 鍋 謎 梨 奈 那 丼 貪 頓 栃 瞳 藤 賭 妬 塡 填 溺 諦 阜 訃 肘 膝 眉 斑 阪 汎 氾 箸 剝 剥 罵 捻 虹 匂 喩 闇 弥 冶 麺 冥 蜜 枕 昧 勃 頰 頬 貌 蜂 蔑 璧 餅 蔽 脇 麓 籠 弄 呂 瑠 瞭 侶 慄 璃 藍 辣 拉 沃 瘍 妖 湧 柿 哺 楷 睦 釜 錮 賂 毀 勾 Note Characters in bold are used in the names of prefectures Jōyō kanji followed by a character in brackets are not included in JIS X 0208 the character in brackets is the unofficial print variant JIS X 0208 does have JIS X 0208 also lacks 𠮟 but does include the official variant 叱 The jōyō kanji 茨 韓 牙 and 栃 also have official variants 5 The Ministry of Education Culture Sports Science and Technology instructed teachers to start teaching the new characters in fiscal 2012 so that junior high school students would be able to read them and high school students would be able to write them High schools and universities started using the characters in their entrance exams in the 2015 academic year 6 See also EditList of jōyō kanji Kyōiku kanji List of kanji by school year Jinmeiyō kanji Hyōgaiji Japanese script reform Kanji radicals Learning kanji The Table of General Standard Chinese Characters a similar standardized list of characters published by the Chinese Ministry of Education including those designated as frequently used and commonly used References Edit A Guide to Reading amp Writing Japanese Charles E Tuttle Co 1961 Edition In 1981 the jōyō kanji list superseded the old tōyō kanji list the list of Chinese characters which was announced in November 1946 and designated for daily use Japan Times editorial Revising the list of kanji Archived 2009 02 16 at the Wayback Machine Nov 16 2008 retrieved 27 May 2009 a b 改定常用漢字表 30日に内閣告示 閣議で正式決定 The amended list of jōyō kanji receives cabinet notice on 30th to be officially confirmed in cabinet meeting in Japanese Nihon Keizai Shimbun 24 November 2010 Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 Retrieved 1 February 2015 柿 など９字追加 鷹 は選外 新常用漢字の修正案 Nine kanji such as 柿 added 鷹 is not selected in the new jōyō kanji amendment in Japanese Asahi Shimbun 23 October 2009 Archived from the original on 14 February 2010 Retrieved 25 October 2009 https www bunka go jp kokugo nihongo sisaku joho joho kijun naikaku pdf joyokanjihyo 20101130 pdf p 6 http www japantoday com category national view govt to announce new list of kanji for common use at end of month permanent dead link External links EditList of Jōyō Kanji Japanese Agency for Cultural Affairs Online jōyō kanji database Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Jōyō kanji amp oldid 1152458111, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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