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Ixtonton

January 01, 1970

Ixtonton is a Maya archaeological site in the department of Petén in northern Guatemala.[1] It is located in the northwestern portion of the Maya Mountains[2] in the municipality of Dolores.[1] The ruins are situated approximately 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) east of the town of Dolores itself.[3] Ixtonton was the capital city of one of the four Maya kingdoms in the upper Mopan Valley.[4] The site was occupied from the Late Preclassic period (c. 400 BC – AD 200) through to the Terminal Classic (c. AD 800-900), with some evidence of continued activity into the Postclassic (c. 900–1521).[2] For the majority of its history Ixtonton was the most important city in the upper Mopan Valley, with its only rivals emerging in the Late Classic (c. 600-900).[5] The acropolis at Ixtonton is laid out around two plazas on top of an artificially modified karstic hill.[5]

Stela 2 from Ixtonton, now in the Museo Regional del Sureste de Petén ("Southeastern Peten Regional Museum")

Ixtonton was first described by the Atlas Arqueológico de Guatemala project in 1985.[6] The ruins have been set aside as a protected archaeological park by the Dirección General del Patrimonio Cultural y Natural ("Department of Cultural and Natural Heritage").[7]

Location edit

The site is bordered to the north and the east by the Mopan River, while to the south the terrain is characterised by savanna and pine forest (of the species Pinus caribaea).[6][8] To the west are karstic limestone hills very similar in nature to those that the site itself occupies.[8] Ixtonton is located close to a number of other Maya archaeological sites, the most important of which are Ixtutz, 8.7 kilometres (5.4 mi) distant, and Ixkun at a distance of 7.5 kilometres (4.7 mi).[9]

History edit

Ceramic finds suggest that the site was first occupied at the beginning of the Late Preclassic period, possibly with the E-Group astronomical complex in the site core being built at around that time.[10] From that time onwards Ixtonton was the most important city in the Dolores Valley and a large portion of the Maya Mountains, and it had no serious challenger throughout the Early Classic period.[10] The site was heavily occupied in the Late Classic and large quantities of finds have been recovered that date to the Terminal Classic, with evidence that occupation continued into the Postclassic.[10] During the Late Classic, Ixkun and Ixtutz both developed sufficiently to rival Ixtonton, but this did not last and Ixtonton continued as the most prominent site in the region.[11]

Ixtonton was first reported to the Guatemalan authorities in 1985, by which time most of its stelae had already been looted.[12]

Site description edit

The site covers an approximate area of 6 square kilometres (2.3 sq mi), with its borders not clearly demarked but rather a gradual phasing into neighbouring centres.[8] The site includes all the features commonly associated with a principal city in the Maya lowlands, including plazas, temples, ballcourts, palaces and causeways.[13]

Site core edit

The principal architecture is grouped around two plazas upon a massive basal platform,[10] itself set upon a karstic hill.[14] The East Plaza was dominated by an E-Group astronomical complex, while the principal structure of the West Plaza was a pyramid on its south side.[10] There are three smaller plazas; the North Plaza, Northwest Plaza, Southeast Plaza.[15] Ixtonton is one of only two cities in the central Dolores plateau that possess two ballcourts instead of only one, the other city being Ix Ak. Both ballcourts are located within the site core.[16] They are small in size and are both oriented north-south.[10] The various groups in the site core are linked by three causeways, denominated the North Causeway, the South Causeway and the West Causeway.[10]

Ballcourt I is located to the northwest of the E-Group complex near to the North Causeway and dates to the Late Classic. It measures 11 by 11 metres (36 by 36 ft).[17] The eastern structure of the ballcourt has been heavily damaged by looters, with four major looters' pits.[18] The western structure is in somewhat better condition, with two major looters' pits, but is also badly damaged and heavily eroded.[18]

Ballcourt II also dates to the Late Classic but was built later than Ballcourt I. It measures 20 by 5 metres (66 by 16 ft).[17] The East and West Structures were built of well-cut stone, with the sides of the playing area rising vertically for two courses of stone, then continuing as a slope.[19]

The E-Group consists of an East Platform supporting a central temple and flanked by two smaller shrines. The complex has been damaged by looters, with the greater damage being caused to the flanking shrines. Ceramic fragments recovered from the north shrine date to the Late Classic. The central temple was accessed via a 7.4-metre (24 ft) long recessed stairway. The stairway was built from stone blocks measuring 50 by 30 centimetres (20 by 12 in) by 10 centimetres (3.9 in) high. The steps have a tread of 40 centimetres (16 in) and risers measuring 37 centimetres (15 in). Two stelae were situated at the base of the central stairway, they are both very poorly preserved. Stela 2 was situated on the north side of the stairway.[20] The badly fragmented remains of a plain stela were found in a symmetrical position on the south side of the base of the central stairway.[21]

West Plaza edit

The Northwest Structure of the West Plaza is a small platform measuring 5 metres (16 ft) north-south by 6 metres (20 ft) east-west.[22]

Causeways edit

The North Causeway is the longest causeway at Ixtonton. It measures 550 metres (1,800 ft) long and averages 15 metres (49 ft) wide.[23] It was built from broken stone, maintaining it level in spite of the hilly terrain, with the more elevated portions of causeway being contained by reinforced walls.[24] It ends in a low platform at the north end and joins the site core to the various architectural groups located to the north.[25]

The South Causeway is 150 metres (490 ft) long and 20 metres (66 ft) wide. It leads to a group of structures situated upon a raised basal platform, near a group of hills supporting further architectural groups.[17]

The West Causeway is 470 metres (1,540 ft) long and 20 metres (66 ft) wide, running west from a junction with the South Causeway. Its construction is very similar to that of the North Causeway. It joins the ceremonial core of the site to Group 2.[17]

Other groups edit

The site included 120 residential groups separated by uninhabited areas that may have been used for agriculture.[10] The site periphery includes 79 archaeological groups located on 64 hills.[8] The hills vary in height from minor elevations of 2 metres (6.6 ft) through to hills that stand over 20 metres (66 ft) high.[8] The site has been heavily looted, with 75% of the archaeological groups exhibiting damage, with the damage being concentrated on the larger mounds.[8]

Group 2 edit

Group 2 is located to the northwest of the ceremonial core of the site, upon a hill that may have been artificially modified.[15] It supports a number of mounds enclosing a raised plaza, in some cases parts of the walls are visible. Narrow pieces of fallen stone lintel are visible on the north structure.[15] Group 2 is the most important architectural group outside of the ceremonial core of the city.[17] It was accessed from the West Causeway via a stairway and included the tallest architecture among the peripheral groups of the site, with one structure standing over 8.5 metres (28 ft) tall.[17]

Group 28 edit

Group 28 is situated upon a limestone hill in the southwestern portion of the site.[26] It was excavated in 1995 by the Escuela de Historia ("School of History") of the Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala.[26] It consists of 29 residential structures, most of which are situated upon the summit, although a cluster of structures were built upon a terrace upon the northwest side of the hill.[27] Group 28 has suffered extensive damage as a result of the activities of looters,[26] with further damage caused by modern agricultural activity. The excavated structures were all built in a single construction period during the Late Classic, and continued in use through to the Terminal Classic. The group probably continued to be inhabited into the Postclassic period. Excavations of the patio of Group 28 revealed rubble infill dating to the Late Preclassic, although no structures were found to date to this far back. The excavators believed that older structures were demolished to make way for later construction. Relatively abundant finds associated with Group 28 included ceramics, stone artefacts, worked bone and antler tools.[28]

Structure 1 in this group is distinguished from the other structures by its size, and served a political-administrative function. It measures 7.8 by 11.3 metres (26 by 37 ft).[26]

Monuments edit

Ixtonton had various stelae, but the majority of them were looted before the site had been reported, leaving only 2 in place. There are also a number of plain altars, some circular in shape and others with a flattened form.[10]

Stela 1 is badly damaged. It was located in the centre of the West Plaza. It was fashioned from limestone and sculpted on one side only, with four columns of poorly preserved hieroglyphic script.[15]

Stela 2 was found at the north side of the base of central stairway of the E-Group. It was found in a fallen position and was fashioned from slate and measured 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) long, 20 centimetres (7.9 in) thick and 40 to 50 centimetres (16 to 20 in) wide. When erect, the sculpted personage would have faced to the south, with the chest facing forwards. The figure grips a mannequin sceptre in the right hand. The sculpture is badly damaged, with the faced destroyed. Various fragments were found nearby but the stela butt is missing so the stela's original location is not known for certain. It is estimated to weigh 455 to 540 kilograms (1,003 to 1,190 lb).[20]

Burials edit

Burial 138 through to Burial 145 were all found in Group 28. Most of these were too disturbed to provide much information, although the majority were adults.[28]

Burial 142 was excavated from the main axis of Structure 13 in Group 28. The remains were those of an adult male deposited upon his back in a cist measuring 1.8 by 0.42 metres (5.9 by 1.4 ft). It was accompanied by an offering consisting of a ceramic bowl and a polychrome vase. The burial has been dated to the Late Classic period.[28]

Burial 145 was found upon the axis of Structure 11 in Group 28. The remains were deposited lying curled on their left side in a cist measuring 0.95 by 0.55 metres (3.1 by 1.8 ft). The remains were oriented north-south with the head towards the north. A ceramic bowl was deposited by the head, there was also a flint arrowhead deposited as part of the offering. The burial has been dated to the Late Classic.[28]

Notes edit

  1. ^ a b Laporte et al 1991, p.210.
  2. ^ a b Laporte 1993, p.231.
  3. ^ Laporte and Torres 1988, p.52.
  4. ^ Laporte 2005, 2006, p.202.
  5. ^ a b Laporte 2004, 2005, p.206.
  6. ^ a b Laporte 1992, p.415.
  7. ^ Corzo 2007, p.80.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Laporte and Torres 1988, p.53.
  9. ^ Laporte 1992, p.429.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i Laporte 1992, p.428.
  11. ^ Laporte 1992, p.438.
  12. ^ Laporte 1992, pp.415, 428.
  13. ^ Laporte 1992, pp.427-428.
  14. ^ Laporte 1992, p.435.
  15. ^ a b c d Laporte and Torres 1994, p.116.
  16. ^ Roldán 1995, p.551.
  17. ^ a b c d e f Laporte and Torres 1988, p.56.
  18. ^ a b Laporte and Torres 1988, p.73.
  19. ^ Laporte and Torres 1988, p.75.
  20. ^ a b Laporte and Torres 1988, pp.56-58.
  21. ^ Laporte and Torres 1988, p.59.
  22. ^ Laporte and Torres 1988, p.66.
  23. ^ Laporte and Torres 1988, p.54.
  24. ^ Laporte and Torres 1988, pp.54-55.
  25. ^ Laporte and Torres 1988, p.55.
  26. ^ a b c d Benítez 1996, p.223.
  27. ^ Benítez 1996, pp.223, 225.
  28. ^ a b c d Benítez 1996, p.224.

References edit

  • Benítez, Henry (1996). (PDF). Reporte 10, Atlas Arqueológico de Guatemala (in Spanish). Guatemala: Instituto de Antropología e Historia: 223–232. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-11-12. Retrieved 2011-08-23.
  • Corzo, Lilian A. (2007). J.P. Laporte; B. Arroyo; H. Mejía (eds.). (PDF). XX Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 2006 (in Spanish). Guatemala City, Guatemala: Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología. pp. 77–106. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-04. Retrieved 2011-08-22.
  • Laporte, Juan Pedro; Carlos Rolando Torres (1988). (PDF). Reporte 1, Atlas Arqueológico de Guatemala (in Spanish). Guatemala: Instituto de Antropología e Historia: 52–113. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-11-12. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
  • Laporte, Juan Pedro; Carlos Rolando Torres; Bernard Hermes (1991). J.P. Laporte; S. Villagrán; H. Escobedo; D. de González; J. Valdés (eds.). (PDF). II Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 1988 (in Spanish). Guatemala: Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología: 210–225. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-14. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
  • Laporte, Juan Pedro (December 1992). Lutz, Christopher H (ed.). "Los sitios arqueológicos del valle de Dolores en las montañas mayas de Guatemala". Mesoamérica (in Spanish). 24. Antigua, Guatemala: Centro de Investigaciones Regionales de Mesoamérica. ISSN 0252-9963.
  • Laporte, Juan Pedro (1993). J.P. Laporte; H. Escobedo; S. Villagrán de Brady (eds.). (PDF). VI Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 1992 (in Spanish). Guatemala: Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología: 231–249. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-14. Retrieved 2011-08-20.
  • Laporte, Juan Pedro; Carlos Rolando Torres (1994). J.P. Laporte; H. Escobedo; S. Villagrán (eds.). (PDF). I Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 1987 (in Spanish). Guatemala: Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología. pp. 112–134. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-14. Retrieved 2011-08-23.
  • Laporte, Juan Pedro (2006) [2005]. "Terminal Classic Settlement and Polity in the Mopan Valley, Petén, Guatemala". In Arthur A. Demarest; Prudence M. Rice; Don S. Rice (eds.). The Terminal Classic in the Maya lowlands: Collapse, transition, and transformation. Boulder: University Press of Colorado. pp. 195–230. ISBN 0-87081-822-8. OCLC 61719499.
  • Roldán, Julio A. (1995). J.P. Laporte; H. Escobedo (eds.). (PDF). VIII Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 1994 (in Spanish). Guatemala: Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología: 550–562. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-11-02. Retrieved 2011-08-20.

Further reading edit

  • Laporte, Juan Pedro; Carlos Rolando Torres; Paulino I. Morales; Jorge Mario Samayoa; Nora María López; Juan Antonio Valdés (1989). (PDF). Reporte 3: Informe del reconocimiento arqueológico del valle de Dolores, Petén (in Spanish). Guatemala: Instituto de Antropología e Historia: 96–150. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-11-12. Retrieved 2011-08-22.

16°30′15.73″N 89°23′24.89″W / 16.5043694°N 89.3902472°W / 16.5043694; -89.3902472

January 01, 1970
ixtonton, maya, archaeological, site, department, petén, northern, guatemala, located, northwestern, portion, maya, mountains, municipality, dolores, ruins, situated, approximately, kilometres, east, town, dolores, itself, capital, city, four, maya, kingdoms, . Ixtonton is a Maya archaeological site in the department of Peten in northern Guatemala 1 It is located in the northwestern portion of the Maya Mountains 2 in the municipality of Dolores 1 The ruins are situated approximately 2 kilometres 1 2 mi east of the town of Dolores itself 3 Ixtonton was the capital city of one of the four Maya kingdoms in the upper Mopan Valley 4 The site was occupied from the Late Preclassic period c 400 BC AD 200 through to the Terminal Classic c AD 800 900 with some evidence of continued activity into the Postclassic c 900 1521 2 For the majority of its history Ixtonton was the most important city in the upper Mopan Valley with its only rivals emerging in the Late Classic c 600 900 5 The acropolis at Ixtonton is laid out around two plazas on top of an artificially modified karstic hill 5 Stela 2 from Ixtonton now in the Museo Regional del Sureste de Peten Southeastern Peten Regional Museum Ixtonton was first described by the Atlas Arqueologico de Guatemala project in 1985 6 The ruins have been set aside as a protected archaeological park by the Direccion General del Patrimonio Cultural y Natural Department of Cultural and Natural Heritage 7 Contents 1 Location 2 History 3 Site description 3 1 Site core 3 1 1 West Plaza 3 2 Causeways 3 3 Other groups 3 3 1 Group 2 3 3 2 Group 28 3 4 Monuments 3 5 Burials 4 Notes 5 References 6 Further readingLocation editThe site is bordered to the north and the east by the Mopan River while to the south the terrain is characterised by savanna and pine forest of the species Pinus caribaea 6 8 To the west are karstic limestone hills very similar in nature to those that the site itself occupies 8 Ixtonton is located close to a number of other Maya archaeological sites the most important of which are Ixtutz 8 7 kilometres 5 4 mi distant and Ixkun at a distance of 7 5 kilometres 4 7 mi 9 History editCeramic finds suggest that the site was first occupied at the beginning of the Late Preclassic period possibly with the E Group astronomical complex in the site core being built at around that time 10 From that time onwards Ixtonton was the most important city in the Dolores Valley and a large portion of the Maya Mountains and it had no serious challenger throughout the Early Classic period 10 The site was heavily occupied in the Late Classic and large quantities of finds have been recovered that date to the Terminal Classic with evidence that occupation continued into the Postclassic 10 During the Late Classic Ixkun and Ixtutz both developed sufficiently to rival Ixtonton but this did not last and Ixtonton continued as the most prominent site in the region 11 Ixtonton was first reported to the Guatemalan authorities in 1985 by which time most of its stelae had already been looted 12 Site description editThe site covers an approximate area of 6 square kilometres 2 3 sq mi with its borders not clearly demarked but rather a gradual phasing into neighbouring centres 8 The site includes all the features commonly associated with a principal city in the Maya lowlands including plazas temples ballcourts palaces and causeways 13 Site core edit The principal architecture is grouped around two plazas upon a massive basal platform 10 itself set upon a karstic hill 14 The East Plaza was dominated by an E Group astronomical complex while the principal structure of the West Plaza was a pyramid on its south side 10 There are three smaller plazas the North Plaza Northwest Plaza Southeast Plaza 15 Ixtonton is one of only two cities in the central Dolores plateau that possess two ballcourts instead of only one the other city being Ix Ak Both ballcourts are located within the site core 16 They are small in size and are both oriented north south 10 The various groups in the site core are linked by three causeways denominated the North Causeway the South Causeway and the West Causeway 10 Ballcourt I is located to the northwest of the E Group complex near to the North Causeway and dates to the Late Classic It measures 11 by 11 metres 36 by 36 ft 17 The eastern structure of the ballcourt has been heavily damaged by looters with four major looters pits 18 The western structure is in somewhat better condition with two major looters pits but is also badly damaged and heavily eroded 18 Ballcourt II also dates to the Late Classic but was built later than Ballcourt I It measures 20 by 5 metres 66 by 16 ft 17 The East and West Structures were built of well cut stone with the sides of the playing area rising vertically for two courses of stone then continuing as a slope 19 The E Group consists of an East Platform supporting a central temple and flanked by two smaller shrines The complex has been damaged by looters with the greater damage being caused to the flanking shrines Ceramic fragments recovered from the north shrine date to the Late Classic The central temple was accessed via a 7 4 metre 24 ft long recessed stairway The stairway was built from stone blocks measuring 50 by 30 centimetres 20 by 12 in by 10 centimetres 3 9 in high The steps have a tread of 40 centimetres 16 in and risers measuring 37 centimetres 15 in Two stelae were situated at the base of the central stairway they are both very poorly preserved Stela 2 was situated on the north side of the stairway 20 The badly fragmented remains of a plain stela were found in a symmetrical position on the south side of the base of the central stairway 21 West Plaza edit The Northwest Structure of the West Plaza is a small platform measuring 5 metres 16 ft north south by 6 metres 20 ft east west 22 Causeways edit The North Causeway is the longest causeway at Ixtonton It measures 550 metres 1 800 ft long and averages 15 metres 49 ft wide 23 It was built from broken stone maintaining it level in spite of the hilly terrain with the more elevated portions of causeway being contained by reinforced walls 24 It ends in a low platform at the north end and joins the site core to the various architectural groups located to the north 25 The South Causeway is 150 metres 490 ft long and 20 metres 66 ft wide It leads to a group of structures situated upon a raised basal platform near a group of hills supporting further architectural groups 17 The West Causeway is 470 metres 1 540 ft long and 20 metres 66 ft wide running west from a junction with the South Causeway Its construction is very similar to that of the North Causeway It joins the ceremonial core of the site to Group 2 17 Other groups edit The site included 120 residential groups separated by uninhabited areas that may have been used for agriculture 10 The site periphery includes 79 archaeological groups located on 64 hills 8 The hills vary in height from minor elevations of 2 metres 6 6 ft through to hills that stand over 20 metres 66 ft high 8 The site has been heavily looted with 75 of the archaeological groups exhibiting damage with the damage being concentrated on the larger mounds 8 Group 2 edit Group 2 is located to the northwest of the ceremonial core of the site upon a hill that may have been artificially modified 15 It supports a number of mounds enclosing a raised plaza in some cases parts of the walls are visible Narrow pieces of fallen stone lintel are visible on the north structure 15 Group 2 is the most important architectural group outside of the ceremonial core of the city 17 It was accessed from the West Causeway via a stairway and included the tallest architecture among the peripheral groups of the site with one structure standing over 8 5 metres 28 ft tall 17 Group 28 edit Group 28 is situated upon a limestone hill in the southwestern portion of the site 26 It was excavated in 1995 by the Escuela de Historia School of History of the Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala 26 It consists of 29 residential structures most of which are situated upon the summit although a cluster of structures were built upon a terrace upon the northwest side of the hill 27 Group 28 has suffered extensive damage as a result of the activities of looters 26 with further damage caused by modern agricultural activity The excavated structures were all built in a single construction period during the Late Classic and continued in use through to the Terminal Classic The group probably continued to be inhabited into the Postclassic period Excavations of the patio of Group 28 revealed rubble infill dating to the Late Preclassic although no structures were found to date to this far back The excavators believed that older structures were demolished to make way for later construction Relatively abundant finds associated with Group 28 included ceramics stone artefacts worked bone and antler tools 28 Structure 1 in this group is distinguished from the other structures by its size and served a political administrative function It measures 7 8 by 11 3 metres 26 by 37 ft 26 Monuments edit Ixtonton had various stelae but the majority of them were looted before the site had been reported leaving only 2 in place There are also a number of plain altars some circular in shape and others with a flattened form 10 Stela 1 is badly damaged It was located in the centre of the West Plaza It was fashioned from limestone and sculpted on one side only with four columns of poorly preserved hieroglyphic script 15 Stela 2 was found at the north side of the base of central stairway of the E Group It was found in a fallen position and was fashioned from slate and measured 1 5 metres 4 9 ft long 20 centimetres 7 9 in thick and 40 to 50 centimetres 16 to 20 in wide When erect the sculpted personage would have faced to the south with the chest facing forwards The figure grips a mannequin sceptre in the right hand The sculpture is badly damaged with the faced destroyed Various fragments were found nearby but the stela butt is missing so the stela s original location is not known for certain It is estimated to weigh 455 to 540 kilograms 1 003 to 1 190 lb 20 Burials edit Burial 138 through to Burial 145 were all found in Group 28 Most of these were too disturbed to provide much information although the majority were adults 28 Burial 142 was excavated from the main axis of Structure 13 in Group 28 The remains were those of an adult male deposited upon his back in a cist measuring 1 8 by 0 42 metres 5 9 by 1 4 ft It was accompanied by an offering consisting of a ceramic bowl and a polychrome vase The burial has been dated to the Late Classic period 28 Burial 145 was found upon the axis of Structure 11 in Group 28 The remains were deposited lying curled on their left side in a cist measuring 0 95 by 0 55 metres 3 1 by 1 8 ft The remains were oriented north south with the head towards the north A ceramic bowl was deposited by the head there was also a flint arrowhead deposited as part of the offering The burial has been dated to the Late Classic 28 Notes edit a b Laporte et al 1991 p 210 a b Laporte 1993 p 231 Laporte and Torres 1988 p 52 Laporte 2005 2006 p 202 a b Laporte 2004 2005 p 206 a b Laporte 1992 p 415 Corzo 2007 p 80 a b c d e f Laporte and Torres 1988 p 53 Laporte 1992 p 429 a b c d e f g h i Laporte 1992 p 428 Laporte 1992 p 438 Laporte 1992 pp 415 428 Laporte 1992 pp 427 428 Laporte 1992 p 435 a b c d Laporte and Torres 1994 p 116 Roldan 1995 p 551 a b c d e f Laporte and Torres 1988 p 56 a b Laporte and Torres 1988 p 73 Laporte and Torres 1988 p 75 a b Laporte and Torres 1988 pp 56 58 Laporte and Torres 1988 p 59 Laporte and Torres 1988 p 66 Laporte and Torres 1988 p 54 Laporte and Torres 1988 pp 54 55 Laporte and Torres 1988 p 55 a b c d Benitez 1996 p 223 Benitez 1996 pp 223 225 a b c d Benitez 1996 p 224 References editBenitez Henry 1996 Excavaciones en el area habitacional de Ixtonton Dolores PDF Reporte 10 Atlas Arqueologico de Guatemala in Spanish Guatemala Instituto de Antropologia e Historia 223 232 Archived from the original PDF on 2014 11 12 Retrieved 2011 08 23 Corzo Lilian A 2007 J P Laporte B Arroyo H Mejia eds El Museo Regional del Sureste de Peten Dolores Peten PDF XX Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueologicas en Guatemala 2006 in Spanish Guatemala City Guatemala Museo Nacional de Arqueologia y Etnologia pp 77 106 Archived from the original PDF on 2011 09 04 Retrieved 2011 08 22 Laporte Juan Pedro Carlos Rolando Torres 1988 Reconocimiento en Ixtonton Dolores PDF Reporte 1 Atlas Arqueologico de Guatemala in Spanish Guatemala Instituto de Antropologia e Historia 52 113 Archived from the original PDF on 2014 11 12 Retrieved 2011 08 20 Laporte Juan Pedro Carlos Rolando Torres Bernard Hermes 1991 J P Laporte S Villagran H Escobedo D de Gonzalez J Valdes eds Ixtonton Evolucion de un asentamiento en el alto rio Mopan PDF II Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueologicas en Guatemala 1988 in Spanish Guatemala Museo Nacional de Arqueologia y Etnologia 210 225 Archived from the original PDF on 2011 09 14 Retrieved 2011 08 20 Laporte Juan Pedro December 1992 Lutz Christopher H ed Los sitios arqueologicos del valle de Dolores en las montanas mayas de Guatemala Mesoamerica in Spanish 24 Antigua Guatemala Centro de Investigaciones Regionales de Mesoamerica ISSN 0252 9963 Laporte Juan Pedro 1993 J P Laporte H Escobedo S Villagran de Brady eds Funcion arquitectura y ritual en tres plazas ceremoniales de Ixtonton Peten PDF VI Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueologicas en Guatemala 1992 in Spanish Guatemala Museo Nacional de Arqueologia y Etnologia 231 249 Archived from the original PDF on 2011 09 14 Retrieved 2011 08 20 Laporte Juan Pedro Carlos Rolando Torres 1994 J P Laporte H Escobedo S Villagran eds Los senorios del Sureste de Peten PDF I Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueologicas en Guatemala 1987 in Spanish Guatemala Museo Nacional de Arqueologia y Etnologia pp 112 134 Archived from the original PDF on 2011 09 14 Retrieved 2011 08 23 Laporte Juan Pedro 2006 2005 Terminal Classic Settlement and Polity in the Mopan Valley Peten Guatemala In Arthur A Demarest Prudence M Rice Don S Rice eds The Terminal Classic in the Maya lowlands Collapse transition and transformation Boulder University Press of Colorado pp 195 230 ISBN 0 87081 822 8 OCLC 61719499 Roldan Julio A 1995 J P Laporte H Escobedo eds Estudios preliminares sobre los Juegos de Pelota de Ixtonton Funcion y significado PDF VIII Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueologicas en Guatemala 1994 in Spanish Guatemala Museo Nacional de Arqueologia y Etnologia 550 562 Archived from the original PDF on 2014 11 02 Retrieved 2011 08 20 Further reading editLaporte Juan Pedro Carlos Rolando Torres Paulino I Morales Jorge Mario Samayoa Nora Maria Lopez Juan Antonio Valdes 1989 Ixtonton PDF Reporte 3 Informe del reconocimiento arqueologico del valle de Dolores Peten in Spanish Guatemala Instituto de Antropologia e Historia 96 150 Archived from the original PDF on 2014 11 12 Retrieved 2011 08 22 16 30 15 73 N 89 23 24 89 W 16 5043694 N 89 3902472 W 16 5043694 89 3902472 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ixtonton amp oldid 1112571823, wikipedia, wiki, 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