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Italian Co-belligerent Army

November 15, 2023

The Italian Co-belligerent Army (Esercito Cobelligerante Italiano), or Army of the South (Esercito del Sud) were names applied to various division sets of the now former Royal Italian Army during the period when it fought alongside the Allies during World War II from October 1943 onwards. During the same period, the pro-allied Italian Royal Navy and Italian Royal Air Force were known as the Italian Co-belligerent Navy and Italian Co-belligerent Air Force respectively. From September 1943, pro-Axis Italian forces became the National Republican Army of the newly formed Italian Social Republic.

Italian Co-belligerent Army
Esercito Cobelligerante Italiano
Flag of Italy with the emblem of Savoia.
Active1943–1945
Country Kingdom of Italy
AllegianceKing of Italy and Prime Minister
TypeArmy
RoleCo-belligerent allied-resistance forces of the Kingdom of Italy's government in exile
Size266,000 to 326,000
Part of Royal Italian Army
Garrison/HQBrindisi
Nickname(s)Army of the South
PatronKing
EngagementsWorld War II (Italian Civil War)
Commanders
Ceremonial chiefVictor Emmanuel III
Notable
commanders

The Italian Co-belligerent Army was the result of the Allied armistice with Italy on 8 September 1943; King Victor Emmanuel III dismissed Benito Mussolini as Prime Minister in July 1943 following the Allied invasion of Southern Italy, and nominated Marshal of Italy (Maresciallo d'Italia) Pietro Badoglio instead, who later aligned Italy with the Allies to fight the Social Republic's forces and its German allies in Northern Italy.

The Italian Co-belligerent Army fielded between 266,000 and 326,000 troops in the Italian Campaign, of whom 20,000 (later augmented to 50,000, though some sources place this number as high as 99,000) were combat troops and between 150,000 and 190,000 were auxiliary and support troops, along with 66,000 personnel involved with traffic control and infrastructure defence.[1] On the whole, the Italian Co-Belligerent Army made up 1/8 of the fighting force and 1/4 of the entire force of 15th Army Group of the Allied Forces.

I Motorized Grouping edit

The first formation of the Co-belligerent Army was the I Motorized Grouping (Italian: I Raggruppamento Motorizzato) created on 27 November 1943 in San Pietro Vernotico near Brindisi. The units for the I Motorized Grouping were drawn from the 58th Infantry Division "Legnano" and 18th Infantry Division "Messina".[2] Some of the soldiers who joined the unit had managed to evade capture and internment by German forces.[3] The unit was composed of 295 officers and 5,387 men and was created to participate alongside the Allies against Germany and the Italian Social Republic in the Italian campaign. The unit was commanded by General Vincenzo Dapino, who led it during its first engagement in the Battle of San Pietro Infine in December of the same year. This action did much to remove the Allies' distrust of Italian soldiers fighting on their side.[4] The unit suffered heavy casualties and was judged to have performed satisfactorily.[5]

Following the service with the American Fifth Army and reorganization, command of the I Motorized Grouping was given to General Umberto Utili and the unit was transferred to the Polish II Corps on the extreme left of the British Eighth Army.[4] In early 1944 the unit was reorganised and expanded into the Italian Liberation Corps.[6]

Italian Liberation Corps edit

Main article: Italian Liberation Corps

On 18 April 1944, the I Motorized Grouping (now 16,000 men strong) assumed the name Italian Liberation Corps (Italian: Corpo Italiano di Liberazione, or CIL) and was divided into two brigades.[7][4] The CIL was augmented with the 6,000 men strong 184th Paratroopers Division "Nembo". The CIL's commander was General Umberto Utili. In early 1944, a 5,000-man force of Italians fought on the Gustav Line around Monte Cassino and acquitted itself well. The Italians once again suffered heavy casualties.[5]

Italian Co-belligerent Army from late 1944 to 1945 edit

Further information: Gothic Line order of battle and Operation Grapeshot order of battle

After the Battle of Filottrano [it] in July 1944 the Italian government proposed to increase the number of Italian troops fighting on the Allied side. The proposal was accepted and in September 1944 the CIL was taken out of the line and sent to the rear to be equipped with British material, including British Battledress uniforms and helmets. On 24 September 1944, the CIL was disbanded and its personnel and units used to form the first combat groups: "Legnano" and "Folgore". Soon four more combat groups were formed: "Cremona", "Friuli", "Mantova", and "Piceno". These groups were equal in size to weak divisions. The established strength for each was 432 officers, 8,578 other ranks, 116 field guns, 170 mortars, 502 light machine guns, and 1,277 motor vehicles. The Combat Groups were given the names of old Royal Army divisions and followed the numbering system of older regiments to some extent.[5] These groups were attached to various American and British formations on the Gothic Line. The following is the "order of battle" of the Italian Co-belligerent Army as of April 1945.[8]

The Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces High Command was Marshal Giovanni Messe, while the Chief of Staff of the Army was Lieutenant General Paolo Berardi.

Combat groups edit

Each infantry regiment fielded three infantry battalions, a mortar company armed with British ML 3 inch mortars and an anti-tank company armed with British QF 6 pounder guns. The artillery regiments consisted of four artillery groups with British QF 25 pounder guns, one anti-tank group with British QF 17 pounder guns and one anti-air group armed with British versions of the Bofors 40mm gun.

 
Churchill tank of 'C' Squadron, North Irish Horse of the Italian Co Belligerent Army carrying Italian infantry of 3rd Battalion, 21st Infantry (Italian), north of Castel Borsetti, 2 March 1945

Auxiliary divisions edit

In addition to the Combat Groups the Italian Co-belligerent Army included eight Auxiliary Divisions (Italian: Divisioni Ausiliarie) for labour, support and second-line duties. At its peak the division fielded about 150,000-190,000. These auxiliary units were the following:

  • 205th Division, supported US Army Air Forces in the Mediterranean Command
    • 51st Aviation Group (Infantry and AA Artillery Air Force Regiment)
    • 52nd Aviation Group (Infantry and AA Artillery Air Force Regiment)
    • 53rd Aviation Group (Infantry and AA Artillery Air Force Regiment)
    • 54th Aviation Group (Infantry and AA Artillery Air Force Regiment)
    • 55th Aviation Group (Infantry and AA Artillery Air Force Regiment)
  • 209th Division, supported 1st British District
  • 210th Division, supported US Fifth Army
  • 212th Division, the largest of the Auxiliary Divisions, at its height its complements exceeded 44,000 men providing rear area support from Naples to Pisa and Livorno
  • 227th Division, supported 3rd British District
  • 228th Division, supported UK Eighth Army
  • 230th Division, supported British forces
    • 541st Infantry, Coast Artillery and AA Artillery Regiment
    • 403rd Pioneer and Labor Regiment (Engineer Corps)
    • 404th Pioneer and Labor Regiment (Engineer Corps)
    • 406th Pioneer and Labor Regiment (Engineer Corps)
    • 501st Security Battalion
    • 510th Security Battalion
    • 514th Security Battalion
    • XXI Supply Trains Group (Regiment-sized unit)
  • 231st Division, supported the British XIII Corps of the US Fifth Army

On the whole the Italian Co-Belligerent Army made up 1/8 of the fighting force and 1/4 of the entire force of 15th Army Group of the Allied Forces.[9]

Internal security divisions edit

Not directly dependent from the Allied Headquarters in Italy the Co-Belligerent Army also deployed three Internal Security Divisions (Divisioni di Sicurezza Interna) for internal security duties:

Italian Army edit

In 1946, the Kingdom of Italy became the Italian Republic. In a similar manner, what had been the royalist Co-Belligerent Army simply became the Italian Army (Esercito Italiano).

Casualties edit

The Italian Liberation Corps suffered 1,868 killed and 5,187 wounded during the Italian campaign;[10] the Italian Auxiliary Divisions lost 744 men killed, 2,202 wounded and 109 missing.[11] Some sources estimate the overall number of members of the Italian regular forces killed on the Allied side as 5,927.[12]

Notable members edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Di Capua, Resistenzialità versus Resistenza, p.87
  2. ^ "1° Raggruppamento Motorizzato". Italian Army. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  3. ^ Holland, Italy's Sorrow, p. 53
  4. ^ a b c Mollo, The Armed Forces of World War II, p. 100
  5. ^ a b c Jowett, The Italian Army 1940-43 (3), p. 24
  6. ^ Roggero, Roberto (2006). Le verità militari e politiche della guerra di liberazione in Italia. Greco & Greco. ISBN 88-7980-417-0.
  7. ^ "L'Esercito e i suoi corpi - Volume Terzo - Tomo I". Rome: Ministero della Difesa - Stato Maggiore dell’Esercito - Ufficio Storico. 1979. p. 90. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
  8. ^ . Military History Network. 11 March 2004. Archived from the original on 2007-10-19. Retrieved 2007-12-21.
  9. ^ Fatutta, Francesco: "L'Esercito nella Guerra di Liberazione (1943-1945)", Rivista Italiana Difesa, n°8 Agosto 2002, pag. 82-94.
  10. ^ Tucker, Spencer C. (2016-09-06). World War II: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection [5 volumes]: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection. ISBN 9781851099696.
  11. ^ "Le divisioni ausiliarie: Soldati operai".
  12. ^ "Numero delle vittime della II Guerra Mondiale". 28 November 2011.

Sources edit

November 15, 2023
italian, belligerent, army, esercito, cobelligerante, italiano, army, south, esercito, were, names, applied, various, division, sets, former, royal, italian, army, during, period, when, fought, alongside, allies, during, world, from, october, 1943, onwards, du. The Italian Co belligerent Army Esercito Cobelligerante Italiano or Army of the South Esercito del Sud were names applied to various division sets of the now former Royal Italian Army during the period when it fought alongside the Allies during World War II from October 1943 onwards During the same period the pro allied Italian Royal Navy and Italian Royal Air Force were known as the Italian Co belligerent Navy and Italian Co belligerent Air Force respectively From September 1943 pro Axis Italian forces became the National Republican Army of the newly formed Italian Social Republic Italian Co belligerent ArmyEsercito Cobelligerante ItalianoFlag of Italy with the emblem of Savoia Active1943 1945Country Kingdom of ItalyAllegianceKing of Italy and Prime MinisterTypeArmyRoleCo belligerent allied resistance forces of the Kingdom of Italy s government in exileSize266 000 to 326 000Part of Royal Italian ArmyGarrison HQBrindisiNickname s Army of the SouthPatronKingEngagementsWorld War II Italian Civil War CommandersCeremonial chiefVictor Emmanuel IIINotablecommandersUmberto II Pietro Badoglio Giovanni Messe Clemente Primieri Umberto Utili The Italian Co belligerent Army was the result of the Allied armistice with Italy on 8 September 1943 King Victor Emmanuel III dismissed Benito Mussolini as Prime Minister in July 1943 following the Allied invasion of Southern Italy and nominated Marshal of Italy Maresciallo d Italia Pietro Badoglio instead who later aligned Italy with the Allies to fight the Social Republic s forces and its German allies in Northern Italy The Italian Co belligerent Army fielded between 266 000 and 326 000 troops in the Italian Campaign of whom 20 000 later augmented to 50 000 though some sources place this number as high as 99 000 were combat troops and between 150 000 and 190 000 were auxiliary and support troops along with 66 000 personnel involved with traffic control and infrastructure defence 1 On the whole the Italian Co Belligerent Army made up 1 8 of the fighting force and 1 4 of the entire force of 15th Army Group of the Allied Forces Contents 1 I Motorized Grouping 2 Italian Liberation Corps 3 Italian Co belligerent Army from late 1944 to 1945 3 1 Combat groups 3 2 Auxiliary divisions 3 3 Internal security divisions 4 Italian Army 5 Casualties 6 Notable members 7 See also 8 References 9 SourcesI Motorized Grouping editThe first formation of the Co belligerent Army was the I Motorized Grouping Italian I Raggruppamento Motorizzato created on 27 November 1943 in San Pietro Vernotico near Brindisi The units for the I Motorized Grouping were drawn from the 58th Infantry Division Legnano and 18th Infantry Division Messina 2 Some of the soldiers who joined the unit had managed to evade capture and internment by German forces 3 The unit was composed of 295 officers and 5 387 men and was created to participate alongside the Allies against Germany and the Italian Social Republic in the Italian campaign The unit was commanded by General Vincenzo Dapino who led it during its first engagement in the Battle of San Pietro Infine in December of the same year This action did much to remove the Allies distrust of Italian soldiers fighting on their side 4 The unit suffered heavy casualties and was judged to have performed satisfactorily 5 Following the service with the American Fifth Army and reorganization command of the I Motorized Grouping was given to General Umberto Utili and the unit was transferred to the Polish II Corps on the extreme left of the British Eighth Army 4 In early 1944 the unit was reorganised and expanded into the Italian Liberation Corps 6 Italian Liberation Corps editMain article Italian Liberation Corps On 18 April 1944 the I Motorized Grouping now 16 000 men strong assumed the name Italian Liberation Corps Italian Corpo Italiano di Liberazione or CIL and was divided into two brigades 7 4 The CIL was augmented with the 6 000 men strong 184th Paratroopers Division Nembo The CIL s commander was General Umberto Utili In early 1944 a 5 000 man force of Italians fought on the Gustav Line around Monte Cassino and acquitted itself well The Italians once again suffered heavy casualties 5 Italian Co belligerent Army from late 1944 to 1945 editFurther information Gothic Line order of battle and Operation Grapeshot order of battle After the Battle of Filottrano it in July 1944 the Italian government proposed to increase the number of Italian troops fighting on the Allied side The proposal was accepted and in September 1944 the CIL was taken out of the line and sent to the rear to be equipped with British material including British Battledress uniforms and helmets On 24 September 1944 the CIL was disbanded and its personnel and units used to form the first combat groups Legnano and Folgore Soon four more combat groups were formed Cremona Friuli Mantova and Piceno These groups were equal in size to weak divisions The established strength for each was 432 officers 8 578 other ranks 116 field guns 170 mortars 502 light machine guns and 1 277 motor vehicles The Combat Groups were given the names of old Royal Army divisions and followed the numbering system of older regiments to some extent 5 These groups were attached to various American and British formations on the Gothic Line The following is the order of battle of the Italian Co belligerent Army as of April 1945 8 The Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces High Command was Marshal Giovanni Messe while the Chief of Staff of the Army was Lieutenant General Paolo Berardi Combat groups edit Each infantry regiment fielded three infantry battalions a mortar company armed with British ML 3 inch mortars and an anti tank company armed with British QF 6 pounder guns The artillery regiments consisted of four artillery groups with British QF 25 pounder guns one anti tank group with British QF 17 pounder guns and one anti air group armed with British versions of the Bofors 40mm gun nbsp Churchill tank of C Squadron North Irish Horse of the Italian Co Belligerent Army carrying Italian infantry of 3rd Battalion 21st Infantry Italian north of Castel Borsetti 2 March 1945Combat Group Cremona with men from the 44th Infantry Division Cremona attached to British V Corps Major General Clemente Primieri 21st Infantry Regiment Cremona 22nd Infantry Regiment Cremona 7th Artillery Regiment CXLIV Engineer Battalion Combat Group Friuli with men from the 20th Infantry Division Friuli attached to British X Corps Major General Arturo Scattini 87th Infantry Regiment Friuli 88th Infantry Regiment Friuli 35th Artillery Regiment CXX Engineer Battalion Combat Group Folgore with men from the 184th Paratroopers Division Nembo attached to British XIII Corps Major General Giorgio Morigi Paratroopers Regiment Nembo Navy Regiment San Marco Paratroopers Artillery Regiment Folgore CLXXXIV Engineer Battalion Combat Group Legnano attached to US II Corps Major General Umberto Utili 68th Infantry Regiment Palermo with men from the 58th Infantry Division Legnano Special Infantry Regiment with 2x Alpini battalions remnants of the 3rd Alpini Regiment of the 1st Alpine Division Taurinense and 1x Bersaglieri battalion remnants of the 4th Bersaglieri Regiment 11th Artillery Regiment with men from the 104th Infantry Division Mantova LI Engineer Battalion Combat Group Mantova Major General Bologna 76th Infantry Regiment Napoli with men from the 54th Infantry Division Napoli 114th Infantry Regiment Mantova with men from the 104th Infantry Division Mantova 155th Artillery Regiment with men from the 155th Infantry Division Emilia CIV Engineer Battalion Combat Group Piceno with men from the 152nd Infantry Division Piceno Major General Emanuele Beraudo di Pralormo 235th Infantry Regiment Piceno 336th Infantry Regiment Pistoia 152nd Artillery Regiment CLII Engineer BattalionAuxiliary divisions edit In addition to the Combat Groups the Italian Co belligerent Army included eight Auxiliary Divisions Italian Divisioni Ausiliarie for labour support and second line duties At its peak the division fielded about 150 000 190 000 These auxiliary units were the following 205th Division supported US Army Air Forces in the Mediterranean Command 51st Aviation Group Infantry and AA Artillery Air Force Regiment 52nd Aviation Group Infantry and AA Artillery Air Force Regiment 53rd Aviation Group Infantry and AA Artillery Air Force Regiment 54th Aviation Group Infantry and AA Artillery Air Force Regiment 55th Aviation Group Infantry and AA Artillery Air Force Regiment 209th Division supported 1st British District 210th Division supported US Fifth Army 212th Division the largest of the Auxiliary Divisions at its height its complements exceeded 44 000 men providing rear area support from Naples to Pisa and Livorno 227th Division supported 3rd British District 228th Division supported UK Eighth Army 230th Division supported British forces 541st Infantry Coast Artillery and AA Artillery Regiment 403rd Pioneer and Labor Regiment Engineer Corps 404th Pioneer and Labor Regiment Engineer Corps 406th Pioneer and Labor Regiment Engineer Corps 501st Security Battalion 510th Security Battalion 514th Security Battalion XXI Supply Trains Group Regiment sized unit 231st Division supported the British XIII Corps of the US Fifth ArmyOn the whole the Italian Co Belligerent Army made up 1 8 of the fighting force and 1 4 of the entire force of 15th Army Group of the Allied Forces 9 Internal security divisions edit Not directly dependent from the Allied Headquarters in Italy the Co Belligerent Army also deployed three Internal Security Divisions Divisioni di Sicurezza Interna for internal security duties Internal Security Division Sabauda in Enna on Sicily I Security Brigade 45th Infantry Regiment 46th Infantry Regiment II Security Brigade 145th Infantry Regiment detached from the 227th Coastal Division 16th Field Artillery Regiment without artillery pieces CXXX Engineer Battalion Internal Security Division Aosta in Palermo on Sicily III Security Brigade 5th Infantry Regiment 6th Infantry Regiment IV Security Brigade 139th Infantry Regiment detached from the 47th Infantry Division Bari 22nd Field Artillery Regiment without artillery pieces XXVIII Engineer Battalion Internal Security Division Calabria in Cagliari on Sardinia V Security Brigade 59th Infantry Regiment 60th Infantry Regiment VI Security Brigade 236th Infantry Regiment detached from the 152nd Infantry Division Piceno 40th Field Artillery Regiment without artillery pieces XXXI Engineer BattalionItalian Army editIn 1946 the Kingdom of Italy became the Italian Republic In a similar manner what had been the royalist Co Belligerent Army simply became the Italian Army Esercito Italiano Casualties editThe Italian Liberation Corps suffered 1 868 killed and 5 187 wounded during the Italian campaign 10 the Italian Auxiliary Divisions lost 744 men killed 2 202 wounded and 109 missing 11 Some sources estimate the overall number of members of the Italian regular forces killed on the Allied side as 5 927 12 Notable members editCarlo Azeglio Ciampi President of the Italian Republic from 1999 to 2006 Eugenio Corti Giovanni Messe Gianni Agnelli Valerio Zurlini Clemente Primieri Umberto UtiliSee also editItalian Liberation Corps Italian Service Units Military history of Italy during World War II Italian Campaign in World War II Mediterranean Theatre of World War II Battle of Mignano Monte Lungo Battle of Bologna Operation Grapeshot Gothic Line Italian Royal Army Kingdom of Italy Italian National Republican Army Italian Social Republic Italian Co Belligerent Air Force Italian Co Belligerent Navy Co belligerence Operation Herring the last combat parachute jump in the European Theater of Operations made by Italian troops References edit Di Capua Resistenzialita versus Resistenza p 87 1 Raggruppamento Motorizzato Italian Army Retrieved 17 November 2021 Holland Italy s Sorrow p 53 a b c Mollo The Armed Forces of World War II p 100 a b c Jowett The Italian Army 1940 43 3 p 24 Roggero Roberto 2006 Le verita militari e politiche della guerra di liberazione in Italia Greco amp Greco ISBN 88 7980 417 0 L Esercito e i suoi corpi Volume Terzo Tomo I Rome Ministero della Difesa Stato Maggiore dell Esercito Ufficio Storico 1979 p 90 Retrieved 9 November 2021 Order of Battle Italian Co Belligerent Forces Military History Network 11 March 2004 Archived from the original on 2007 10 19 Retrieved 2007 12 21 Fatutta Francesco L Esercito nella Guerra di Liberazione 1943 1945 Rivista Italiana Difesa n 8 Agosto 2002 pag 82 94 Tucker Spencer C 2016 09 06 World War II The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection 5 volumes The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection ISBN 9781851099696 Le divisioni ausiliarie Soldati operai Numero delle vittime della II Guerra Mondiale 28 November 2011 Sources editDi Capua Giovanni Resistenzialita versus Resistenza Rubettino 2005 ISBN 88 498 1197 7 Holland James Italy s Sorrow A Year of War 1944 1945 St Martin s Press New York ISBN 978 0 312 37396 2 ISBN 0 312 37396 1 Jowett Phillip The Italian Army 1940 45 3 Italy 1943 45 Osprey Publishing Westminster MD ISBN 978 1 85532 866 2 Mollo Andrew The Armed Forces of World War II Crown Publishing New York ISBN 0 517 54478 4 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Italian Co belligerent Army amp oldid 1176582208, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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