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Ishwa

January 01, 1970

Ishwa' (Arabic: إشوع) was a Palestinian village which was depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war. The village was located about 20 km west of Jerusalem, on the present location of Eshta'ol. In the 1931 British census of Palestine, Ishwa had a population of 468 in 126 houses. The village was occupied by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) on July 16, 1948, in Operation Dani by the Harel Brigade. All of its inhabitants fled or were expelled.

Ishwa
إشوع
Etymology: from Eshua, personal name[1]
1870s map
1940s map
modern map
1940s with modern overlay map
A series of historical maps of the area around Ishwa (click the buttons)
Ishwa
Location within Mandatory Palestine
Coordinates: 31°46′50″N 35°00′40″E / 31.78056°N 35.01111°E / 31.78056; 35.01111
Palestine grid151/132
Geopolitical entityMandatory Palestine
SubdistrictJerusalem
Date of depopulation18 July 1948[2]
Population
 (1948[3])
 • Total719
Cause(s) of depopulationMilitary assault by Yishuv forces
Current LocalitiesEshtaol[4]

History edit

Ishwa was an ancient village, situated at the foot of a hill.[5]

It is thought to have been established over the site of the Israelite city of Eshtaol, famous for the biblical story of Samson. It was known by that name during the Roman Empire era, when it fell within the administrative district of Eleutheropolis (Bayt Jibrin). However, Dayr Abu al-Qabus, located 0.5 kilometers (0.31 mi) to the north has also been identified with Eshta'ol.[6]

Ottoman era edit

During the 16th century CE, settlement seems to have shifted to the northwest to Islin. During the 17th or 18th century the site of Islin went out of use, and Ishwa was probably repopulated.[6]

In 1863 the French explorer Victor Guérin visited and found the village to have barely 300 inhabitants. The only ancient remains was a ruined arch near the well, which he thought was possibly dated to the Roman period.[7] An Ottoman village list of about 1870 counted 32 houses and a population of 90 in Schu’a, though the population count included men, only. It was described as being in the Hebron district, just east of Sar'a.[8][9]

By 1875, it had a population of 450.[6] In 1883, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described it as being built near the foot of a hill and with olive trees planted below the village.[10] Ishwa had a star-shaped configuration, its mostly stone houses extending along the roads leading to other villages.[6]

In 1896 the population of Aschuwa' was estimated to be about 354 persons.[11]

British Mandate era edit

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Ishwa had a population of 379, all Muslim.[12] This had increased by the time of the 1931 census to 468, still all Muslim, in 117 houses.[13]

In the 1945 statistics the population was 620, all Muslims[14] while the total land area was 5,522 dunams, according to an official land and population survey.[15] Of this, 473 were allocated for plantations and irrigable land, 1,911 for cereals,[16] while 47 dunams were classified as built-up areas.[17]

  •  
    Ishwa 1943 1:20,000 (left)
  •  
    Bayt Mahsir 1945 1:250,000 (lower left quadrant)
  •  
    Bayt Mahsir May 10 1948

1948 Arab–Israeli War and aftermath edit

Ishwa, along with four other villages, were overtaken by the Israeli Harel Brigade on 17–18 July 1948 in Operation Dani. The villages had been on the front line since April 1948 and most of the inhabitants of these villages had already left the area. Many of those who stayed fled when Israeli forces attacked and the few who remained at each village were expelled.[18]

Following the war, the area was incorporated into the State of Israel. In 1949 the moshav of Eshtaol was established on land that had belonged to Ishwa and nearby Islin.[4][19]

In 1992 Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi noted that: "Only a few of the village houses remain on the site, interspersed among the settlement's houses; some serve as residences and warehouses. The village cemetery, next to the administrative building of the settlement, has been levelled and planted with grass. On the southern edge of the cemetery is a cave that contains the large grindstone of a flour mill. Olive and carob trees grow on the site, among other trees more recently planted by the settlers. At the western edge of the village is a soccer field. The walls and fallen roofs of the destroyed houses can be seen at the edge of this field."[19] In 1998, a book about the village was published in Jordan.[20]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Palmer, 1881, p. 295
  2. ^ Morris, 2004, p. xx, village #331. Also gives the cause for depopulation
  3. ^ . Archived from the original on 2012-02-12. Retrieved 2008-12-23.
  4. ^ a b Morris, 2004, p. xxi, settlement #78
  5. ^ Dauphin, 1998, p. 902
  6. ^ a b c d Khalidi, 1992, p. 293
  7. ^ Guérin, 1869, pp. 12 -14
  8. ^ Socin, 1879, p. 161
  9. ^ Hartmann, 1883, p. 145 also noted 32 houses
  10. ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1883, III:25. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 293
  11. ^ Schick, 1896, p. 125
  12. ^ Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Jerusalem, p. 15
  13. ^ Mills, 1932, p. 40.
  14. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 24
  15. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 57
  16. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 102
  17. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 152
  18. ^ Morris, 2004, p. 436
  19. ^ a b Khalidi, 1992, p. 294
  20. ^ Davis, 2011, p. 283

Bibliography edit

  • Barron, J.B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.
  • Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H. H. (1883). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 3. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
  • Davis, Rochelle (2011). Palestinian Village Histories: Geographies of the Displaced. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-7313-3.
  • Dauphin, C. (1998). La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations. BAR International Series 726 (in French). Vol. III : Catalogue. Oxford: Archeopress. ISBN 0-860549-05-4.
  • Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945.
  • Guérin, V. (1869). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 1: Judee, pt. 2. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.
  • Hadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center.
  • Hartmann, M. (1883). "Die Ortschaftenliste des Liwa Jerusalem in dem türkischen Staatskalender für Syrien auf das Jahr 1288 der Flucht (1871)". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 6: 102–149.
  • Kan‘aan, Deeb Ahmad. 1998. Ishwa‘: Qarya Filastiniyya [Ishwa‘: A Palestinian village]. Jordan.
  • Khalidi, W. (1992). All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948. Washington D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies. ISBN 0-88728-224-5.
  • Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.
  • Morris, B. (2004). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-00967-7.
  • Palmer, E.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
  • Schick, C. (1896). "Zur Einwohnerzahl des Bezirks Jerusalem". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 19: 120–127.
  • Socin, A. (1879). "Alphabetisches Verzeichniss von Ortschaften des Paschalik Jerusalem". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 2: 135–163.

External links edit

January 01, 1970
ishwa, arabic, إشوع, palestinian, village, which, depopulated, during, 1948, arab, israeli, village, located, about, west, jerusalem, present, location, eshta, 1931, british, census, palestine, population, houses, village, occupied, israel, defense, forces, ju. Ishwa Arabic إشوع was a Palestinian village which was depopulated during the 1948 Arab Israeli war The village was located about 20 km west of Jerusalem on the present location of Eshta ol In the 1931 British census of Palestine Ishwa had a population of 468 in 126 houses The village was occupied by the Israel Defense Forces IDF on July 16 1948 in Operation Dani by the Harel Brigade All of its inhabitants fled or were expelled Ishwa إشوعEtymology from Eshua personal name 1 1870s map 1940s map modern map 1940s with modern overlay mapA series of historical maps of the area around Ishwa click the buttons IshwaLocation within Mandatory PalestineCoordinates 31 46 50 N 35 00 40 E 31 78056 N 35 01111 E 31 78056 35 01111Palestine grid151 132Geopolitical entityMandatory PalestineSubdistrictJerusalemDate of depopulation18 July 1948 2 Population 1948 3 Total719Cause s of depopulationMilitary assault by Yishuv forcesCurrent LocalitiesEshtaol 4 Contents 1 History 1 1 Ottoman era 1 2 British Mandate era 1 3 1948 Arab Israeli War and aftermath 2 See also 3 References 4 Bibliography 5 External linksHistory editIshwa was an ancient village situated at the foot of a hill 5 It is thought to have been established over the site of the Israelite city of Eshtaol famous for the biblical story of Samson It was known by that name during the Roman Empire era when it fell within the administrative district of Eleutheropolis Bayt Jibrin However Dayr Abu al Qabus located 0 5 kilometers 0 31 mi to the north has also been identified with Eshta ol 6 Ottoman era edit During the 16th century CE settlement seems to have shifted to the northwest to Islin During the 17th or 18th century the site of Islin went out of use and Ishwa was probably repopulated 6 In 1863 the French explorer Victor Guerin visited and found the village to have barely 300 inhabitants The only ancient remains was a ruined arch near the well which he thought was possibly dated to the Roman period 7 An Ottoman village list of about 1870 counted 32 houses and a population of 90 in Schu a though the population count included men only It was described as being in the Hebron district just east of Sar a 8 9 By 1875 it had a population of 450 6 In 1883 the PEF s Survey of Western Palestine SWP described it as being built near the foot of a hill and with olive trees planted below the village 10 Ishwa had a star shaped configuration its mostly stone houses extending along the roads leading to other villages 6 In 1896 the population of Aschuwa was estimated to be about 354 persons 11 British Mandate era edit In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities Ishwa had a population of 379 all Muslim 12 This had increased by the time of the 1931 census to 468 still all Muslim in 117 houses 13 In the 1945 statistics the population was 620 all Muslims 14 while the total land area was 5 522 dunams according to an official land and population survey 15 Of this 473 were allocated for plantations and irrigable land 1 911 for cereals 16 while 47 dunams were classified as built up areas 17 nbsp Ishwa 1943 1 20 000 left nbsp Bayt Mahsir 1945 1 250 000 lower left quadrant nbsp Bayt Mahsir May 10 1948 1948 Arab Israeli War and aftermath edit Ishwa along with four other villages were overtaken by the Israeli Harel Brigade on 17 18 July 1948 in Operation Dani The villages had been on the front line since April 1948 and most of the inhabitants of these villages had already left the area Many of those who stayed fled when Israeli forces attacked and the few who remained at each village were expelled 18 Following the war the area was incorporated into the State of Israel In 1949 the moshav of Eshtaol was established on land that had belonged to Ishwa and nearby Islin 4 19 In 1992 Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi noted that Only a few of the village houses remain on the site interspersed among the settlement s houses some serve as residences and warehouses The village cemetery next to the administrative building of the settlement has been levelled and planted with grass On the southern edge of the cemetery is a cave that contains the large grindstone of a flour mill Olive and carob trees grow on the site among other trees more recently planted by the settlers At the western edge of the village is a soccer field The walls and fallen roofs of the destroyed houses can be seen at the edge of this field 19 In 1998 a book about the village was published in Jordan 20 See also editList of villages depopulated during the Arab Israeli conflictReferences edit Palmer 1881 p 295 Morris 2004 p xx village 331 Also gives the cause for depopulation Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics Archived from the original on 2012 02 12 Retrieved 2008 12 23 a b Morris 2004 p xxi settlement 78 Dauphin 1998 p 902 a b c d Khalidi 1992 p 293 Guerin 1869 pp 12 14 Socin 1879 p 161 Hartmann 1883 p 145 also noted 32 houses Conder and Kitchener 1883 III 25 Quoted in Khalidi 1992 p 293 Schick 1896 p 125 Barron 1923 Table VII Sub district of Jerusalem p 15 Mills 1932 p 40 Government of Palestine Department of Statistics 1945 p 24 Government of Palestine Department of Statistics Village Statistics April 1945 Quoted in Hadawi 1970 p 57 Government of Palestine Department of Statistics Village Statistics April 1945 Quoted in Hadawi 1970 p 102 Government of Palestine Department of Statistics Village Statistics April 1945 Quoted in Hadawi 1970 p 152 Morris 2004 p 436 a b Khalidi 1992 p 294 Davis 2011 p 283Bibliography editBarron J B ed 1923 Palestine Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922 Government of Palestine Conder C R Kitchener H H 1883 The Survey of Western Palestine Memoirs of the Topography Orography Hydrography and Archaeology Vol 3 London Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund Davis Rochelle 2011 Palestinian Village Histories Geographies of the Displaced Stanford Stanford University Press ISBN 978 0 8047 7313 3 Dauphin C 1998 La Palestine byzantine Peuplement et Populations BAR International Series 726 in French Vol III Catalogue Oxford Archeopress ISBN 0 860549 05 4 Government of Palestine Department of Statistics 1945 Village Statistics April 1945 Guerin V 1869 Description Geographique Historique et Archeologique de la Palestine in French Vol 1 Judee pt 2 Paris L Imprimerie Nationale Hadawi S 1970 Village Statistics of 1945 A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center Hartmann M 1883 Die Ortschaftenliste des Liwa Jerusalem in dem turkischen Staatskalender fur Syrien auf das Jahr 1288 der Flucht 1871 Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palastina Vereins 6 102 149 Kan aan Deeb Ahmad 1998 Ishwa Qarya Filastiniyya Ishwa A Palestinian village Jordan Khalidi W 1992 All That Remains The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948 Washington D C Institute for Palestine Studies ISBN 0 88728 224 5 Mills E ed 1932 Census of Palestine 1931 Population of Villages Towns and Administrative Areas Jerusalem Government of Palestine Morris B 2004 The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 00967 7 Palmer E H 1881 The Survey of Western Palestine Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener R E Transliterated and Explained by E H Palmer Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund Schick C 1896 Zur Einwohnerzahl des Bezirks Jerusalem Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palastina Vereins 19 120 127 Socin A 1879 Alphabetisches Verzeichniss von Ortschaften des Paschalik Jerusalem Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palastina Vereins 2 135 163 External links editPalestine Remembered Ishwa Ishwa Zochrot Survey of Western Palestine Map 17 IAA Wikimedia commons Ishwa from the Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ishwa amp oldid 1147035148, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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