The Institute for Radium Research is an Austrian research institute associated with the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna. The Institute's researchers won multiple Nobel Prizes. Due to the gradual change of interests, "nuclear physics" was added to the institute's name in 1956. Since 2004, it is called the Stefan-Meyer-Institute for subatomic physics.[1]
The Sankt Joachimsthal mines were located within the Austria-Hungary monarchy, and were the largest producers of uranium containing ore at the end of the 19th century. Eduard Suess sent the first samples of pitchblende to Pierre and Marie Curie for their research on radioactive materials. This action was taken after the advice of Franz Serafin Exner.[2] After the discovery of radium, the Austrian industrial Karl Kupelwieser donated 500,000 Austrian kronen to found an institute for research on radium in 1908. After constructing the building for the institute in 1909–1910, the institute was opened on 28 October 1910. Stefan Meyer became the first acting director, and Franz Serafin Exner was the director of the institute until Meyer took over in 1920. Meyer stayed in that position until the Anschluss Österreichs in 1938, the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany, forced him to retire due to his Jewish ancestors.[2][3] After the war, he was reinstated as director and performed his duties until his retirement in 1947.[4] The starting years were dominated by the research on the new element radium. Meyer was able to organize the production of 4 gram radium, as recommended in 1901 by the Austrian Academy of Sciences. The chemical plant of Carl Auer von Welsbach, which was used to produce rare-earth elements, provided the necessary technical equipment and knowledge required for separation of small quantities of material from ore.[2] This relative large amount made it possible for Otto Hönigschmid to determine the molecular mass of radium using 1.5 g of radium bromide.
George de Hevesy and Friedrich Adolf Paneth developed at the Institute the radioactive tracers method, for which Hevesy received the Nobel Prize in 1943.[2] Initially, very few women scientists worked at the Institute, including Berta Karlik and Marietta Blau; however, the percentage of women reached 30% during the time of Meyer.[2][7] From 1945 to 1974, Berta Karlik directed the Institute.[1] In 1955, Karlik became professor for nuclear physics at the University of Vienna, so that the Institute was now both an Academy and a University Institute. Herbert Vonach succeeded her as director from 1974 to 1986.[3]
The institute was renamed in 1956, so that "nuclear physics" was now included in the title - corresponding to the widened research interests. In 1987, the institute was converted into an "Institute for Intermediate Energy Physics" under the direction of W. H. Breunlich.[1][8]
There are now two separate successor organisations:
The Stefan Meyer Institute for subatomic Physics of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (SMI, earlier: Institute for Intermediate Energy Physics) that investigates the Strong Interaction in cooperation with foreign research centers.
The Institute for Isotope Research and Nuclear Physics of the University of Vienna which uses the particle accelerator VERA for Radiocarbon Dating and similar dating methods.
Referencesedit
^ abc. Archived from the original on 2015-05-04. Retrieved 2015-05-04.
^ abcdefReiter, Wolfgang L. (2001). "Vienna: A Random Walk in Science". In John S. Rigden; Roger H Stuewer (eds.). The Physical Tourist. Physics in Perspective. Vol. 3, no. 4. Springer. pp. 462–489. Bibcode:2001PhP.....3..462R. doi:10.1007/PL00000541. ISBN978-3-7643-8932-1. S2CID 123352042.
^ abSt. Sienell und Chr. Ottner: Das Archiv des Instituts für Radiumforschung, Anzeiger der Österr. Akad. d. Wissenschaften Abt. II, 140, 11-53 (2004)
^Reiter, Wolfgang L. (2001). "Stefan Meyer: Pioneer of Radioactivity". Physics in Perspective. 3 (1): 106. Bibcode:2001PhP.....3..106R. doi:10.1007/s000160050058. S2CID 118496071.
^Paneth, Fritz (1915). "Über die Arbeit des Instituts für Radiumforschung" (PDF). Naturwissenschaften. 3 (34): 437––443. Bibcode:1915NW......3..437P. doi:10.1007/BF01546649. S2CID 11105470.
^Sienell, Stefan; Ottner, Christine (200). "Das Archiv des Instituts für Radiumforschung" (PDF). Anzeiger Abt. II. 140: 11–53.
^Zelger, Katharina Maximiliane. "Stefan Meyer und die Frauen" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-03-17.
^Brigitte Strohmaier (1 August 2012). "Physik mit strahlender Vergangenheit". University of Vienna (in German).
^"EPS Historic Sites - Institut für Radiumforschung". European Physical Society.
External linksedit
Soddy, Frederick (2002). Band 289 von Ostwalds Klassiker: Die Natur des Radiums: nach sechs an der Universität zu Glasgow im Jahre 1908 gehaltenen freien populären Experimentalvorlesungen (in German). Verlag Harri Deutsch. p. 280. ISBN978-3-8171-3289-8.
Braunbeck, Joseph (2003). Der andere Physiker: das Leben von Felix Ehrenhaft (in German). Leykam Buchverlagsgesellschaft. p. 71. ISBN978-3-7011-7470-6.
Braunbeck, Joseph (1996). Der strahlende Doppeladler: Nukleares aus Österreich-Ungarn. Leykam Buchverlagsgesellschaft. p. 103. ISBN978-3-7011-7333-4.
Feichtinger, Johannes (2001). Wissenschaft zwischen den Kulturen: österreichische Hochschullehrer in der Emigration 1933-1945. Campus Verlag. p. 150. ISBN978-3-593-36584-8.
"Ernest Rutherford und das Wiener Radiuminstitut: Ein Kommentar zu einem Briefwechsel, wesentlich Marie Curie betreffend, mit dem Institutsdirektor Stefan Meyer" (PDF).
"forschungsnewsletter 26: Wien: ein historisches Zentrum der Radium- und Kernforschung".
"Radiumforschung".
"Einladung Univ.-Prof. Dr. Walter Kutschera führt durch das Radium-Institut" (PDF).
S., F. (1914). "Work of the Vienna Radium Institute". Nature. 92 (2312): 699. Bibcode:1914Natur..92..699S. doi:10.1038/092699a0.
Rentetzi, Maria (2005). "Designing (for) a new scientific discipline: the location and architecture of the Institut für Radiumforschung in early twentieth-century Vienna". The British Journal for the History of Science. 38 (3): 275–306. doi:10.1017/S0007087405006989.
B. Strohmaier: Report on the Museum for the History of Physics in Pöllau
Stefan-Meyer-Institute for Subatomic physics
December 15, 2023
institute, radium, research, vienna, this, article, uses, bare, urls, which, uninformative, vulnerable, link, please, consider, converting, them, full, citations, ensure, article, remains, verifiable, maintains, consistent, citation, style, several, templates,. This article uses bare URLs which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting such as reFill documentation and Citation bot documentation September 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Institute for Radium Research is an Austrian research institute associated with the Austrian Academy of Sciences Vienna The Institute s researchers won multiple Nobel Prizes Due to the gradual change of interests nuclear physics was added to the institute s name in 1956 Since 2004 it is called the Stefan Meyer Institute for subatomic physics 1 Contents 1 History 2 Honour 3 Successor organisations 4 References 5 External linksHistory editThe Sankt Joachimsthal mines were located within the Austria Hungary monarchy and were the largest producers of uranium containing ore at the end of the 19th century Eduard Suess sent the first samples of pitchblende to Pierre and Marie Curie for their research on radioactive materials This action was taken after the advice of Franz Serafin Exner 2 After the discovery of radium the Austrian industrial Karl Kupelwieser donated 500 000 Austrian kronen to found an institute for research on radium in 1908 After constructing the building for the institute in 1909 1910 the institute was opened on 28 October 1910 Stefan Meyer became the first acting director and Franz Serafin Exner was the director of the institute until Meyer took over in 1920 Meyer stayed in that position until the Anschluss Osterreichs in 1938 the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany forced him to retire due to his Jewish ancestors 2 3 After the war he was reinstated as director and performed his duties until his retirement in 1947 4 The starting years were dominated by the research on the new element radium Meyer was able to organize the production of 4 gram radium as recommended in 1901 by the Austrian Academy of Sciences The chemical plant of Carl Auer von Welsbach which was used to produce rare earth elements provided the necessary technical equipment and knowledge required for separation of small quantities of material from ore 2 This relative large amount made it possible for Otto Honigschmid to determine the molecular mass of radium using 1 5 g of radium bromide Victor Franz Hess was working on the absorption of gamma rays in the atmosphere His discovery of cosmic rays in 1912 which was rewarded by the Nobel Prize in 1936 was a direct result of his work in the institute 2 5 6 George de Hevesy and Friedrich Adolf Paneth developed at the Institute the radioactive tracers method for which Hevesy received the Nobel Prize in 1943 2 Initially very few women scientists worked at the Institute including Berta Karlik and Marietta Blau however the percentage of women reached 30 during the time of Meyer 2 7 From 1945 to 1974 Berta Karlik directed the Institute 1 In 1955 Karlik became professor for nuclear physics at the University of Vienna so that the Institute was now both an Academy and a University Institute Herbert Vonach succeeded her as director from 1974 to 1986 3 The institute was renamed in 1956 so that nuclear physics was now included in the title corresponding to the widened research interests In 1987 the institute was converted into an Institute for Intermediate Energy Physics under the direction of W H Breunlich 1 8 Honour editOn 28 May 2015 the Institute received the title Historic Site by the European Physical Society 9 Successor organisations editThere are now two separate successor organisations The Stefan Meyer Institute for subatomic Physics of the Austrian Academy of Sciences SMI earlier Institute for Intermediate Energy Physics that investigates the Strong Interaction in cooperation with foreign research centers The Institute for Isotope Research and Nuclear Physics of the University of Vienna which uses the particle accelerator VERA for Radiocarbon Dating and similar dating methods References edit a b c SMI History Archived from the original on 2015 05 04 Retrieved 2015 05 04 a b c d e f Reiter Wolfgang L 2001 Vienna A Random Walk in Science In John S Rigden Roger H Stuewer eds The Physical Tourist Physics in Perspective Vol 3 no 4 Springer pp 462 489 Bibcode 2001PhP 3 462R doi 10 1007 PL00000541 ISBN 978 3 7643 8932 1 S2CID 123352042 a b St Sienell und Chr Ottner Das Archiv des Instituts fur Radiumforschung Anzeiger der Osterr Akad d Wissenschaften Abt II 140 11 53 2004 Reiter Wolfgang L 2001 Stefan Meyer Pioneer of Radioactivity Physics in Perspective 3 1 106 Bibcode 2001PhP 3 106R doi 10 1007 s000160050058 S2CID 118496071 Paneth Fritz 1915 Uber die Arbeit des Instituts fur Radiumforschung PDF Naturwissenschaften 3 34 437 443 Bibcode 1915NW 3 437P doi 10 1007 BF01546649 S2CID 11105470 Sienell Stefan Ottner Christine 200 Das Archiv des Instituts fur Radiumforschung PDF Anzeiger Abt II 140 11 53 Zelger Katharina Maximiliane Stefan Meyer und die Frauen PDF Retrieved 2010 03 17 Brigitte Strohmaier 1 August 2012 Physik mit strahlender Vergangenheit University of Vienna in German EPS Historic Sites Institut fur Radiumforschung European Physical Society External links editSoddy Frederick 2002 Band 289 von Ostwalds Klassiker Die Natur des Radiums nach sechs an der Universitat zu Glasgow im Jahre 1908 gehaltenen freien popularen Experimentalvorlesungen in German Verlag Harri Deutsch p 280 ISBN 978 3 8171 3289 8 Braunbeck Joseph 2003 Der andere Physiker das Leben von Felix Ehrenhaft in German Leykam Buchverlagsgesellschaft p 71 ISBN 978 3 7011 7470 6 Braunbeck Joseph 1996 Der strahlende Doppeladler Nukleares aus Osterreich Ungarn Leykam Buchverlagsgesellschaft p 103 ISBN 978 3 7011 7333 4 Feichtinger Johannes 2001 Wissenschaft zwischen den Kulturen osterreichische Hochschullehrer in der Emigration 1933 1945 Campus Verlag p 150 ISBN 978 3 593 36584 8 Ernest Rutherford und das Wiener Radiuminstitut Ein Kommentar zu einem Briefwechsel wesentlich Marie Curie betreffend mit dem Institutsdirektor Stefan Meyer PDF forschungsnewsletter 26 Wien ein historisches Zentrum der Radium und Kernforschung Radiumforschung Einladung Univ Prof Dr Walter Kutschera fuhrt durch das Radium Institut PDF S F 1914 Work of the Vienna Radium Institute Nature 92 2312 699 Bibcode 1914Natur 92 699S doi 10 1038 092699a0 Rentetzi Maria 2005 Designing for a new scientific discipline the location and architecture of the Institut fur Radiumforschung in early twentieth century Vienna The British Journal for the History of Science 38 3 275 306 doi 10 1017 S0007087405006989 B Strohmaier Report on the Museum for the History of Physics in Pollau Stefan Meyer Institute for Subatomic physics Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Institute for Radium Research Vienna amp oldid 1185491124, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
