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Ingrid Christensen

January 01, 1970

For the athlete, see Ingrid Kristiansen.

Ingrid Christensen (10 October 1891 – 18 June 1976) was an early polar explorer. She was known as the first woman to view Antarctica and land on the Antarctic mainland.[1]

Ingrid Christensen
Shown during her 1931 expedition
Born
Ingrid Dahl

(1891-10-10)10 October 1891
Died18 June 1976(1976-06-18) (aged 84)
NationalityNorwegian
Known forFirst woman in Antarctica
SpouseLars Christensen

Early life edit

Christensen (née Dahl) was the daughter of Alfhild Freng Dahl and wholesaler and ship owner Thor Dahl, who was at the time one of the largest merchants in Sandefjord, Norway.[2]

The Norwegian Antarctic historian Hans Bogen described her in 1955: “Ingrid Dahl was exactly what in our time we call a kjekk og frisk jente (a Norwegian expression meaning a girl who could be at once one of the boys, then one of the girls, without losing her femininity or charm). She was the natural leader of the girls in her age group because of her initiative, humour and fearlessness, qualities she has preserved unwaveringly to the present day”.[3] Ingrid married Lars Christensen in 1910, uniting two of Sandefjord's most powerful ship owning families, and they had six children.[4][5]

Antarctic exploration edit

Christensen made four trips to the Antarctic with her husband on the ship Thorshavn in the 1930s, becoming the first woman to see Antarctica, the first to fly over it, and—arguably—the first woman to land on the Antarctic mainland.[1][6][7]

In 1931, Christensen sailed with Mathilde Wegger. The expedition sighted and named Bjerkö Head on 5 February 1931, making Christensen and Wegger the first women to see Antarctica.[8] Douglas Mawson reported spotting two women aboard a Norwegian ship, who were probably Christensen and Wegger, during his BANZARE expedition. He wired back to the Australian media: "...much astonishment was excited by the dramatic appearance on their decks of two women attired in the modes of civilisation. Theirs is a unique experience, for they can make much merit of the fact that they are, perhaps, the first of their sex to visit Antarctica".[9]

In 1933, Christensen sailed with Lillemor (Ingebjørg) Rachlew, who kept a diary and took photographs,[10] which appeared in Lars Christensen's book[11] even though no landing was possible. Christensen sailed south for the third time in 1933–34 with Ingebjørg Dedichen.[12] They again did not manage a landing, though circumnavigated almost the entire continent. In 1934/35 Danish-born Caroline Mikkelsen, wife of Captain Klarius Mikkelsen, sailed to Antarctica and landed on the Tryne Islands on the 20 February 1935 and was, until recently, thought to be the first woman to land on Antarctica.[13] However, since Mikkelsen landed on an Antarctic island, Christensen is considered the first woman to set foot on the Antarctic mainland.[1][6][7]

In 1936–37 Christensen made her fourth and final trip south, with daughter Augusta Sofie Christensen, Lillemor Rachlew, and Solveig Widerøe, the ‘four ladies’ for whom the underwater Four Ladies Bank was named during the voyage.[14][15][16] Christensen flew over the mainland, becoming the first woman to see Antarctica from the air.[13] On 30 January 1937, Lars Christensen's diary records that Ingrid Christensen landed at Scullin Monolith, becoming the first woman to set foot on the Antarctic mainland, followed by the other three of the 'four ladies'.[1][6][17]

Awards and honours edit

In 1998 and 2002, polar researchers investigated Caroline Mikkelsen's landing and concluded it was on the Tryne Islands, rather than the Antarctic mainland.[6][18][19] Other research confirmed Christensen was the first to disembark on Scullin Monolith on 30 January 1937, making her the first woman to step on the Antarctic mainland.[6]

Role in Christensen Antarctic explorations edit

Christensen played a major role in her husband's Antarctic expeditions. Archaeologist Waldemar Brøgger, wrote in the cover story of the inaugural issue of the Norwegian magazine Verden I Bilder (The World in Pictures): "In all the excursions, Lars and Ingrid Christensen have been united in the undertaking—in thick and thin, in storm and bad weather, in good weather and joys. It is almost unique in the history of exploration that two persons have thus thriven for the same goal, kept the distant target in sight and never given up before achieving it... Ingrid Christensen’s part in the whole enterprise is not the smaller, by reason of her incredibly bold, fearless personality, and it is symbolically right that it should be she who, from an aircraft threw down the Norwegian flag."[20]

Order of St Olav edit

For her contribution to Norway's cause in America during the war and for her public efforts, Christensen received Norway's Knighthood, First Class, Order of St Olav, in 1946.[2]

Legacy edit

Name given to part of Antarctica edit

Ingrid Christensen Coast in East Antarctica was discovered and named by Klarius Mikkelsen in 1935.[2][21]

In fiction edit

Christensen's four journeys to Antarctica were fictionalised in the 2013 novel Chasing the Light.[22]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d "The first woman in Antarctica". www.antarctica.gov.au. Australian Antarctic Division. 2012. Retrieved 2016-06-27.
  2. ^ a b c "Obituary of Ingrid Christensen" [English translation]. MyHeritage.com. Vestfolds Fremtid. 1976-06-19. Retrieved 2016-06-07.
  3. ^ Stensrud, Odd. 70 år – Lars Christensen og hans samtid [70 years – Lars Christensen and his contemporaries]. Oslo: Forlagt AV Johan Grundt Tanum. p. 240. OCLC 492845180.
  4. ^ "Ingrid Christensen (Dahl)". geni.com. Retrieved 2016-06-07.
  5. ^ Riffenburgh, Beau (2007). Encyclopedia of the Antarctic. Taylor & Francis. p. 234. ISBN 9780415970242.
  6. ^ a b c d e Blackadder, Jesse (October 2013). Illuminations : Casting Light Upon the Earliest Female Travellers to Antarctica (Doctor of Creative Arts thesis). University of Western Sydney.
  7. ^ a b "The first woman and female scientists in Antarctica". oceanwide-expeditions.com. Retrieved 2016-06-23.
  8. ^ Chipman, E. (1986). Women on the ice: A history of women in the far south. Victoria: Melbourne University Press, page 72.
  9. ^ "Women in Antarctica". Sydney Morning Herald. 1931-03-14. p. 13.
  10. ^ Rachlew’s photographs were published in the French journal (1934, 13 January 1934). Voyage d’une femme dans L’Antarctique (Travels of a woman in the Antarctic). L'Illustration, 4741, 52–53.
  11. ^ Christensen, Lars (1935). Such is the Antarctic. Translated by Jayne, E. Hodder and Stoughton.
  12. ^ Chipman, Elizabeth (1986-01-01). Women on the ice: a history of women in the far south. Carlton, Vic: Melbourne University Press. p. 172. ISBN 0522843247.
  13. ^ a b Bogen, H (1957). "Main events in the history of Antarctic exploration". Norwegian Whaling Gazette = Norsk Hvalfangst-Tidende. Sandefjord: Norwegian Whaling Gazette: 90. ISSN 0369-5158.
  14. ^ Christensen, Lars (1938-01-01). My Last Expedition to the Antarctic, 1936–1937: With a Review of the Research Work Done on the Voyages in 1927–1937. Oslo: Johan Grundt Tanum. p. 8.
  15. ^ Legler, Gretchen (2005). On the ice : an intimate portrait of life at McMurdo Station, Antarctica / Gretchen Legler. Minneapolis, Minn: Milkweed Editions. p. 105. ISBN 9781571312822.
  16. ^ Herdman, Henry; Wiseman, John; Ovey, Cameron (1956-09-01). "Proposed names of features on the deep-sea floor". Deep-Sea Research. 3 (4): 253–261. Bibcode:1956DSR.....3..253H. doi:10.1016/0146-6313(56)90014-4.
  17. ^ Bogen, H. (1957). Main events in the history of Antarctic exploration. Sandefjord: Norwegian Whaling Gazette, page 85
  18. ^ Norman, F. I.; Gibson, J. a. E.; Burgess, J. S. (1998-10-01). "Klarius Mikkelsen's 1935 landing in the Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica: some fiction and some facts". Polar Record. 34 (191): 293–304. doi:10.1017/S0032247400025985. ISSN 1475-3057. S2CID 131433193.
  19. ^ Norman, F.i.; Gibson, J.a.e.; Jones, R.t.; Burgess, J.s. (2002-10-01). "Klarius Mikkelsen's landing site: some further notes on the 1935 Norwegian visit to the Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica". Polar Record. 38 (207): 323–328. doi:10.1017/S0032247400018015. ISSN 1475-3057. S2CID 129578857.
  20. ^ As cited in Bogen, H. (1957). Main events in the history of Antarctic exploration. Sandefjord: Norwegian Whaling Gazette, page 66
  21. ^ Legler, Gretchen (2005). On the ice: an intimate portrait of life at McMurdo Station, Antarctica. Minneapolis, Minn: Milkweed Editions. ISBN 9781571312822.
  22. ^ Blackadder, Jesse (2013). Chasing the Light. Sydney: HarperCollins. ISBN 9780132575539.

Further reading edit

  • Christensen, L. (1937). My last expedition to the Antarctic. Oslo: Johan Grundt Tanum.
  • Rabot, C. (1934, 13 January 1934). Voyage d'une femme dans L'Antarctique (Travels of a woman in the Antarctic). L'Illustration, 4741, 52–53.

January 01, 1970
ingrid, christensen, athlete, ingrid, kristiansen, october, 1891, june, 1976, early, polar, explorer, known, first, woman, view, antarctica, land, antarctic, mainland, shown, during, 1931, expeditionborningrid, dahl, 1891, october, 1891died18, june, 1976, 1976. For the athlete see Ingrid Kristiansen Ingrid Christensen 10 October 1891 18 June 1976 was an early polar explorer She was known as the first woman to view Antarctica and land on the Antarctic mainland 1 Ingrid ChristensenShown during her 1931 expeditionBornIngrid Dahl 1891 10 10 10 October 1891Died18 June 1976 1976 06 18 aged 84 NationalityNorwegianKnown forFirst woman in AntarcticaSpouseLars Christensen Contents 1 Early life 2 Antarctic exploration 3 Awards and honours 3 1 Role in Christensen Antarctic explorations 3 2 Order of St Olav 4 Legacy 4 1 Name given to part of Antarctica 4 2 In fiction 5 References 6 Further readingEarly life editChristensen nee Dahl was the daughter of Alfhild Freng Dahl and wholesaler and ship owner Thor Dahl who was at the time one of the largest merchants in Sandefjord Norway 2 The Norwegian Antarctic historian Hans Bogen described her in 1955 Ingrid Dahl was exactly what in our time we call a kjekk og frisk jente a Norwegian expression meaning a girl who could be at once one of the boys then one of the girls without losing her femininity or charm She was the natural leader of the girls in her age group because of her initiative humour and fearlessness qualities she has preserved unwaveringly to the present day 3 Ingrid married Lars Christensen in 1910 uniting two of Sandefjord s most powerful ship owning families and they had six children 4 5 Antarctic exploration editChristensen made four trips to the Antarctic with her husband on the ship Thorshavn in the 1930s becoming the first woman to see Antarctica the first to fly over it and arguably the first woman to land on the Antarctic mainland 1 6 7 In 1931 Christensen sailed with Mathilde Wegger The expedition sighted and named Bjerko Head on 5 February 1931 making Christensen and Wegger the first women to see Antarctica 8 Douglas Mawson reported spotting two women aboard a Norwegian ship who were probably Christensen and Wegger during his BANZARE expedition He wired back to the Australian media much astonishment was excited by the dramatic appearance on their decks of two women attired in the modes of civilisation Theirs is a unique experience for they can make much merit of the fact that they are perhaps the first of their sex to visit Antarctica 9 In 1933 Christensen sailed with Lillemor Ingebjorg Rachlew who kept a diary and took photographs 10 which appeared in Lars Christensen s book 11 even though no landing was possible Christensen sailed south for the third time in 1933 34 with Ingebjorg Dedichen 12 They again did not manage a landing though circumnavigated almost the entire continent In 1934 35 Danish born Caroline Mikkelsen wife of Captain Klarius Mikkelsen sailed to Antarctica and landed on the Tryne Islands on the 20 February 1935 and was until recently thought to be the first woman to land on Antarctica 13 However since Mikkelsen landed on an Antarctic island Christensen is considered the first woman to set foot on the Antarctic mainland 1 6 7 In 1936 37 Christensen made her fourth and final trip south with daughter Augusta Sofie Christensen Lillemor Rachlew and Solveig Wideroe the four ladies for whom the underwater Four Ladies Bank was named during the voyage 14 15 16 Christensen flew over the mainland becoming the first woman to see Antarctica from the air 13 On 30 January 1937 Lars Christensen s diary records that Ingrid Christensen landed at Scullin Monolith becoming the first woman to set foot on the Antarctic mainland followed by the other three of the four ladies 1 6 17 Awards and honours editIn 1998 and 2002 polar researchers investigated Caroline Mikkelsen s landing and concluded it was on the Tryne Islands rather than the Antarctic mainland 6 18 19 Other research confirmed Christensen was the first to disembark on Scullin Monolith on 30 January 1937 making her the first woman to step on the Antarctic mainland 6 Role in Christensen Antarctic explorations edit Christensen played a major role in her husband s Antarctic expeditions Archaeologist Waldemar Brogger wrote in the cover story of the inaugural issue of the Norwegian magazine Verden I Bilder The World in Pictures In all the excursions Lars and Ingrid Christensen have been united in the undertaking in thick and thin in storm and bad weather in good weather and joys It is almost unique in the history of exploration that two persons have thus thriven for the same goal kept the distant target in sight and never given up before achieving it Ingrid Christensen s part in the whole enterprise is not the smaller by reason of her incredibly bold fearless personality and it is symbolically right that it should be she who from an aircraft threw down the Norwegian flag 20 Order of St Olav edit For her contribution to Norway s cause in America during the war and for her public efforts Christensen received Norway s Knighthood First Class Order of St Olav in 1946 2 Legacy editName given to part of Antarctica edit Ingrid Christensen Coast in East Antarctica was discovered and named by Klarius Mikkelsen in 1935 2 21 In fiction edit Christensen s four journeys to Antarctica were fictionalised in the 2013 novel Chasing the Light 22 References edit a b c d The first woman in Antarctica www antarctica gov au Australian Antarctic Division 2012 Retrieved 2016 06 27 a b c Obituary of Ingrid Christensen English translation MyHeritage com Vestfolds Fremtid 1976 06 19 Retrieved 2016 06 07 Stensrud Odd 70 ar Lars Christensen og hans samtid 70 years Lars Christensen and his contemporaries Oslo Forlagt AV Johan Grundt Tanum p 240 OCLC 492845180 Ingrid Christensen Dahl geni com Retrieved 2016 06 07 Riffenburgh Beau 2007 Encyclopedia of the Antarctic Taylor amp Francis p 234 ISBN 9780415970242 a b c d e Blackadder Jesse October 2013 Illuminations Casting Light Upon the Earliest Female Travellers to Antarctica Doctor of Creative Arts thesis University of Western Sydney a b The first woman and female scientists in Antarctica oceanwide expeditions com Retrieved 2016 06 23 Chipman E 1986 Women on the ice A history of women in the far south Victoria Melbourne University Press page 72 Women in Antarctica Sydney Morning Herald 1931 03 14 p 13 Rachlew s photographs were published in the French journal 1934 13 January 1934 Voyage d une femme dans L Antarctique Travels of a woman in the Antarctic L Illustration 4741 52 53 Christensen Lars 1935 Such is the Antarctic Translated by Jayne E Hodder and Stoughton Chipman Elizabeth 1986 01 01 Women on the ice a history of women in the far south Carlton Vic Melbourne University Press p 172 ISBN 0522843247 a b Bogen H 1957 Main events in the history of Antarctic exploration Norwegian Whaling Gazette Norsk Hvalfangst Tidende Sandefjord Norwegian Whaling Gazette 90 ISSN 0369 5158 Christensen Lars 1938 01 01 My Last Expedition to the Antarctic 1936 1937 With a Review of the Research Work Done on the Voyages in 1927 1937 Oslo Johan Grundt Tanum p 8 Legler Gretchen 2005 On the ice an intimate portrait of life at McMurdo Station Antarctica Gretchen Legler Minneapolis Minn Milkweed Editions p 105 ISBN 9781571312822 Herdman Henry Wiseman John Ovey Cameron 1956 09 01 Proposed names of features on the deep sea floor Deep Sea Research 3 4 253 261 Bibcode 1956DSR 3 253H doi 10 1016 0146 6313 56 90014 4 Bogen H 1957 Main events in the history of Antarctic exploration Sandefjord Norwegian Whaling Gazette page 85 Norman F I Gibson J a E Burgess J S 1998 10 01 Klarius Mikkelsen s 1935 landing in the Vestfold Hills East Antarctica some fiction and some facts Polar Record 34 191 293 304 doi 10 1017 S0032247400025985 ISSN 1475 3057 S2CID 131433193 Norman F i Gibson J a e Jones R t Burgess J s 2002 10 01 Klarius Mikkelsen s landing site some further notes on the 1935 Norwegian visit to the Vestfold Hills East Antarctica Polar Record 38 207 323 328 doi 10 1017 S0032247400018015 ISSN 1475 3057 S2CID 129578857 As cited in Bogen H 1957 Main events in the history of Antarctic exploration Sandefjord Norwegian Whaling Gazette page 66 Legler Gretchen 2005 On the ice an intimate portrait of life at McMurdo Station Antarctica Minneapolis Minn Milkweed Editions ISBN 9781571312822 Blackadder Jesse 2013 Chasing the Light Sydney HarperCollins ISBN 9780132575539 Further reading editChristensen L 1937 My last expedition to the Antarctic Oslo Johan Grundt Tanum Rabot C 1934 13 January 1934 Voyage d une femme dans L Antarctique Travels of a woman in the Antarctic L Illustration 4741 52 53 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ingrid Christensen amp oldid 1185066816, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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