Indian Ocean Rim Association
The Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA), formerly known as the Indian Ocean Rim Initiative (IORI) and the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC), is an international organisation consisting of 23 states bordering the Indian Ocean.[3] The IORA is a regional forum, tripartite in nature, bringing together representatives of Government, Business and Academia, for promoting co-operation and closer interaction among them. It is based on the principles of for strengthening Economic Cooperation particularly on Trade Facilitation and Investment, Promotion as well as Social Development of the region.[4] The Coordinating Secretariat of IORA is located at Ebene, Mauritius.
Indian Ocean Rim Association | |
|---|---|
Logo | |
Map of IORA countries | |
| Headquarters | Ebene, Mauritius |
| Working languages | |
| Type | Intergovernmental |
| Membership | 23 members: 11 dialogue partners: |
| Leaders | |
• Secretary General | Salman Al Farisi, Secretary General[1] |
• Chair | Sri Lanka[2] |
• Vice Chair | India |
| Establishment | |
• 6 March 1997 | Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Co-operation |
| Time zone | UTC+2 to +10.5 |
Website www | |
Overview edit
The organisation was first established as Indian Ocean Rim Initiative in Mauritius in March 1995 and formally launched on 6–7 March 1997 by the conclusion of a multilateral treaty known as the Charter of the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Co-operation.[5] The idea is said to have taken root during a visit of former South African Foreign Minister, Pik Botha, to India in November 1993. It was cemented during the subsequent presidential visit of Nelson Mandela to India in January 1995. Consequently, an Indian Ocean Rim Initiative was formed by South Africa and India. Mauritius and Australia were subsequently brought in. In March 1997, the IOR-ARC was formally launched, with seven additional countries as members: Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Yemen, Tanzania, Madagascar and Mozambique.[6]
The apex body of the IOR-ARC is the Council of (Foreign) Ministers (COM). The meeting of the COM is preceded by the meetings of the Indian Ocean Rim Academic Group (IORAG), Indian Ocean Rim Business Forum (IORBF), Working Group on Trade and Investment (WGTI), and the Committee of Senior Officials (CSO).[7]
Objectives & Priority Areas of Cooperation edit
The objectives of IORA are as follows:[5]
- To promote sustainable growth and balanced development of the region and member states
- To focus on those areas of economic cooperation which provide maximum opportunities for development, shared interest and mutual benefits
- To promote liberalisation, remove impediments and lower barriers towards a freer and enhanced flow of goods, services, investment, and technology within the Indian Ocean rim.
Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) has identified six priority areas, namely:
- maritime security,
- trade and investment facilitation,
- fisheries management,
- disaster risk reduction,
- academic and scientific cooperation and
- tourism promotion and cultural exchanges.
In addition to these, two focus areas are also identified by IORA, namely Blue Economy and Women's Economic Empowerment.[8]
IORA members undertake projects for economic co-operation relating to trade facilitation and liberalisation, promotion of foreign investment, scientific and technological exchanges, tourism, movement of natural persons and service providers on a non-discriminatory basis; and the development of infrastructure and human resources, poverty alleviation, promotion of maritime transport and related matters, cooperation in the fields of fisheries trade, research and management, aquaculture, education and training, energy, IT, health, protection of the environment, agriculture, disaster management.
Priority Areas edit
Beginning with India's acting as IORA Chair from 2011 to 2013, IORA has divided its maritime cooperation strategy into six priority areas and two focus areas in an attempt to strengthen the organization's institutions and capacities.[9]
Maritime Safety and Security edit
IORA considers itself the "first line of defence" to build upon existing maritime security measures in the region.[10] Maritime security is generally accepted to include a wide array of issues, ranging from the marine environment to human security;[11] IORA does not stray from this broad definition, noting the importance of both traditional security threats and nontraditional threats such as environmental health and IUU fishing.[10] In addition, IORA includes a "maritime safety" initiative that is concerned with training, transport, equipment related issues, and assistance in distress situations.[10]
Trade & Investment Facilitation edit
Recognizing the importance of the Indian Ocean Region in global trade, IORA has prioritized trade liberalisation and the freer flow of goods, services, investment, and technology; its "Action Plan 2017-2021" put forward the seven targets for trade in the region, ranging from reducing barriers to trade in the short term to making business travel easier in the long term.[12]
Fisheries Management edit
Though included under the umbrella "Maritime Safety and Security" priority area, fisheries management proved itself to be an especially salient issue for IORA member states, warranting its inclusion as the organization's third highest priority. Through the Fisheries Support Unit (FSU) Flagship Project, IORA intends to promote sustainable conservation and the Blue Economy by reducing exploitation of fish stocks and promoting safe and responsible seafood trade.[13]
Disaster Risk Management edit
The Indian Ocean Region is prone to disasters both natural and man-made, such as cyclones, droughts, earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, and tidal surges; and oil spills, fires, leakage of poisonous substances, and illegal dumping, respectively.[14] IORA's Disaster Risk Management revolves around the development of knowledge and capabilities to anticipate, respond to, and recover from disasters.[14] IORA's Disaster Risk Management Plan is multidisciplinary, involving national governments, non-governmental organizations, regional and international partners, and the private sector, among others.[14]
Tourism and Cultural Exchanges edit
IORA promotes tourism and cultural exchanges through policy proposals for cooperation among member states and dialogue partners in order to promote regional economic growth, encourage the sustainable development of eco-tourism, and promote cultural heritage and "harnessing the economic potential of this heritage."[15]
Academic, Science & Technology edit
IORA promotes the cooperation of centers of excellence in the Indian Ocean Region, citing the potential academia has to enhance IORA's knowledge on issues relating to marine conservation.[16]
Notable Advances & Achievements edit
Expansion edit
Membership Expansion edit
The initial membership of IORA, then the Indian Ocean Rim Initiative, included only seven countries, the "Magnificent 7," hosted by Mauritius.[17] Though membership grew to 14 states in March 1997, when the first ministerial meeting was convened and the Charter of the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation was approved,[18] it has since grown to include 23 states and 10 dialogue partners.[19][20] China obtained dialogue partner status in 2001.[21] Significantly, the organization can now be said to truly comprise the Indian Ocean Region, and the involvement of great powers as dialogue partners has greatly expanded IORA's influence.[22]
Expansion of Scope edit
Though initially focused solely on economic and trade cooperation, IORA has expanded its scope to include broader maritime security objectives, most notably a focus on non-traditional security threats, which are of growing importance in the maritime realm as a whole.[22]
Blue Economy edit
A "Focus Area" of IORA, the Blue Economy gained the attention of all IORA member states at the 14th IORA Ministerial Meeting in 2014 due to its potential for promoting employment, food security, and poverty alleviation, while promoting business models and the economies of member states both large and small.[23] Led by Australia and India, two member states with well-defined plans for engaging in the Blue Economy, a formation of a Blue Economy policy for member states has been relatively well-organized: platforms for cooperation on eco-tourism; the creation of the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission, which regulates fishing in the Indian Ocean; the research and development of marine and bio-resources for medicinal purposes; and economic investment are some examples of the successful implementation of Blue Economy proposals through IORA.[24]
Challenges edit
Though broad in membership and advancing in organizational integrity, IORA faces several obstacles that prevent it from growing into a highly successful and influential regional organization; these issues range from structural deficiencies to geopolitical conflicts existing outside IORA that permeate the organization and prevent cooperation.
Diverse States, Diverse Objectives edit
Though IORA's large membership affords it with the ability to understand perspectives of a wide array of nations in the Indian Ocean Region, it also creates differences in objectives, in what successful maritime security cooperation would look like, among member states.
Economically and developmentally, IORA brings together some of the world's richest countries - the United Arab Emirates, Singapore, and Australia - with some of the poorest, such as Mozambique, and island nations with very low GDPs, such as Seychelles; this creates uneven benefits from participation in IORA projects and can lead to economic competition and resentment among member states.[22]
Overlapping Regional Organizations edit
IORA faces competition with other regional and international organizations for member states' attention and investments; in fact, 14 such bodies have IORA member states in their membership.[22]
Geopolitical Disputes edit
Interstate conflicts have greatly hindered the strengthening of IORA, most notably through India's intentional exclusion of Pakistan from IORA membership.[25] Though the India-Pakistan dispute has generally been terrestrial, it has manifested itself in IORA, as noted above; in the maritime realm; and in other regional maritime organization. [26]
In addition, recent Chinese involvement in the Indian Ocean Region, particularly through the Belt and Road Initiative, has further sparked Indian distrust of a key nation in the strengthening of IORA, in this case, a dialogue partner.[27] Though experts contend that Chinese involvement in the Indian Ocean Region has the potential to greatly benefit IORA proposals, especially those related to the Blue Economy,[25] India sees such involvement as an attempt to shift power in the region from India to China and pushes back accordingly.[27]
Membership edit
The Association comprises 23 Member States and 11 Dialogue Partners, the Indian Ocean Tourism Organisation and the Indian Ocean Research Group have observer status.[28]
Dialogue Partners edit
Countries with the status of dialogue partners are:[28]
Summit edit
Flagship Projects edit
A special fund was created in 2004 for the implementation of special projects that would further IORA's commitment to its priority areas by narrowing the focus of member states' contributions.[30]
Fisheries Support Unit (FSU) edit
The first of the projects supported by the Special Fund, the Fisheries Support Unit commenced operations in late 2011, headquartered in Muscat, Oman at the national Centre for Marine Sciences and Fisheries.[31] The aims of the FSU are to enhance cooperation among member states in regards to fisheries and to conduct research to manage and protect fish stocks.[31] Critically, the FSU is exclusively dialogue-based: it does not make decisions or even provide advice on the management of fisheries or issues such as IUU fishing.[32]
Regional Center for Science and Technology Transfer (RCSTT) edit
The IORA Regional Center for Science and Technology Transfer (IORA RCSTT) was formed in October 2008, and is based in Tehran, Iran.[30] The center uses its resources to address issues ranging from disaster response to creating a gene banking database for medicinal plants.[33]
Indian Ocean Dialogue (IOD) edit
Originating in the 13th Council of Ministries meeting in 2013, the IOD acts as a stand-alone Track 1.5 discussion that brings together scholars and policy makers from member states to participate in discussions on the topics affecting the Indian Ocean Region and IORA member states.
The IORA Sustainable Development Program (ISDP) edit
Introduced in 2014, the ISDP is dedicated to the least developed countries in an attempt to share best practices among member states in the Blue Economy, effectively bridging the gap between the rich and poor member states.[34] Similar to most other IORA projects, the ISDP is focused primarily on information sharing and peer-to-peer learning.[34]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ . Indian Ocean Rim Association. Archived from the original on 29 April 2018. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
- ^ https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/sri-lanka-to-take-over-as-chair-of-indian-ocean-rim-association/article67398819.ece
- ^ . Indian Ocean Rim Association. Archived from the original on 1 November 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
- ^ . Indian Ocean Rim Association. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
- ^ a b . Indian Ocean Rim Association. Archived from the original on 1 November 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
- ^ . June 2012. Archived from the original on 16 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
- ^ . Indian Ocean Rim Initiative and Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation 2013 Australia. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
- ^ "Overview – Indian Ocean Rim Association – IORA".
- ^ "Overview – Indian Ocean Rim Association – IORA". www.iora.int. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
- ^ a b c "Maritime Safety and Security – Indian Ocean Rim Association – IORA". www.iora.int. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
- ^ Bueger, Christian (1 March 2015). "What is maritime security?". Marine Policy. 53: 159–164. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2014.12.005. ISSN 0308-597X.
- ^ "Trade and Investment Facilitation – Indian Ocean Rim Association – IORA". www.iora.int. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
- ^ "Fisheries Management – Indian Ocean Rim Association – IORA". www.iora.int. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
- ^ a b c "Disaster Risk Management – Indian Ocean Rim Association – IORA". www.iora.int. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
- ^ "Tourism and Cultural Exchanges – Indian Ocean Rim Association – IORA". www.iora.int. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
- ^ "Academic, Science and Technology – Indian Ocean Rim Association – IORA". www.iora.int. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
- ^ Allen, Calvin H. (1999). "Regional Cooperation and the Indian Ocean Rim". Indian Journal of Asian Affairs. 12 (1): 11. ISSN 0970-6402. JSTOR 41950416.
- ^ Allen, Calvin H. (1999). "Regional Cooperation and the Indian Ocean Rim". Indian Journal of Asian Affairs. 12 (1): 9. ISSN 0970-6402. JSTOR 41950416.
- ^ "Member States – Indian Ocean Rim Association – IORA". www.iora.int. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
- ^ "Dialogue Partners – Indian Ocean Rim Association – IORA". www.iora.int. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
- ^ Kelegama, Saman (2016). "China as a Balancer in South Asia". The new great game : China and South and Central Asia in the era of reform. Thomas Fingar. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 192. ISBN 978-0-8047-9764-1. OCLC 939553543.
- ^ a b c d Meng, Shu (2018). "The Indian Ocean Rim Association (IOR): Achievement, Potential and Limitations". In Niblock, Tim; Ahmad, Talmiz; Sun, Degang (eds.). The Gulf States, Asia and the Indian Ocean: Ensuring the Security of the Sea Lanes. Gerlach Press. pp. 171–178. doi:10.2307/j.ctv4ncp9p. ISBN 978-3-95994-058-0. JSTOR j.ctv4ncp9p. S2CID 243935155.
- ^ "Blue Economy – Indian Ocean Rim Association – IORA". www.iora.int. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
- ^ The Blue Economy Handbook of the Indian Ocean Region. Africa Institute of South Africa. 2018. ISBN 978-0-7983-0518-1. JSTOR j.ctvgc60f0.
- ^ a b Guan, Kwa Chong (2017). Bateman, Sam; Gamage, Ranji; Chan, Jane (eds.). "Prospects for Indian Ocean Regionalism". ASEAN and the Indian Ocean: The Key Maritime Links: 18–20.
- ^ Sakhuja, Vijay. The Strategic Dynamics of the Indian Ocean. Abu Dhabi: The Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research. pp. 60–61.
- ^ a b Cordner, Lee (2011). "Progressing Maritime Security Cooperation in the Indian Ocean". Naval War College Review. 64 (4): 68–88. ISSN 0028-1484. JSTOR 26397244.
- ^ a b "Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA)". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia). Retrieved 6 February 2022.
- ^ "18th IORA Council of Ministers – Indian Ocean Rim Association – IORA".
- ^ a b Wippel, Steffen (2016). "Sinbad the Sailor revived? Oman and its Indian Ocean Links". In Vignal, Leila (ed.). The Transnational Middle East: People, Places, Borders. London: Taylor & Francis Group. p. 126.
- ^ a b Wippel, Steffen (2016). "Sinbad the Sailor revived? Oman and its Indian Ocean link". In Vignal, Leila (ed.). The Transnational Middle East. London: Taylor & Francis Group. p. 130.
- ^ Geest, Claire (May 2017). "Redesigning Indian Ocean Fisheries Governance for 21st Century Sustainability". Global Policy. 8 (2): 230. doi:10.1111/1758-5899.12447. ISSN 1758-5880.
- ^ "IORA". www.iora-rcstt.org. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ a b "The IORA Sustainable Development Program (ISDP) – Indian Ocean Rim Association – IORA". www.iora.int. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
External links edit
- Official website
- Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC)
- India congratulates France on becoming a member of Indian Ocean Rim Association