In Ekker was a series of 13 undergroundnuclear tests and five atmospheric nuclear tests by France between November 1961 and February 1966.[1] The bombs were detonated at the Oasis Military Experiments Centre near In Ekker, French Algeria at the Tan Afella in the Hoggar Mountains, by the Nuclear Experiments Operational Group (GOEN), a unit of the Joint Special Weapons Command. The series saw the explosion of the first AN-11/21 bombs and was followed by the 1966–1970 series.
In Ekker series
Location of the Oasis Military Experiments Centre (CEMO)
The 13 underground operations were named after jewel stones, while the 5 AN-11/21 bombs tests were designated as Pollen I, Pollen Rose, Pollen Rouge, Pollen Safran and Pollen Jonquille.
^Operations Diaspora, Lapin Bleu, Lapin Blanc, Lapin Rouge and Tortue.
References
^Senate of the French Republic (15 December 1997). "French Senate report #179: The first French tests in the Sahara". senat.fr (in French). Retrieved 10 August 2020.
^Radiological Conditions at the Former French Nuclear Test Sites in Algeria: Preliminary Assessment and Recommendations(PDF) (Technical report). Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency. 1 March 2005. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
^Report on French Nuclear Tests (1960-1996)(PDF) (Technical report) (in French). Government of the French Republic. p. 118. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
^Yang, Xiaoping; North, Robert; Romney, Carl. Worldwide Nuclear Explosions(PDF) (Technical report). Science Applications International Corporation, Center for Monitoring Research. p. 20. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
^Report on health and environmental hazards of France's nuclear tests between 1960 and 1996 [...](PDF) (Technical report) (in French). Paris: National Assembly of the French Republic. 5 February 2001. p. 36. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
^French Nuclear Testing, 1960-1988(PDF) (Technical report). New York: Natural Resources Defense Council. February 1989. p. 26. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
August 28, 2023
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In Ekker was a series of 13 underground nuclear tests and five atmospheric nuclear tests by France between November 1961 and February 1966 1 The bombs were detonated at the Oasis Military Experiments Centre near In Ekker French Algeria at the Tan Afella in the Hoggar Mountains by the Nuclear Experiments Operational Group GOEN a unit of the Joint Special Weapons Command The series saw the explosion of the first AN 11 21 bombs and was followed by the 1966 1970 series In Ekker seriesLocation of the Oasis Military Experiments Centre CEMO InformationCountryFranceTest siteIn Ekker French AlgeriaCoordinates24 03 25 N 05 03 06 E 24 05694 N 5 05167 E 24 05694 5 05167Period1961 1966Number of tests13 5 AN 11 21Test typeUndergroundDevice typeA bombsMax yield127 kt 531 4 TJ Test series chronology Reggane series1966 70 series Contents 1 Codenames 2 List of tests 3 See also 4 Notes 5 ReferencesCodenames EditThe 13 underground operations were named after jewel stones while the 5 AN 11 21 bombs tests were designated as Pollen I Pollen Rose Pollen Rouge Pollen Safran and Pollen Jonquille List of tests EditCodename a Date time UTC Location Elevation Altitude Delivery Purpose Device Yield Fallout b Agate 1961 11 07 11 29 59 9 Shaft E1 North CEMOTan Afella In Ekker French Algeria24 03 25 N 05 03 06 E 24 05694 N 5 05167 E 24 05694 5 05167 Agate 1 400 m 0 m c Tunnel Measurement procedures Study of mechanical effects S1 5 0 kt After 8 hours 0 040 mGy h Drilling T11 Beryl 1962 05 01 10 00 00 5 Shaft E2 CEMOTan Afella In Ekker French Algeria24 03 47 N 05 02 30 E 24 06306 N 5 04167 E 24 06306 5 04167 Beryl 1 580 m 0 m c Tunnel Test of an AN 11 bomb S2 d gt 30 0 kt After few minutes e 0 001 to 3 000 Gy h After 1 hour 7 000 Gy h 7 0 km After 1 day 0 100 mGy h 150 0 km Emeraude Georgette 1963 03 18 10 02 00 4 Shaft E3 South CEMOTan Afella In Ekker French Algeria24 02 29 N 05 03 09 E 24 04139 N 5 05250 E 24 04139 5 05250 Emeraude 1 540 m 0 m c Tunnel 10 0 kt After 8 hours 0 400 mGy h Drilling T32 Amethyste 1963 03 30 09 59 00 3 Shaft E3 Bis CEMOTan Afella In Ekker French Algeria24 02 36 N 05 03 24 E 24 04333 N 5 05667 E 24 04333 5 05667 Amethyste 1 220 m 0 m c Tunnel Reuse of plutonium Test of new neutron detection devices P1 0 85 kt After 20 minutes e 0 200 Gy h 1 0 km After 1 day 0 700 Gy h 1 0 km Rubis 1963 10 20 13 00 00 1 Shaft E5 CEMOTan Afella In Ekker French Algeria24 02 05 N 05 02 12 E 24 03472 N 5 03667 E 24 03472 5 03667 Rubis 1 510 m 0 m c Tunnel 68 0 kt After 1 hour e 1 000 Gy h 1 0 km After 5 hours 0 100 mGy h km After 14 hours 0 002 mGy h 150 0 km Opale Michele 1964 02 14 11 00 00 3 Shaft E1 South CEMOTan Afella In Ekker French Algeria24 03 13 N 05 03 07 E 24 05361 N 5 05194 E 24 05361 5 05194 Opale 1 380 m 0 m c Tunnel 3 7 kt After 6 hours 0 050 mGy h Drilling T12 Pollen I 1964 05 08 Shooting range CEMOTan Ataram In Ekker French Algeria23 55 57 N 04 44 26 E 23 93250 N 4 74056 E 23 93250 4 74056 Pollen 940 m 0 m Surface Assessment of plutonium contamination during a simulated accident AN 11 N ATopaze 1964 06 15 13 40 00 4 Shaft E6 1 CEMOTan Afella In Ekker French Algeria24 03 59 N 05 02 03 E 24 06639 N 5 03417 E 24 06639 5 03417 Topaze 1 410 m 0 m c Tunnel Test of a new plutonium prototype A1 gt 1 0 kt After 6 hours 0 050 mGy h Drilling T12 Turquoise 1964 11 28 10 30 00 0 Shaft E4 CEMOTan Afella In Ekker French Algeria24 02 30 N 05 02 29 E 24 04167 N 5 04139 E 24 04167 5 04139 Turquoise 1 760 m 0 m c Tunnel Fusion of lithium deuterium with plutonium Evacuation exercises f H2 5 kt NonePollen Rose 1964 12 31 06 28 Shooting range CEMOTan Ataram In Ekker French Algeria23 55 57 N 04 44 26 E 23 93250 N 4 74056 E 23 93250 4 74056 940 m 1 m Tower Assessment of plutonium contamination during a simulated accident AN 11 N A Contaminated area of 0 550 km2Saphir Monique 1965 02 27 11 30 00 0 Shaft E7 CEMOTan Afella In Ekker French Algeria24 03 31 N 05 01 52 E 24 05861 N 5 03111 E 24 05861 5 03111 Saphir 1 830 m 0 m c Tunnel B1 117 kt Leak of noble gases Drilling T71 Jade 1965 05 30 11 00 00 0 Shaft E1 3 CEMOTan Afella In Ekker French Algeria24 03 18 N 05 03 02 E 24 05500 N 5 05056 E 24 05500 5 05056 Jade 1 460 m 0 m c Tunnel Axial prototype A2 0 6 kt After 2 hours e 0 010 Gy h Drilling T31 After 4 hours 0 020 Gy h Entrance After 2 weeks E1 explosion leak of noble gasesCorindon 1965 10 01 10 00 00 0 Shaft E6 1 CEMOTan Afella In Ekker French Algeria24 03 53 N 05 02 02 E 24 06472 N 5 03389 E 24 06472 5 03389 Corindon 1 500 m 0 m c Tunnel Non spherical device Study of thermonuclear devices ignition conditions A3 gt 4 kt After 15 minutes 3 200 mGy h Drilling T62 After 11 hours 1 8 mGy h Entrance Pollen Rouge 1965 11 01 21 53 Shooting range CEMOTan Ataram In Ekker French Algeria23 55 57 N 04 44 26 E 23 93250 N 4 74056 E 23 93250 4 74056 940 m 15 m Tower Assessment of plutonium contamination during a simulated accident AN 11 N A Contaminated area of 2 100 km2Tourmaline 1965 12 01 10 30 00 1 Shaft E3 North CEMOTan Afella In Ekker French Algeria24 02 37 N 05 02 48 E 24 04361 N 5 04667 E 24 04361 5 04667 Tourmaline 1 600 m 0 m c Tunnel Study of MSBS missiles ignition conditions Spherical fission plutonium device boosted with tritium G3 10 kt After 1 day 0 200 mGy h Drilling T31 Pollen Safran 1966 01 10 02 06 Shooting range CEMOTan Ataram In Ekker French Algeria23 55 57 N 04 44 26 E 23 93250 N 4 74056 E 23 93250 4 74056 940 m 15 m Tower Assessment of plutonium contamination during a simulated accident AN 21 N A Contaminated area of 5 600 km2Grenat Carmen 1966 02 16 11 00 00 0 Shaft E4 2 North CEMOTan Afella In Ekker French Algeria24 02 41 N 05 02 28 E 24 04472 N 5 04111 E 24 04472 5 04111 Grenat 1 760 m 0 m c Tunnel Same purposes as Tourmaline under different conditions G 3 13 kt After 2 hours 0 005 Gy h Drilling T42 Pollen Jonquille 1966 03 09 22 12 Shooting range CEMOTan Ataram In Ekker French Algeria23 55 57 N 04 44 26 E 23 93250 N 4 74056 E 23 93250 4 74056 940 m 1 m Tower Assessment of plutonium contamination during a simulated accident AN 21 N A Contaminated area of 2 750 km2References 2 3 4 5 6 See also EditMap all coordinates in In Ekker series French nuclear tests using OpenStreetMapDownload coordinates as KML GPX all coordinates GPX primary coordinates GPX secondary coordinates List of nuclear weapons tests of France Nuclear weapons and France Force de Frappe History of nuclear weaponsNotes Edit Parenthesis indicate the name given by the APEX Application Pacifique des EXperimentations nucleaires a peaceful use organization Original 1960 s numbers are in rad h and were converted to Gy h the SI derived unit for ionizing radiation dose a b c d e f g h i j k l m Horizontal tunnel of 1 000 m Emergency device S3 ready had S2 failed a b c d Uncontained explosion Operations Diaspora Lapin Bleu Lapin Blanc Lapin Rouge and Tortue References Edit Senate of the French Republic 15 December 1997 French Senate report 179 The first French tests in the Sahara senat fr in French Retrieved 10 August 2020 Radiological Conditions at the Former French Nuclear Test Sites in Algeria Preliminary Assessment and Recommendations PDF Technical report Vienna International Atomic Energy Agency 1 March 2005 Retrieved 11 August 2020 Report on French Nuclear Tests 1960 1996 PDF Technical report in French Government of the French Republic p 118 Retrieved 11 August 2020 Yang Xiaoping North Robert Romney Carl Worldwide Nuclear Explosions PDF Technical report Science Applications International Corporation Center for Monitoring Research p 20 Retrieved 11 August 2020 Report on health and environmental hazards of France s nuclear tests between 1960 and 1996 PDF Technical report in French Paris National Assembly of the French Republic 5 February 2001 p 36 Retrieved 11 August 2020 French Nuclear Testing 1960 1988 PDF Technical report New York Natural Resources Defense Council February 1989 p 26 Retrieved 11 August 2020 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title In Ekker series French nuclear 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