Exportation (logic)

Exportation^[1][2][3][4] is a valid rule of replacement in propositional logic. The rule allows conditional statements having conjunctive antecedents to be replaced by statements having conditional consequents and vice versa in logical proofs. It is the rule that:

Exportation

Type	Rule of replacement
Field	Propositional calculus
Symbolic statement	${\displaystyle ((P\land Q)\to R)\Leftrightarrow (P\to (Q\to R))}$

${\displaystyle ((P\land Q)\to R)\Leftrightarrow (P\to (Q\to R))}$

Where "${\displaystyle \Leftrightarrow }$" is a metalogical symbol representing "can be replaced in a proof with." In strict terminology, ${\displaystyle ((P\land Q)\to R)\Rightarrow (P\to (Q\to R))}$ is the law of exportation, for it "exports" a proposition from the antecedent of ${\displaystyle (P\land Q)\to R}$ to its consequent. Its converse, the law of importation, ${\displaystyle (P\to (Q\to R))\Rightarrow ((P\land Q)\to R)}$, "imports" a proposition from the consequent of ${\displaystyle P\to (Q\to R)}$ to its antecedent.

Formal notation

The exportation rule may be written in sequent notation:

${\displaystyle ((P\land Q)\to R)\dashv \vdash (P\to (Q\to R))}$ 

where ${\displaystyle \dashv \vdash }$  is a metalogical symbol meaning that ${\displaystyle (P\to (Q\to R))}$  is a syntactic equivalent of ${\displaystyle ((P\land Q)\to R)}$  in some logical system;

or in rule form:

${\displaystyle {\frac {(P\land Q)\to R}{P\to (Q\to R)}}}$ , ${\displaystyle {\frac {P\to (Q\to R)}{(P\land Q)\to R}}.}$ 

where the rule is that wherever an instance of "${\displaystyle (P\land Q)\to R}$ " appears on a line of a proof, it can be replaced with "${\displaystyle P\to (Q\to R)}$ " and vice versa;

or as the statement of a truth-functional tautology or theorem of propositional logic:

${\displaystyle ((P\land Q)\to R)\leftrightarrow (P\to (Q\to R))}$ 

where ${\displaystyle P}$ , ${\displaystyle Q}$ , and ${\displaystyle R}$  are propositions expressed in some logical system.

Natural language

Truth values

At any time, if P→Q is true, it can be replaced by P→(P∧Q).
One possible case for P→Q is for P to be true and Q to be true; thus P∧Q is also true, and P→(P∧Q) is true.
Another possible case sets P as false and Q as true. Thus, P∧Q is false and P→(P∧Q) is false; false→false is true.
The last case occurs when both P and Q are false. Thus, P∧Q is false and P→(P∧Q) is true.

Example

It rains and the sun shines implies that there is a rainbow.
Thus, if it rains, then the sun shines implies that there is a rainbow.

If my car is on, when I switch the gear to D the car starts going. If my car is on and I have switched the gear to D, then the car must start going.

Proof

The following proof uses the rules of material implication, De Morgan's laws, and the associative property of conjunction.

Proposition	Derivation
${\displaystyle P\rightarrow (Q\rightarrow R)}$	Given
${\displaystyle \neg P\lor (Q\rightarrow R)}$	material implication
${\displaystyle \neg P\lor (\neg Q\lor R)}$	material implication
${\displaystyle (\neg P\lor \neg Q)\lor R}$	associativity
${\displaystyle \neg (P\land Q)\lor R}$	De Morgan's law
${\displaystyle (P\land Q)\rightarrow R}$	material implication

Relation to functions

Exportation is associated with currying via the Curry–Howard correspondence.^{[citation needed]}

References

1. Hurley, Patrick (1991). A Concise Introduction to Logic 4th edition. Wadsworth Publishing. pp. 364–5. ISBN 9780534145156.
2. Copi, Irving M.; Cohen, Carl (2005). Introduction to Logic. Prentice Hall. p. 371.
3. Moore and Parker
4. "Rules of Replacement".